Hydrometeorological Hazard

 The Philippines is in the northern hemisphere,

which is above the equator.
 The area near the equator is known as the
intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is where the
winds meet.
 Trade winds flow in opposite directions and this is
the reason that strong swirling of wind happens.
 Natural process or phenomena involved in the
transfer of water and energy between the land
surface and the lower atmosphere.
TYPHOON

 Or bagyo in Filipno, are intense circulating winds

with heavy rain over tropical waters and land.
 Typhoons are actually tropical cyclones whose
winds have reached more than 118 km/hr, which is
why it is described as intense.

Types of hydrometeorological Hazard

Tropical depression up to 61 kph

Tropical storm 62 to 88 kph
Severe tropical storm 89 to 117 kph
Typhoon 118 to 220 kph
Supertyphoon exceeding 220 kph

5 PSWS

SIGNAL NO. 1
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
• A TROPICAL CYCLONE WILL AFFECT AN AREA
• 30-60 KPH
• MAYBE EXPECTED IN 36 HOURS OF RAINING
IMPACT OF THE WINDS
• TWIGS AND SMALL BRANCHES MAY BE BROKEN
• BANANA PLANTS MAY BE TILTED
• HOUSES OF VERY LIGHT MATERIALS MAY BE
PARTIALLY UNROOFED
• VERY LIGHT DAMAGES OR DAMAGE
• RICE CROPS IN FLOWERING STAGE MAY SUFFER
SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE
SIGNAL NO. 2
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
 A TROPICAL CYCLONE WILL AFFECT AN AREA
 GREATER THAN 60KPH AND UP TO 100 KPH
 MAYBE EXPECTED IN 24 HOURS
IMPACT OF THE WINDS
• COCONUT TREES MAY TILT
• BIG TREES MAY UPROOTED
• BANANA PLANTS MAY BE DOWNED
• LARGE NUMBER OF HOUSES MADE IN LIGHT
MATERIALS MAY BE UNROOFED
• BRING LIGHT TO MODERATE DAMAGE TO THE
EXPOSED COMMUNITIES
SIGNAL NO. 3
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
• GREATER THAN 100KPH-185 KPH
• MAYBE EXPECTED IN AT LEAST 18 HOURS
IMPACT OF THE WINDS
• COCONUT TREES MAYBE BROKEN
• BANANA PLANTS MAY BE DOWNED AND LARGE
NUMBER OF TREES MAY UPROOTED
• RICE AND CORN CROPS MAY SUFFER HEAVY
LOSSES
• LIGHT MATERIAL HOUSE MAY BE UNROOFED OR
DESTROYED
• WIDESPREAD OF ELECTRICAL DISRUPTION AND
COMMUNICATION SERVICES
SIGNAL NO. 4
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
• VERY STRONG WINDS OF MORE THAT=N 185KPH
BUT LESS THAN 220 MAYBE EXPECTED IN 12
HOURS
IMPACT OF THE WINDS
• COCONUT, RICE AND CORN PLANTATION MAY
SUFFER EXTENSIVE DAMAGE AND LOSSES
• MANY LARGE TREES MAY BE UPROOTED
• RESIDENTIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS
MAY SEVERELY DAMAGE
• ELECTRICAL POWER AND COMMUNICATION
SERVICES MAY BE SEVERELY DISTRUPTED
DAMAGE TO AFFECTED COMMUNITIES CAN BE
HEAV Y
 SIGNAL NO. 5
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
• MAXIMUM SUSTAINED WINDS OF MORE THAN
220KPH MAY BE EXPERIENCED WITHIN 12 HOURS
IMPACT OF THE WINDS
• VERY STRONG WINDS CAN BRING VERY HEAVY TO
WIDESPREAD DAMAGE IN AFFECTED AREAS
• COASTAL AREAS MAY EXPERIENCE SURGES IN
OCEAN WATERS

THUNDERSTORM
 Also known as electrical storm.
 Characterized by heavy rain with the presence of
thunder and lightning.
 May not have strong winds.
 Uneven distribution of heat in the air and on land.

HAZARDS IN THUNDERSTORM
• Heavy rainfall can lead to flooding
• Lightning can electrocute humans an livestock and
damage electrical facilities
• Air turbulence which can displace or disorient a
flying aircraft
• Fire can burn buildings and vegetation

FLOOD
• The presence of excessive water on a supposedly dry
land.
• Caused by heavy rain or poor drainage.
• Low lying areas are prone to flooding.
 Loss of income
 Paralysis of transportation and
communication
 Displacement of affected homes and families
 Corrosion and water intrusion
 Waterborne diseases

