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Intramuros is one of the best tourist destinations that you’ll ever saw in the
Philippines which have a very big role in the field of Philippine tourism industry. It is
known for its Spanish colonial history where you will be able to see the evidence through
the infrastructures like houses and fortresses. Most of the infrastructures in Intramuros is
a historical attraction that is brought by the Spanish colonizer and now it serves as a great
memory or history that tourist want to see and experience, because of that Intramuros
gives a big impact in the Philippine tourism development, as we all know that tourism is
one of the great source of income/revenue in the Philippines. For that reason Intramuros
Intramuros is known as the “walled city” comprises of European buildings and churches.
Intramuros is a historic urban landscape brought by the Spanish colonizers located at the
heart of Metro Manila closely to Rizal Park or also known as Bagumbayan. “Intramuros”
came from the Latin word “intra” which means within and “muros” walls. Its walls
There so many historical sites in the old world Intramuros, including fort Santiago, the
defense fortress or a large stone gate. Rizal shrine which dedicated to the life work of
Jose Rizal located on the street of Sta. Clara. Manila Cathedral, the premiere cathedral of
the Philippines for the reason that it is the first cathedral of the Philippines and it was
established by the secular priest Juan de Vivero in 1571 through the patronage of Mary la
ornate style.
San Agustin church which is known for its religious artwork and statues, It is constructed
through baroque style which is completed in 1606 and still standing despite different
natural calamities. The church is built in 1600’s that witness to the Philippine history,
Casa Manila Museum located just opposite of San Agustin Church. It is a historic replica
of Spanish colonial mansion of 19th century Manila. It is also known for its Spanish
furniture and art fill. Horse drawn carriages passing through the area of cobblestone street
is also an attraction.
Spanish began building Intramuros in 1521 between Manila bay and Pasig river. It’s
build for the Spaniard political and military base in Asia, Educational institutions,
powerful clans could settle. Due to the numerous attacks from the foreign invaders
natural and manmade disasters ,defensive stone walls were build and surround the city so
that ‘s why it is called wall city. Intramuros was surrendered after a mock battle during
Spanish American war in 1898 and during the outbreak of WWII, Japanese occupied the
Philippines.
Though passing year’s various generation and because of the influence of Western
culture value of a historic attraction may vanished . How does Intramuros sustain its
historical and cultural attractions? There are so many factors that can affect the
effectiveness and efficiency of preservation in Intramuros. Ellen Hsieh (2013) on the past
recent years Intramuros has faced serious conflicts which illustrates the full range of
threats to Intramuros, including both natural and human factors. Based on the Inquirer.net
by Jodie A. Agoncillo – 6 years ago Intramuros Administration (IA) were estimated that
there are around 3,400 families counted as informal sellers from Manila’s historic walled
city with first batch moving to a gawad-kalinga low cost housing site on Trece Martinez
April 10, 1979 in the virtue of P.D 1616 Intramuros administration was created to
era in the Philippine history. In 1987 Intramuros administration was attached to the
Department of Tourism and given additional task in promoting walled city as a principal
tour destination.
The Intramuros Administration has made its strategic directions for the
development of the historic district of Intramuros for the year of 2017 and beyond. Its
strategic direction comprises short-term goal and long term goal. The short-term strategic
directions of the Administration is included from the first six months of the term of the
Administrator in 2017 up to the second quarter of year 2018, and this strategic directions
will compose of the immediately doable, which includes projects for implementation or
those that are already being implemented. The doables for the year of 2018 are the
following: first is Construction for the development of local and national roads through
the Tourism Road Convergence Project, which occupies a total of 26,773 sq. meters of
land area, second is the implementation of the Traffic Mobility Plan, which was
commissioned by the World Bank in 2014, third is the construction of the following
Curtain Wall Chambers, the finalization of the Museo de Intramuros, the completion of
the Fort Santiago Rehabilitation project, and the completion of the restoration of the Casa
Azul which will soon to open new home of the Instituto Cervantes: fourth, the
regulations on the pedicab and the improvement of community relations, and fifth the
being observed, which will be done by using the Quality Management System (QMS),
The long-term plans, on the behalf of the project, are focused on first, the creation,
Intramuros, which plans shall be based on the UNESCO Framework and policies for
Urban Heritage preservation, and the Intramuros Identity and Urban Design Guidelines
and prospect, second the Real Property Consolidation and Redevelopment Strategy (RP
CaReS), which will be use as a tool to solve the unsettled issue on the informal settlers in
Intramuros.
