1.
Introduction driver feels comfortable and safe and
Increasingly dense use
motorized vehicles hence energy
needs are also increasing, however
for excessive use of energy in the
next few years causing an energy
crisis, therefore saving consumption
is done energy by utilizing
alternative energy or often called
energy renewable which is the result
of natural energy resources will not
be exhausted or recovered quickly
and the process continues if managed
well.
The solar panel is a renewable
energy that is a device that consists
from solar cells that convert light
into electricity, or solar panels often
called a photovoltaic cell.
Photovoltaic can be interpreted as
electric light.
Electric cars have several
advantages compared to fuel-
powered cars, the main thing from
cars electricity is does not produce
air pollution and also reduces the
effects of homeglass. ZEV is a car
batterai operate and car fuel cell,
While LEV is a car whose drilling
system combines convensional
engine with car hybride.
2. Material
2.1 Electric Cars
Electric car is a vehicle that is
one alternative forsuppress air
pollution figures because vehicles
are without emissions. Electric cars
are also on complete with an
indicator panel that serves as a
means of important information for
drivers to know the condition of the
vehicle directly when drive so the
can do it action quickly when
something happens to the vehicle, for
example Find out the speed of the
vehicle's speed, battery capacity
indicator, distance which iscan still
be reached, the motor temperature,
headlight indicators, turn signal,
andother indicators (Mayer and
Laux, 1992).
Figure 2.1 The concept of a
vehicle with electric battery charging
Electric cars also have significantly
more maintenance costs low
compared to conventional fuel cars
because of electric carsonly has 5
(five) parts on his motorbike,
compared to ordinary cars which has
hundreds of components in an
internal combustion engine. Five
parts the most important are :
A. Batteries
As the main energy source, the
battery is certainly the most
important part in the car
electricity.
B. Motor Controller
The motor controller regulates the
operation of the electric car
completely and power distribution
when needed.
C. Electric Machines
Electric machines can be designed
to use Ac or de current. Machine
 with AC currents tend to be
cheaper and lighter than those
using DC current.
D. Regenerative Braking
With a capacity that can increase
travel power, regenerative
breaking that has been applied to
hybrid and electric cars today.
Figure 2.2 Battery / battery / Accu
E. Motion System
The function of the motion system
The battery in the car serves
is to transmit mechanical energy
to store electricity in formchemical
to the wheels for traction make a
energy, which will be used to supply
move.
(provide) electricity to starter system,
ignition system, lights and
2.2 Batteries
components other electricity. Within
Battery or Accu or battery an
the international standard for every
electric cell in which it takes place
accumulator cell has a voltage of 2
electrochemical processes that are
volts. So the 12 volt battery has 6
reversible with their efficiency high.
cells whereas 24 volt battery has 12
What is meant by a reversible
cells.There are several types of
electrochemical process is inside
batteries available, namely lead-acid
batteries can take place in the
type batteries (lead acid),care-free,
process of converting chemicals into
maintenance-free, ventilated and
electric power (the process
light bilateral or maintenance
emptying), and vice versa from
batteriesbateral meeting (sealed
electric power to chemical power,
bateral).
chargingreturned by means of
1. Lead-type battery (lead acid)
regeneration of the electrodes used,
In this type of battery a metal (tin)
by passing an electric current in the
is rendered in a solution electrolyte.
opposite direction (polarity)
Voltage or electrical energy is
insidecell. Note that the battery does
generated from the intermediate
not save electricity, butaccommodate
kimla reactionmetal and its electolyte
chemicals that produce electrical
solution.
energy. Two tin ingredients are the
2. Maintenance free batteries
difference is inside the acids which
In this type of battery an
react to produce electrical pressure
electrolyte solution cannot be added
which is called voltage. This
so it does notspecial battery care is
electrochemical reaction converts
required
chemical energy intoelectrical
3. Ventilated battery
energy.