AREAS PRONE IN FLOODING
PAMPANGA BULACAN
NUEVA ECIJA METRO MANILA
PANGASINAN NORTH COTABATO
TARLAC ORIENTAL MINDORO
MAGUINDANAO ILOCOS NORTE
 FLASH FLOOD
• Rapid flow of water on saturated soil or dry soil or
any foundation that has absorption capability.
• Flash floods are caused by extensive rainfall but can
also be induced by man made structures such as
water overflows from a dam.
STORM SURGE
• An abnormal rise in coastal waters due to a massive
force from the sea or from the air above the sea.
• Caused by a strong typhoon or a sea quake.
• It can also be aggravated by the occurrence of high
tide.
TORNADO AND WHIRLWIND
• A rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact
with the air and land.
• Its rotational movement is so violent that it can pic
up objects from the ground and sling them away at
far places.
• Tornadoes are form when there are strong winds
and low thunderstorm cloud (cumulonimbus)
• According to PAGASA 12-14 tornadoes hit the
country every year.
• Mostly occur in flat terrains such as Mindanao and
Central Luzon especially in Nueva Ecija and Bulacan.
EL NINO
• Refers to the largest scale warming of the ocean and
atmosphere across the central and east central
Equatorial Pacific.
• Trade winds in the ITCZ would move the heated
waters westward toward Southeast Asia.
LA NINA
• Begins at the eastern part of the pacific ocean.
• The sea surface temperatures during this period
become lower by 3-5 degrees Celsius.
• In effect Philippine is affected by excessive rainfall
and cold temperature.
AMIHAN AND HABAGAT
• The humid southwest monsoon (May-October) is
known as "Habagat". The cool and dry winds of the
northeast monsoon (November April) are called
"Amihan".
 TOOLS FOR MONITORING
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD
1. DOPPLER RADAR
• Use to measure important weather parameters such
as amount of rainfall and direction, speed and
intensity of the winds.
• These data are used to forecast weather conditions
and upcoming typhoon weeks before occurrence.
2. AUTOMATED RAIN GAUGE
• Usually installed in telecommunication cell sites to
observe and locate areas with excessive amount of
rainfall.
• Use to detect possible flooding and flash flood.

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
BEFORE
• Store enough food, water and medicine.
• Have a working flashlights, batteries, candles and
matches.
• Make an evacuation plans with family.
• Check the foundation of your house.
• Transfer valuable things
• Participate in clean up activities
• Remove dead or rotting trees.

DURING
• If there is no advice to evacuate, stay indoors.
• Listen to weather updates by PAGASA and NDRRMC.
• If the water is rising, unplug all electrical equipment.
• Move to a safer ground as advised of local
authorities.
• Bring basic necessities.
• Beware of open electrical cables.
• Do not go near windows or doors.

AFTER
• Wait for any announcement from local authorities.
• Report fallen power lines.
• Check your house for any damages.
• Watch out for electrical outlet immersed in water.
• Boil water before drinking.
 FIRE HAZARD
- The rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical
process of combustion, releasing heat, light and
various reaction products.
- At a certain point in the combustion reaction, called
the “ignition point”, flames are produced.
- The flame is the visible portion of the fire.
- Flames consists primarily of carbon dioxide, water
vapor, oxygen and nitrogen.

FIRE TRIANGLE
- This is a model that shows the three essential
components that when present together can start a fire
and sustain it- fuel, heat and oxygen.

FUEL- fire needs a fuel source or combustible material in

order to burn.
Fuel comes in different forms:
Solid (wood, paper, plastic)
Liquid (gasoline, kerosine, acetone)
Gas (methane, propane, acetylene)
- different types of fuel burn at different
rates.

HEAT- This is needed to start and continue the

combustion process. Combustion happens when
flammable vapor mix with air (oxygen) and is ignited by a
spark or flame.
- In the essence, when the ignition temperature
(heat) of the fuel (any material) is reached, combustion
reaction happens

OXYGEN- This constitutes about 21% of the air around us.

- it reacts with flammable vapors given off by fuels,
and the reaction releases heat
-the magnitude of the fire, whether it is going to be
explosive or flammable, depends on the ratio between the
oxygen and fuel.
CAUSES OF FIRE
2 TYPES OF FIRE:
NATURAL FIRE AND MAN-MADE FIRE
NATURAL CAUSES OF FIRE

-The causes of natural fire are those that are result from
natural hazards such as lightning and volcanic
activities.

Lightning
- Triggers the fire because it carries with a large amount
of energy that can induce ignition temperature changes in
the material (fuel) that it comes in contact with

Volcanic Activities
- Fire can be generated by the objects that get burned
along the path of lava or by ejected pyroclastic
materials from a volcano
- When those objects come in contact with
combustible materials such as plants, fire can
happen.

