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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes related literature and studies which aids the researchers to further

understand and achieve the goals of the study.

Related Literature

Genetically Modified Food (GMO)

According to the World Health Organization (2014), genetically modified organisms are

defined as “organisms (i.e. plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material

(DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural

recombination.” The technology, also referred to as “gene technology,” “modern biotechnology”

or “genetic engineering” allows genes to be transferred from one individual to another and also

between non related species.

Conventional plant breeding method that takes too much time and are not very accurate

can be altered by genetic engineering creating plants with desired traits in a rapid and accurate

manner or vice versa. In addition to this, it can remove or add substance, change its appearance

and improve its nutritional value. GMOs are no doubt improving as time goes by, but its

expensive technology cannot be afford easily.

Uses of GMOs

Genetically modified organisms are the form of scientific farming where substances are

injected to the crops to enlarge its size and yield (Soffar 2016). Scientists generally designed this

to give enhancement and aid to the product. GMOs are widely used in different industries.

(Wolfe)

Agriculture
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Plant crops have been liable to a few sorts of genetic modification. Qualities used to build

yields incorporate those passing on drought, pest and disease resistance. Genetically modified

seeds have been developed in the U.S. since 1996, with the pattern towards utilizing GMO seeds

relentlessly expanding. As indicated by the GMO Compass site, in 2009 in excess of 88 percent

of U.S.- created corn, soybean and cotton crops were genetically altered. (Wolfe, n.d)

Medicine

GMOs have risen as one of the pillars of biomedical research since the 1980s. GM

creature models of human hereditary illnesses empowered scientists to test novel treatments and

to investigate the jobs of hopeful hazard components and modifiers of ailment result. GM

organisms, plants, and creatures additionally changed the generation of complex pharmaceuticals

by empowering the age of more secure and less expensive antibodies and therapeutics.

Moreover, GM plants that create "edible vaccine" are a work in progress. An edible

vaccine is an antigenic protein that is delivered in the consumable parts of a plant (e.g., fruit) and

retained into the bloodstream when the parts are eaten. When retained into the body, the protein

stimulate the immune system to deliver antibodies against the pathogen from which the antigen

was determined. Such antibodies could offer a protected, cheap, and painless approach to give

immunizations, especially in less-develop areas of the world, where the restricted accessibility of

refrigeration and sterile needles has been hazardous for some traditional vaccine. (Diaz et al.,

n.d.)
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Effects of GMOs

To start with, the Food and Drug Administration has put forward guidelines related with

the utilization of GMOs, and in those documentation they reference the science that shows food

development created through biotechnology are processed in the same manner as other food and

thusly give a similar nutrition, or at times more nourishment (if the objective of the

biotechnology was to upgrade supplement content). The science likewise demonstrates that these

food are alright for utilization and that they are not supporters of increase allergies. (Diekman,

2013)

Environment

Toxicity is an enormous issue esurrounding compound pesticides and herbicides, utilized

normally with GMOs, notwithstanding the toxicity inborn to these plants. GMOs might be

dangerous to non-target life forms, honey bees and butterflies being the most discussed

precedents at present. Honey bees are hugely important in the fertilization of numerous

nourishment crops, yet are sadly jeopardized by current farming methods, for example, GM

crops. Ruler butterflies are explicitly in danger from GMO maize plants.

Besides, the longterm impacts of GMOs are not sure. Pests that are targeted by these

agricultural techniques can adjust to pesticides and herbicides, in addition to the DNA changes in

GM plants to make them ¨resistant.¨ This implies they won't generally be effective, yet their

poisonous legacies will remain.

Combined impacts of GMO products are important to take into consideration. Proof

additionally proposes that small genetic changes in plants may create significantly bigger natural

movements, implying that there is potential for GMO's to end up tenacious and weedy in
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agricultural conditions, since they are altered to be resistant to some modern farming methods.

(Glass, 2013)

Human Health

Concerns about GM foods are regularly ridiculed because they are not based on evidence;

however hostile to GM purchasers refer to this as the precise purpose behind their worry. There

is no proof to demonstrate that GM foods are safe for long haul trials by people, and this will be

the situation until long-term trials to build up the impacts of GM foods on people over delayed

timeframes, as this how the average global consumer will ingest them after some time.