On this bateral there is a
ventilating cap that can be opened to
checkelectrolytes or to add distilled
water if needed to restore his Tabel 2.1 Characteristics of
condition. This lid also serves to various chemical batteries
issue gashydrogen produced during Criteria Lead NiCd NiMH Li-ion
Acid
the filling process Self Very High High Moderate
Discaharge Low
4. Battery Meeting (sealed battery) Rate
This battery also uses lead-acid Overcharge High Moderate Low Very
Tolerance
but does not have a lidcan be Low
Specific 25-35 35-65 40- 110-190
removed to check electrolytes or add Energi 100
electrolytes. On some types of (Wh per
kg)
batteries have small eyes to indicate Cycle Life 200 to 1000- 750- 500-1000
(uo to 80% 300 1500 1000
the level the contents of the of initial
battery.Rechargeable batteries are capacity)
Cost per $0.22- $0.80- $0.40- $0.60-
classified by the chemicals used, unit Eneegi $1.00 $2.00 $2.00
$2.50
materialsreactants and chemical ($/Wh)
Voltage 2 1,2 1,25 3,6
reactions are the basis of the per cell
(Volts)
formation of mechanismsenergy
storage. Four chemicals commonly
2.2.3 Battery Working Principle
used in applications
Batteries work based on chemical
consumers: lead-acid, nickel-
reactions, namely redox reactions
cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal
that occurboth during charging and
hydride (NiMH), andTithium ion
during emptying. Chemical reaction
(Li-Ion). Chemical batteries are
on The accumulator is reversible,
judged according to several criteria
meaning the chemical reactions that
such as: charge, self-discharge (the
occur during charging is the exact
rate at which the battery naturally
opposite of the reaction that occurs at
losestemporary energy without use),
the time of discharge. During
energy density (battery energy can
charging occurs the conversion of
bestore, divided by volume), specific
chemical energy into electrical
energy (battery energy can besave,
energy. When charging at the source
divided by weight), and cycle life
of electrical energy, an electric
(the amount of battery it can
current occurs, namely electrons
chargerefill before usage is used up).
flow from the cathode to the anode,
Every chemical battery has
in the presence of electricity, it will
advantagesand its own shortcomings
cause chemical reactions that cause
in relation to these criteria. Table 2.1
the release of substances in the
provides a brief description of the
battery namely PbSO4 being Pb,
characteristics of various
PO2, H ion, and SO.2 ion. On
batterieschemicals that are often used
emptying occurs Electric jetting is
in consumer products.
the electron flowing from PbO2 or
positive pole (asanode) to Pb or
negative pole (as a cathode) so that
there is a flow resulting in chemical
reactions.
2.2.4 When the Battery Battery
Receives a Current
A battery that receives a current is
a battery that is being charged in a
way DC electricity flowed, where the
positive pole of the battery is
connected to an electric current
positive and negative poles are
associated with negative electric
current. Voltage which is usually the
same as the total voltage held by the
battery. That means 12v battery
battery powered by a 12 V DC
voltage, 6V battery battery powered
by a voltage of 6 VDC, and two 12 V
battery batteries connected in series
are powered by 24 V voltage DC
(battery battery that is connected in
series to the total voltage is the sum
ofeach battery voltage: Voltage; +
Voltage2 = total voltage).
When the battery battery receives
current, the voltage will initially
experience an increase quickly and
then it will increaseback until it
reaches its maximum voltage. If the
voltagethe maximum that has been
reached, the battery battery will be
seen"boil", because the gas bubbles
are dissolved electrolyte. Liquid and
acid will be separated from the
solution of sulfuric acid andleaving
the electrolyte solution. On the
negative plate separated two parts
liquid and one part acid in the
positive plate.The mixture of these
two gases gives rise to a gas which
erupts easily whenburned, which is
why this gas is called an explosive
gas. Therefore, atwhen the battery
charging process we are prohibited
from carrying something easy
burning nearby. During the battery
charging process, the specific
gravitythe electrolyte will increase to
1.24 kg / dm '. If the maximum
battery battery voltagehas been
reached and the specific gravity of
the acid solution does not increase
afterwait for a while, then we can
stop the filling process.
How much current (Ampere) must
be flowed also depends on capacity
of the battery.
2.2.5 Battery Capacity
Battery capacity is the number of
Ampere Hours (Ah = strong current
(Ampere) x time (hour)), meaning
the battery can provide or supply a
number of contentson average before
each cell touches the voltage dropie
1.75 V (keep in mind, each cell has a
voltage of 2 V; ifused then the
voltage will continue to fall and
effective capacity is saideverything
has been used if the cell voltage has
touched 1.75 V). Example,12 V 75
Ah battery, this battery can provide
an average power of 900 Wfor one
hour or a 90 Watt appliance for 10
hours. So, Ampere hour(Ah) is a unit
of the amount of electricity. The
number of Ah that must be given to
the charging process is certainly
greater than the Ah provided by the
battery.
The quotient between capacity in
Ah against the magnitude of Ah in
the processcharging is then
multiplied by 100% referred to as the
amendment of Ah battery / battery.
For new batteries / batteries the
amendment ranges from 90% - 95%.
2.2.6 Lead Acid Battery Equivalent
Charging Circuit
The battery used consists of
cells with each cell having voltage of
2.1 V, meaning that car batteries and
motor batteries that have voltage12
V consists of 6 cells mounted in
series (12.6 V = 6 x 2.1 V). Asproof
for the indicator of a full battery then
made modelingbattery charger
equivalent circuit as in Figure 2.10.