The following where included in the planning process of the strategic plans: first the
whole content, history and context of Intramuros as a cultural and historical destination or
site, second, the actual land use of Intramuros, third, occupation of Informal settlers in
Intramuros, fourth the issues and problems caused by Urbanization and mass tourism on
the district as a heritage site and attraction and fifth, the conservation, preservation,
The strategic plans and directions were passed at the conclusion of the first 100 days of
the Administrator, and this directions was approved by the Board of Intramuros in the
The Board of Administrators is the responsible body for the policies and activities of the
who acts as chief executive; Secretary of the Department of Tourism (DOT), who serves
as Chairman; the Mayor of the City of Manila, the Executive Director of the National
(NEDA); and the respective Chief Operating Officers of the Tourism Infrastructure and
Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA), and the Tourism Promotions Board (TPB).
Statement of the problem
The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting the effectiveness of
preserving Intramuros. Intramuros is need to sustain and preserve because of its historical
and cultural heritages as an attraction for local and foreign tourist as well as for those
who want to discover historical sites for their studies and documentaries, preserving and
sustaining a historical heritage is not easy as it is because of so many factors like human
activities, natural calamities and mass tourism. Urbanization is one of the major causes of
heritage deterioration because many commercial establishments are built in just where
the specific location of cultural infrastructure is. Urbanization also causes over population
that may lead to mass tourism where society try to balance the limited and unlimited
wants. Natural calamities also have a big impact in the preservation of cultural and
natural resources, including earthquakes, extreme weather, floods and weeds that may
deform the physical appearance of a cultural and natural heritage. In the case of
Intramuros there are some informal settlers just the opposite of a historical heritage,
entrepreneurs may lead to environmental problem due to the harmful effects of some
industrial business that may also contribute to the rapid distribution of pollution, there are
also animals that freely crawling at the street, some historical buildings are not
maintained well lack of signage and maps for tourist, historic floors are turned into
cemented floor and some parts of a historic buildings are under renovation. Therefore
This qualitative study aims to determine the different factor’s that affects the preservation
This study is conducted to benefit the following. The result of the study will benefit the
following.
STUDENTS – The result will provide the students of some knowledge about the
importance of preserving cultural and historical heritage sites for the development of
tourism industry. It will give students a realization that cultural and historical heritage are
important for the economic growth of a country and enable for them to experience the
TEACHER – This study will give further information to the teacher’s regarding to the
related topic’s or lesson. It will be easier for them to explain topics related to this study.
ADMINISTRATION AND STAFF – This study will help them to formulate a reliable
solution into the problem and give them a realization of what they need to do.
FUTURE RESEARCHER – This study will help future researcher to conduct a study. It
will give some related topics for their study and it will enlighten them for answers.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This study focuses on factors affecting the preservation of Intramuros. This includes
This study is designed to have a general knowledge of problems which affect’s the
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Preservation – The activity or process of keeping something alive, intact, or free from
damage or decay.
Factors – A constituent or element that brings about certain effects or results, or indicates
artistic, expressions and values. Cultural heritage is often expressed as either intangible or
Historical Heritage – It consist of buildings having historic and artistic values, usually
TOURISM is the concept of visiting somewhere as a tourist and trying to make a positive
FEEDBACK
CHAPTER II
local literature
According to Philstar Global (2010) the Global Heritage Fund Mission, a non-
their cultural heritage sites, recently pledged its support for the preservation of
of areas deemed as endangered heritage sites. GHF is the technical team will conduct a
feasibility study of walled city. (Normandy) “we hope to see Intramuros one day as living
history, much like the town of colonial Williamsburg where history was recreated not
only by its structures but by real people who are living out the 18th century”.
According to Philippine Tatler by Dorynna Untivero (2017) for the general
public, increasing their appreciation of cultural heritage is made possible through their
museums day every May 18, History Month every August, museums and Galleries
Month and Indigenous Peoples Month every October, Archives Day every October 21,
and libraries and information Service Month every November. Cultural heritage
workers. One of the NCCA programs towards this endeavor is the support it has extended
to the Escuella Taller de Filipinas Foundation, Inc. a joint initiative of the kingdom of
Spain and the republic of the Philippines, Escuella Taller is a vocational school that trains
out of school youth in traditional construction and conservation methods. Another is the
cultural mapping training program which aims to train local government units in mapping
their cultural resources, developing cultural profiles, and using these profiles to build
their local inventory of cultural properties and in incorporating them in local development
plans. Heritage trainings are also organized, not only by NCCA, but also by
organizations, schools, and local government unit which are supported by NCCA through
its competitive grants program. Under this program, the researches and publications of
individual experts are also supported through the international travel grants program. The
concept of cultural heritage is strongly rooted in the legacy of those who went ahead of
us, but what we do about their tangible and intangible legacies have strong implication
for our future as well as the future of the succeeding generations. Thus, our support to
these projects also becomes our contribution to an ongoing story which runs along a
society. Sometimes, even professional educational, and civic organizations can become
vehicles of advocacy for cultural heritage. An alumni association can become the
strongest advocate for the preservation of an old school building. An employees’ union
can lobby against the demolition of corporate facility for the sake of institutional and
industrial memory.
