BNC Connectors

The BNC connector is a miniature quick connect/disconnect radio frequency used for coaxial cable. It
features two bayonet plugs on the female connector, mating is fully achieved with a quarter turn of the
coupling nut. BNC connectors are used with miniature-to-subminiature coaxial cable in radio, television
and other radio frequency electronic equipment, test instruments and video signals. The BNC was
commonly used for early computer networks, including ARC net the IBM PC Network and the 10BASE2
variant of ETHERNET.

RJ-45

A registered jack(RJ) is a standardized physical network interface for connecting telecommunications or

data equipment. The physical connectors that registered jacks use are mainly of the modular connector
and 50-pin miniature ribbon connector types. The most common twisted-pair connectors is an 8-
position,8-connector(8p8c) modular plug and jack commonly referred to as an RJ45 connector.

I/O Box

Input/output or I/O is the communication between an information between an information processing

system, such as a computer and the outside world, possibly a human o another information processing
system. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent
from it. The term can also be used as part of an action; to “perform I/O” is to perform an input or
output operations.

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable or coax is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating
layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer
sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield a geometric
axis. Coaxial cable was inverted by English engineer and mathematician olive Heaviside.

Twisted Pair

Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together
for the purpose of canceling out electromagnetic interface (EMI) from external source; for instance,
electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair(UTP) cables and crosstalk between neighboring
pairs. It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
UTP

Unshielded twisted pair is the most common kind of copper telephone wiring. Twisted pair is the
ordinary copper wire that connects home many business computers to the telephone company. To
reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are
twisted each other.

NIC(Network Interface Card)

NIC is also referred to as an Ethernet Card and network adaptor. It is an expansion card that enables a
computer to connect to a network; such as a home network or the Internet using an Ethernet cable with
an RJ-45 connector.

Due to the popularity and low cost of the Ethernet standard , most new computers have a network
interface build directly into the motherboard. The top image shows the SMCEZ card 10/100 PCI network
card, one of the more common examples.

Switch

A network switch(also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is a computer
networking device that connects devices together on a computer network by using packets switching to
receive, process and forward data to the destination device. Unlike less advanced network hubs, a
network switch forwards data only one or each of its ports.

Hub

A Hub is the central parts of a wheel the connects the axle to the wheel itself. Many expressions use the
term for a literal or figurative structure connecting to a periphery.

Interfacing with the Network card(Ethernet)

A network interface controllers(NIC, also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN
adapter or physical network interface and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that
have a network interface built into the motherboard. Modern network interface controllers offer
advanced features such as interrupt and DMA interfaces to the host processors, support for multiple
receive and transmit queues, partitioning into multiple logical interfaces and on-controller network
traffic processing such as the TCP offload engine.
The NIC allows computers to communicate over a computer network, either by using cables or
wirelessly. The NIC is both a physical layer and data link layer device, as it provides physical access to a
networking medium and for IEEE 802 and similar networks, provides a low-level addressing system
through the use of MAC addressing that are uniquely assigned to network interfaces.

The NIC may use one or more of the following techniques to indicates the availability of packets to
transfer.

 Pooling where the CPU examines the status of the peripheral under program control.
 Interrupts-driven I/O is where the peripheral alerts the CPU that it is ready to transfer data.