Different worries about the wellbeing of consuming GM foods the fact that only little is

known on how much people will consume, how regularly and in what combinations. Regulars

concede that this makes it hard to plan a significant clinical investigation of the wellbeing of GM

foods for utilization. Rather, controllers analyze the genetic modification to check how similar it

is to its non-GM counterpart, which is not a thorough way for concluding the effects that GM

foods may have on the human body. (Lights, 2012)

Pros and Cons

There is a discussion going on regarding the matter of genetically modified food, or

GMOs. For a few, the possibility of GMO food is a decent one because of the changes enable

yields to become resistant to dry season and infestations, giving more people have more regular

meals.

Others look at genetically modified food as a dangerous recommendation. From allergic

reactions to potential intestinal harm, numerous individuals wish to maintain a strategic distance

from GMO food in view of animal studies that have appeared in inside cell structure, abnormal

tumor development, and unexpected deaths that happened. ()

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Pros of Genetically Modified Foods

Here are the primary benefits of GMO foods:

1. Better overall quality and taste.

Through the modification of foods, the flavors can be enhanced. Peppers can become spicier or

sweeter. Corn can become sweeter. Difficult flavors can become more palatable.

2. More resistant to disease.

Plants and animals that have been genetically modified can become more resistant to the

unexpected problems of disease. Think of it as a vaccine for that plant or animal, except that the

vaccine is encoded into the genetics instead of a shot given to the immune system.

3. More nutrition benefits.

GMO foods can have vitamins and minerals added to them through genetic modifications to

provide greater nutritive benefits to those who eat them. This is especially common in

developing countries that don’t always have the access to needed resources.

Cons of Genetically Modified Foods

Here are the primary problems with GMO foods:

1. Environmental damage.

By growing plants or raising livestock in environmental conditions that normally wouldn’t

support them, there is the potential of irrevocably damaging that environment. This is often seen
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through GMO crossbreading – weeds, for example, that can be crossed with GMO plants can

often become resistant to herbicides, creating the need for more GMO efforts.

2. There is no economic value.

GMO foods take just as long to mature and take just as much effort to grow, meaning that there

is no real economic value to growing GMO foods when compared to non-GMO foods.

3. A growth in allergic reactions in the general population.

Time and time again, studies have shown that the consumption of GMO foods increases the risks

of food-based allergies in people. If someone develops an allergy to soy because of GMO efforts,

then if livestock eats that GMO soy as well, that person would have a high probability of an

allergic reaction from eating the animal meat.

Synthesize

“The Genetically Modified Food’’

The Genetically Modified Foods are foods that are genetically engineered the World Health

Organization or the WHO genetically modified organisms are defined as “organisms’’ in which

the genetic material the DNA or the deoxyribonucleic acid is change by mating, there are kinds

of breeding for example the Conventional plant breeding.

There are also uses of GMO’s in farming where the substance is being injected to the plants

to enlarge, change color, or to keep away from pest, this also aids for the enhancement of the

plants structure and capability to live, It is widely used in different industries like farming.

In agriculture plants are modified thru genetic modification to even more survive drought

and pest control and even disease resistance some seed where developed in U.S.
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There is medically used type of GMO’s it is known to be a pillar for biomedical research

for example GM creatures of human heredity illness empowered scientist to test its treatment,

GM plants are used for vaccine some are medically or orally taken.

The effects of GMO’s according to FDA or the Food and Drug Administration there are

similar nutrition or at times it is more nourishment this foods are also advised to be taken and

those not bad effects to allergies.

The GMO’s affects the surrounding due to it toxicity due to pesticide and herbicide,

GMO’s can be dangerous to non-target life forms, the long terms off GMO’s are not yet

discovered but due to this plants becomes resistant due to further development .

In Human health the GMO’s there are not proof that GMO’s are yet to be safe for human

consumption but the good thing is GMO’s has more nutrients due to it is modified, However

there are similarities in the original product.

The pros and Cons of GMO’s are Better overall quality and taste. Through the

modification of foods, the flavors can be enhanced. Peppers can become spicier or sweeter. Corn

can become sweeter. Difficult flavors can become more palatable. More resistant to disease.

Plants and animals that have been genetically modified can become more resistant to the

unexpected problems of disease. Think of it as a vaccine for that plant or animal, except that the

vaccine is encoded into the genetics instead of a shot given to the immune system. More

nutrition are given and the Cons are the environmental changes, there is no economic value and

growth of allergic reaction in general populations.

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