World War II, but it has since been restored to resemble what would have been one of the
architectural sites due to economic expansion, war and tourism (Global Heritage Fund).
The Philippines’ historic Fort Santiago in the old walled Intramuros is among Asia’s
Foreign literature
According to UNESCO (1972) nothing that the cultural heritage and natural
heritage are increasingly threatened with destruction not only by the traditional causes of
decay, but also by changing social and economic conditions which aggravate the situation
harmful impoverishment of the heritage of all nations of the world, considering that
protection of this heritage at the national level often remains incomplete because of the
scale of the resources which it requires and of the insufficient economic, scientific, and
recalling that the constitution of the organization provides that it will maintain, increase,
and diffuse knowledge, by assuring the conservation and protection of the world’s
conventions,
concerning cultural and natural property demonstrate the importance, for all the peoples
of the world, of safeguarding this unique and irreplaceable property, to whatever people it
may belong, considering that parts of the cultural or natural heritage are outstanding
interest and therefore need to be preserved as part of the world heritage mankind as a
whole, considering that, in view of the magnitude and gravity of the new dangers
the protection of the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value, by the
granting of collective assistance which, although not taking the place of action by the
essential for this purpose to adopt new provisions in the form of convention establishing
some of the declared heritage sites and cultural properties located within these urban
areas in the Philippines are facing imminent danger to the negative impacts of
Spanish colonial period from 16th to 19th century – it is of utmost importance to preserve
and protect them from such threats. The key to the sustainability of these properties and
sites may be attributed to the urban planning policies, construction methods and practice
employed for these areas. Due to the location of Intramuros within urban areas, they are
exposed to threats brought by rapid urbanization. Same with world wide data, the urban
population of the Philippines have already exceeded the number of people residing in the
rural areas, thus creating major impacts to the urban community and surroundings. It is
urban community in the future. Sun shading and rain protection, the orientation and
arrangement of street networks and blocks within Intramuros were precisely planned to
ensure that one side of the street was always shaded by the vertical of the building mass.
However , with the small overhangs of second floor of houses protruding towards the
street and the limited number of trees that may serve as natural canopies, there are still
certain times of the day wherein the streets of Intramuros were not shaded from the direct
heat of the sun or downpour of rain. There are more streets in Intramuros that are exposed
from the sunlight and rain longer within the day. Connected building mass within blocks
also served a purpose to reduce the number of walls of a building exposed to direct sun.
the urban geometry may also influence the temperature within the penetration through the
buildings facades. However, this may also result to “trapping” of heat radiation, but only
at times when there is no cool wind passing through the “street canyons” between the
Lozano, Isabelle and Orbon (2015) Stability and ground movement, the
both the Filipinos and Spaniards for ornamentation and embellishment, the colonizer
created the arquitectura metiza construction style. They have developed the bahay-na-
bato with massive and squarish foundation of stone hugging the earth for stability,
tenoned and dovetailed wood that could absorbs tremors without splitting, and carved
wood supports, brackets and grillwork that give balance, elegance and grace to the solid
structures (Gatbonton, 1980) the ground floor look sturdy with its stone walls (adobe)
enveloping the structure, while the flexibility of the frame construction at second floor
and roof area allows the upper half of the structure to sway freely during any movement
of the ground below without the building and its components collapsing down.
Geoffrey Rhoel Cruz (2017) culture matters, this is what goal of the 2015
sustainable development goals prescribes. That is to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient
and sustainable, which includes among its targets the strengthening of efforts to protect
and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage in the midst of declining
As society attempts to find the balance between the limited sources and unlimited wants,
economic development has taken varying forms. Before the community is composed of
unpaved roads, grasslands and bushes, empty lots and spaces but today, it has been
malls, theme parks and high-rise properties. Society has undergone rapid change.