That equation used in the circuit are:
Vbat = Vout - R.I ............... (2.1)
Where :
Vbat = Battery Voltage (Volt)
Vout = Battery Internal Voltage
(Volt)
R = Inner Resistance (Ohm)
Io = Battery current (Ah)
Figure 2.10 Equivalent battery
charger circuit
(Rohmat Khairul, 2015)
Figure 2.10 shows the equivalent
circuit of a battery charger. The
circuit consists of a source voltage,
internal resistance of the battery, and
battery. With this circuit, it can be
seen how much the charging voltage
which is used to charge empty
batteries with a voltage of 11Volt,
charge the battery fully with a
voltage of 12.8 Volts
(Butterworth,1998). If the battery
will be charged with an electric
charge, it is determined in
advancefirst the inner prisoner from
the battery. Battery resistance can be
searched with equation:(2.2)
Where :
rd = Deep resistance (Ohm)
E = Battery voltage source (Volt)
V = Outer voltage (Volt)
I = Electric current arising in series
(A)
Calculation of resistance in a battery
can be found by the equation:
FE
12.8 -11
14.6
= 0.3 Ohm
The 12.8 Volt voltage is taken from
the manufacturer's specification
voltage for The battery is full and 11
Volts is taken from the empty battery
voltage. With thus how much
charging voltage is needed to charge
the battery until it's full. The
calculation is obtained from the
decrease in the equation.
Vat = Vout-R. Ib ..................... (2.4)
= 11.28 + (0.3 x 4.6)
= 14.2 volts
So for a 12 Volt battery voltage with
a full voltage of 12.8 Volts a
charging voltage of 14.2 volts is
required. Design of rectifier capacity
must be adjusted to the capacity of
the installed battery, at least the
capacity the current must be
sufficient to charge the battery
according to its type ie the battery
Lead Acid is 0.1C (0.1 x capacity).
2.2.7 Process of Charge and
Discharge with Constant Current
The function of the battery
(battery) in the automobile is to
supply the needs electricity in the
electrical components of the car such
as a starter motor, big lights and
glass erasers. Nevertheless the
battery capacity is very limited, so it
will not be able to supply electricity
continuously continuously. Thus the
battery must always be fully charged
in order to supply electricity needs
every time needed by each
component-electrical component. For
that, the car needs a charging system Figure 2.11 Charge process with
that will producing electricity so that constant current
the battery is always fully charged. (Rohmat Khairul, 2015)
Charging system (charging system)
will produce electricity to recharge
the batteries and supply them
electricity to the components that
need it when the engine is turned on.
Most cars are equipped with
alternators that produce alternating
current reverse yar.g is better than Figure 2.12 Discharge process
dynamo which produces direct with constant current
current in p electric power generated (Rohmat Khairul, 2015)
and its durability. The car that uses
direct current (direct current), 2.2.8 Charge and discharge process
alternating current (alternating with Constant Power
current) produced the alternator must Charge process with constant
be directed into a direct current power shown in Fig 2.13 is done
before being released. (Rahmad when the voltage rises and the
Hidayat, 2014) current drops. This process ends
The charge process and the when the set time is met or the
constant current discharge process voltage on the battery is met. While
are shown in Figures 2.11 and 2.12. discharge processes with constant
Based on these pictures it is known power are shown in Figure 2.14 done
that, pruses charge discharge will when the battery voltage drops and
end when the set time is exceeded or the current rises and the discharge
if the specified battery capacity has ends when set time is exceeded or
been met. the load voltage is met.
 Figure 2.13 Process charge with
constant power
(Rohmat Khairul, 2015)
Figure 2.14 Process discharge with
constant power
(Rohmat Khairul, 2015)
Figure 2.15 Charge process with
constant current / constant voltage
(Rohmat Khairul, 2015)
Figure 2.16 shows the process of
discharge with constant resistance. In
this process voltage and current will
slowly decrease with time t due to
the release of charge on the battery
so that the resistance will be get hot.
Then the time needed for this process
determined the size of the resistance
used. Constant resistance discharging

2.2.9 Charge Process with Constant

Current and Voltage and Discharge
with Constant Resistance
Figure 2.15 shows the charge
process with constant current and
Figure 2.16 Process discharge
constant voltage. Where a constant
with constant resistance
current occurs when when charging
(Rohmat Khairul, 2015)
with regulate the size of the voltage
leading to the battery. Then when the
battery is fully charged, then it
switches to a constant voltage. So at
the time Constant voltage which is
initially constant will slowly
decrease. Duration for the charging
process is determined from the
amount of current flowed.