Organelle Function

Nucleus Houses the nucleolus which is the location for

ribosomal RNA, and most of the genetic
information present in the eukaryotic cells. It is
covered by a nuclear envelope separating it from
its environment.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Composed of two parts — smooth ER and rough
ER. The smooth ER functions in multiple
metabolic processes in different cell types. It
contains enzymes that could produce lipids.
Enzymes that could also break down harmful
substances making it possible to excrete by the
body are also present in this organelle. The rough
ER on the other hand could make secretory
proteins such as insulin which then reside in its
lumen. These proteins are separated by the
rough ER's membrane. The rough ER also adds
membrane proteins and phospholipids on its own
membrane for it to grow.
Mitochondria Facilitates the conversion of fuels such as sugars
and fats into ATPs with the use of oxygen.
Cytoskeleton Generally maintains the shape of the cell. It has
three types — microtubules or tubulin polymers,
microfilaments or actin filaments, and
intermediate filaments. Microtubules function for
the cell’s movement (cilia or flagella),
microfilaments are for muscle contraction, and
intermediate filaments hold together the nucleus
and other organelles.
Ribosomes Create proteins that can be in the cytosol or
attached on other organelles. These ribosomes,
regardless of its location can either make an
enzyme that can help to break down other
biomolecules or a protein that can help in the
entrance of another particle into the cell's
membrane.
Golgi apparatus It has two sides — one for receiving products and
another side for transporting products. After
receiving the products, it is the modified by the
endoplasmic reticulum. It also manufactures and
refines its products in different levels. The
products will be transported by creating vesicles
from the trans side of the Golgi.
Lysosome Contains hydrolytic enzymes that most
eukaryotic cells utilize to digest induced
macromolecules such as sugars and proteins.
 These digested products provide nutrients for the
cell. The hydrolytic enzymes present in this
organelle are also utilized in the process of
autophagy wherein the lysosome fuses with a
damaged organelle or a small amount of cytosol
making it possible to recycle the cell's organic
material.
Peroxisome Converts the hydrogen atoms from substrates
different substrates into oxygen which eliminates
the harmful substances present in the body. With
this mechanism, fatty acids can also be broken
down into smaller particles that will be later
utilized by the mitochondria for the cellular
respiration.
Plasma membrane Surrounds the whole cell.
Chloroplast Collects sunlight needed to produce the plant’s
required energy
Plasmodesmata Allows connection between its adjacent cells.
Cell wall In a cellular level, it protects the cell, maintains
its structure, and avoids the imbalance of the
cell’s water level. In the whole organism level, it
helps maintain the plants structure from the
gravity.
Vacuole Transports different kinds of solutes depending
on its type.

References:

Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Minorsky, P. V., & Wasserman, S. A. (2013), Campbell Biology (11th
edition). New York, NY: Pearson.