However, such urban development did not occur without constraints. Usually such
development created problems for cultural heritage. In the Philippines many heritage sites
and ancestral houses are demolished, adapted as local warehouse or converted to high-
rise condominiums in the sake of modernization and development, or just being left out
to deteriorate. The “walled city” locally known as Intramuros, used to be the seat and
power of the Spanish forces in the country is now filled with commercial complex,
shanties and urban dwellers. What used to be a “no Indio zone” during the Spanish era
has now become the refuge for informal settlers. Heritage buildings in Calle de la
Escolta, Manila are being demolished ane after another to be replaced with modern
Foreign studies
Ellen Hsieh (2013) Intramuros, located along Manila bay and the Pasig river, is the
oldest district of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. Although the importance of
Intramuros is evident, its present cultural heritage management is not satisfactory because
of poor visual conditions. In spite of the contribution of the IA, UNESCO’s world
heritage committee reject Intramuros in 1989 mainly because of inefficient management.
In 2010, the global heritage fund listed Intramuros as one of the “endangered cultural
heritage sites in developing world” because of the threats from modernization, of several
spots, the interior of Intramuros has often looked neglected. To most visitor, it looks like
there is no maintenance in Intramuros. People rarely realize that most of the buildings
have been reconstructed. The main reason for inadequate management, include the lack
AI and the Manila city government. Second, unlike Vigan, another Spanish town in
Northern Luzon with an effective cultural heritage management plan in place, Intramuros
faces serious developmental pressures it is located in the heart of Metro Manila, which is
18th most populated metropolis around the world. The global heritage fund (2010) was
Moreover, there is rampant speculations that the city of Manila wishes to gain power to
control Intramuros and replace this heritage site with high-rise and malls. However, the
squatter settlements are located in the central area of the walled city and cannot be
visually ignore. Moreover, conversations between the stakeholders are not successful.
Ellen Hsieh (2013) the natural factors include earthquakes, flooding and weeds.
The whole Philippine archipelago is located at the circum-pacific seismic zone. In 1863,
there was a serious earthquake that destroyed the Manila Cathedral, the City Hall, the
Palace and much of city. This may happen unexpectedly in the future. Flooding, which
might cause erosion, is a serious problem in all Manila during the rainy season because of
failures in current urban design. There are weeds growing on ruins in Intramuros that are
very hard to remove in such a tropical climate. They might destroy the site physically
the stakeholders. The AI has been stablished for more than 30 years yet insufficient
Paul Carroll and Eeva Aarrevaara (2018) there are range of local weather and
structures, and sites over time. some of these factors are influenced by changes in climate
and some of these changes manifest themselves through a s of speeding up of the rate of
degradation. The range of elements in local weather that are being and will be potentially
altered as a result of global level climate change is not always agreed on, but there is
Brimblecombe, referring to the increasingly damp English climate, list the following five:
1. Rainfall, 2.flooding and soil moisture content, 3. Extreme weather (winds and rainfall),
4. Temperature and relative humidity. 5. Pests and diseases (humidity and temperature
affect pests) humidity prevents wooden and brick buildings from drying during certain
Literatures predict the different factors that may threaten cultural and natural
heritage that may lead to their deterioration, literatures emphasis the significance and
Local literatures focused on the different effective solutions that may protect,
conserve and preserve a cultural and natural heritage based on the different groups
including Global Heritage Fund (GHF) a non-profit conservation group that provides
Commission for Culture and arts (NCCA) in Filipino: Pambansang komisyon para sa
kultura at mga sining. It is the official government agency for culture in the Philippines.
It is the overall policy making body coordinating, and grants giving agency for the
preservation, development and promotion of the Philippine arts and culture. the Escuella
historical walled city of Manila and the objective of this training center is to equip the
youth with knowledge and specialized skills to help them uplift their economic status
Organization (UNESCO) statements that is closely related to local literatures which also
predict the different negative factors that will deteriorate cultural and natural heritage
brought by both natural and man-made cause, specially by changing of social and
economic conditions which aggravate the situation with even more formidable
stated as it is emphasis the positive and negative effects in the preservation and
Both compiled studies are explained and emphasis the different negative factors
affecting the preservation and sustainability of cultural and natural heritage, including
urbanization that causes mass tourism/over population that leads to the society attempts
to find the balance between the limited and unlimited wants, where economic
development has taken varying forms and most its forms are threaten the cultural and
parks and high-rise properties and also including informal settlers, unsuccessful
earthquakes, flooding, weeds, rainfall, extreme weather and other forms of natural
calamities is one of the biggest factor of cultural and natural heritage deterioration. In
terms of human causes, insufficient management of the site and lack of fund is one of the
main reason why cultural and natural heritage are not preserved and sustained well.
Everyone must be educated and trained well in terms of cultural and natural preservation
and sustainability. Significance of cultural and natural heritage must be known for the
community and society to appreciate and give importance to the cultural and natural
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design