MAN-MADE CAUSES OF FIRE

- ELECTRICAL WIRINGS
- UNATTENDED IGNITION SOURCES
- CIGARETTES
- CHEMICALS AT HOME
- GASOLINE LEAKS FROM VEHICLES
ELECTRICAL WIRINGS- this includes: faulty wiring, short
circuits, overload circuits, and loose wiring connections
that may induce fire in any structure or building.
To prevent electrical fires:
-avoid overloading the circuits and overheating
electrical appliances
-check electrical chords and replace old, worn wirings
UNATTENDED IGNITION SOURCES- Includes; lighted
candle, an improvised gas lamps, cooking stove and other
sources of ignition which are left unattended may topple
and/or burn nearby flammable objects.
CIGARETTES- cigarette butts that are not properly put
out and are thrown carelessly can spark a fire.
- the glowing ember from a
discarded cigarette can come in contact with a
flammable material and cause fire.
- careless smoking such as
falling asleep at night with a lit cigarette can also start
a fire.
CHEMICALS AT HOME- examples of this are:
Pesticides, lighter fluids, gasoline, thinners, spray paints,
kerosene, dry cleaning agents, paint solvents, nail polish
and etc.
-are flammable liquids that are used for are wide variety
of purposes in the household.
- These substances contains chemicals that when mixed
with air will give off vapor that can ignite and burn when
an ignition source is present.

GASOLINE LEAKS FROM VEHICLES

- A gasoline (fuel) leak from a vehicle is likely caused
by corrosion, a worn –out seal or gasket, or a broken
fuel injector.
- A leak from the tank, engine, fuel pump, or motor
compartment can be dangerous because these
places are very hot.

CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS
- Are tissue injuries caused by heat, electricity,
radiation or chemical.
- Can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and in severe
cases, even death.
- It can also lead to infections because damaged skin
can also no longer act as a barrier against harmful
microorganisms.

- First Degree Burn

- Second Degree Burn
- Third Degree Burn

FIRST-DEGREE BURN
- Affects only the outer layer of the skin called
epidermis.
- Because the damage is slight, the person is still able
to function well with tolerable pain.
- The area that is burned is red and dry without any
blisters.
- There is change in color of the skin to some extent.
 SECOND-DEGREE BURN
- The depth of burn has reached into the dermis in this
degree.
- Because of the severity, this part of the skin may not
function anymore.
- Blisters are usually the first sign of second-degree
burns.
- The fluid beneath the skin spreads until the
epidermis falls away, opening the dermis to the
outside environment.
THIRD-DEGREE BURN
- The epidermis, dermis and even the underlying
tissue (subcutaneous muscle) are damaged.
- This is the most serious burn.
- The muscle and even the bone may be affected.
- Aside from the loss of function if the skin in terms of
protection, and fluid and heat retention, many
nerve cells die such the victim may no longer feel
anything.
BASIC RESPONSE PROCEDURES DURING FIRE
INCIDENTS
When there is a fire breakout, two hazards need to be
dealt with: fire and smoke. In most cases, smoke is the
primary cause of fatalities due to suffocation.
Here are some tips on what you can do in case of building
fires:

1. Find an area where smoke has not yet reached. If there

is a lot of smoke, stay low and crawl on your hands and
knees. Smokes naturally rises or tends to fill the topmost
portion of an enclosed area.
2. Do not panic as this will keep you disoriented and make
you lose your focus.
3. Evacuate the area or room by going to the nearest exit.
If you are not familiar with the building’s layout, follow
the arrows or directions that lead to the exit.
4. While evacuating the room, leave it closed to prevent
the entry of the smoke. Do not lock the door to allow
others to escape in the same route or passage.
5. If you can, assist the people with special needs, but do
not carry them downstairs. Going down with a load may
impede an immediate escape. Notify emergency
personnel if you know or suspect someone is still inside
the building.
6. Do not use the elevators. Use the stairs to get out the
building
7. Do not attempt to go back inside the building until it
has declared safe by the fire department.

IF YOUR CLOTHES CATCH FIRE

1. Do not panic or run.

2. Do the stop, drop, and roll method. Stop immediately
or stay where you are. Running will make the fire
worse as the fire will grow with added oxygen. Drop to
the ground and cover your face with your hands. Then
roll over back and forth until the fire has been put out.

IN ASSISTING PEOPLE WHO ARE BURNT

While help is on it’s way, elevate the burned part above
the level of the victim’s heart. Do not undress the victim,
and do not move clothing that was stuck to the burn.

3. Do not soak or immerse burns in cold water, apply ice

or ice water, or apply any ointment.
4. Check vital signs such as breathing and blood
circulation. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) might
be necessary.

FIRE EMERGENCY AND EVACUATION PLANS

Training and drills should be conducted regularly for
everyone to be familiar with the emergency procedures.
1. The contact government agencies such as the local fire
departments should be made known.
2. The occupants of the building should know how and
where to report an emergency.
3. Occupants of the building should be made aware of
emergency routes and exits.
4. All operators should be reminded safe shutdown
procedures for equipment and facilities to prevent any
damage or additional hazard.
5. All written emergency plans should always be updated,
maintained, and tries on a regular basis.
6. A building’s emergency plan should be posted
conspicuously to constantly remind the members of the
building of the proper procedure for emergencies.
 PASS

PULL the pin.

AIM low, pointing the extinguisher nozzle at the base of

the fire.

SQUEEZ the handle to release the extinguishing agent.

SWEEP from side to side at the base of the fire until it

appears to be out.