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8 Key Challenges To Pilot Plant Scale-Up

Challenge #1: Non-linear Scale-Up – It’s not that easy

Challenge #2: Reaction Kinetics – Do you mix well?

Challenge #3:Chemical Equilibrium – How fast do you react?

Challenge #4: Material Properties – What are you made of?

Challenge #5:Fluid Dynamics – How do you flow?

Challenge #6: Thermodynamics – Are you hot or cold?

Challenge #7: Equipment Selection – How do you put it together?

Challenge #8: Agitation Issues- Can you afford to mix it up?
How To Overcome These Challenges – You CAN do it

1. Non-linear scale-up
Non-linear scale-up is the number one challenge to
pilot plant scale-up and is the cause behind the other
seven challenges. Non-linear scale-up basically
means you cannot take a chemical process in the lab
and drop it into a pilot plant by simply increasing the
chemicals and equipment involved in a proportionate
manner.

When a system is increased in size, surface area to

mass change in proportion. Many other properties
related to system size also change, such as laminar
and turbulent flow regimes based on changes caused
by the surface are to mass proportion. These physical
changes cause reaction kinetics, fluid mechanics and
thermodynamics change in a non-linear fashion.

For example – a chemical reaction in a beaker requires a certain amount of chemical A and a certain amount of
chemical B. The beaker is a certain size. The reaction between these two chemicals results in a certain amount of
chemical C and a specific amount of heat being released. If you linearly scaled this system – increased the beaker
size 500 times to a tank and increased the amounts of chemical’s A and B by 500 times, then you should have
500 times the amount of chemical C and 500 times more heat released.
But you won’t. Several things could be affecting your reaction. First of all, a tank that is 500 times larger than a
beaker has a completely different relationship with the mass of chemicals inside. A beaker will have a lot more
contact with the fluid contained it than a large tank would, because the majority of the chemicals in a tank do not
touch the walls of the tank. This is the surface area to mass relationship that affects the physical properties of a
reaction.

Several other things can change. Flow regimes change and affect the way the chemicals are mixing and reacting
with each other. Thermodynamics, fluid dynamics and reaction kinetics will all be different in the larger sized
system. All of these factors affect the amounts of Chemical A and Chemical B required and the amounts of
Chemical C produced.

Below are seven specific things that change during scale-up. These are all based on the idea above, that scale-up
is non-linear.

2. Reaction kinetics
Molecules in a reaction need to mix well to reach the state of equilibrium as quickly as possible. There are various
physical and chemical factors that can affect the mixing and colliding from happening efficiently and result in bad
reaction kinetics.

3. Chemical Equilibrium
The time to reach chemical equilibrium increases as larger quantities of chemicals are mixed. A reaction is not
productive until chemical equilibrium is reached.

4. Material properties
The physical and chemical properties of the materials in contact with the reaction can influence the reaction, erode
over time or drive the cost of the system up unnecessarily. Material selection is therefore extremely important.

5. Fluid Dynamics
Fluid dynamics change at a non-linear rate as systems increase in size, and keeping flow at the correct Reynolds
number is important for thermal transfer and mixing efficiency. Changes between laminar and turbulent flow are
hard to predict because of the non-linear nature of fluid dynamics.

6. Thermodynamics
A thorough thermodynamic analysis is necessary for successful scale-up due to the sensitivity of chemical
reactions to heat gain and heat loss.

7. Equipment selection
Equipment physical limitations can seriously impact chemical reactions. Incorrectly sized equipment can make it
hard to control reactions, affect thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and other aspects of reactions. System longevity
also relies heavily on correct equipment selection. Further, materials of construction easily available in bench
scale may not be available in the quantities required or may be too expensive in a large-scale systems.

8. Agitation issues
The correct amount of turbulence within a system is critical to creating good reaction kinetics. Angled agitators
and baffles can be used to increase turbulence, and the issue of stirring must be addressed. The video below
further illustrates this issue:

How to Overcome These Challenges

Pilot plant scale-up project require several in-depth engineering studies in order to overcome these challenges.
Front-End Engineering and scale up design in modeling software should both be conducted during the design
stage. Semi-empirical modeling methods can be used to determine the limitations of your technology through
modeling. It should be established that the chemical technology can be scaled up and produce the required output
for an acceptable cost before a final contract is signed.

EPIC Modular Process is a pilot plant and modular process system design/fabrication shop located in St. Louis,
MO. To learn more about EPIC, visit our website or contact an engineer today.

Additional Resources for Pilot Plant Scale-Up:

Process Scale-Up Capabilities
Scale-Up Techniques & Examples
Pilot Plant Design
Process Unit Operations

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 8 key challenges, pilot plant, pilot plant scale up, reaction kinetics, scale-up, thermodynamics

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