Intelligent Monitoring System of Electrical loads
Muhammad Umar Khan Basit Rehman Hashmi
Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department
HITEC University HITEC University
Taxila Cantt, Pakistan Taxila Cantt, Pakistan
khanu9912@gmail.com basithashmi77@gmail.com
Muhammad Roaid
Electrical Engineering Department
HITEC University
Taxila Cantt, Pakistan
roaidkundi723@gmail.com
Abstract— As technology advances make the advancement
in facilities. Energy crises are major problem of today’s world,
especially Pakistan is facing energy crises badly. There is load
shedding, and electricity short fall. The electricity generation
using unconventional sources like fuel is very expensive. So we
have designed an intelligent room in which the lights only turn
ON when there is the presence of any person otherwise lights
would automatically turn OFF. The air conditioner is a very
expensive which consume a lot of electricity when it turns ON.
To save the electricity we have set a temperature range and also
set the condition that the AC only turn ON when the
temperature is above threshold and there is presence of any
person in the room otherwise electricity would turn OFF
automatically. We have placed the counter in front of the door
which would count the person incoming and outgoing. If the
count is zero then lights and AC turn OFF automatically. To
implement the intelligent system, we use Proteus software for
design purpose then compile the code in Arduino software and
integrate them through which we get our desired results.
I. INTRODUCTION
Now a days the modern world are shifting towards energy
efficient system rather than normal system. As technology
advances make the advancement in facilities. The world is
switching towards the automatic systems to higher their
comfort zone. But in this advance world energy crises is the
major problem of today’s world. There is load shedding, and
electricity short fall. Pakistan is facing energy crises badly
and in our society people don't much care about turning off
their electrical appliances and this causes leads to the
wastage of energy. Although some people forget to turn
OFF the appliances in offices or homes which leads to a
wastage of energy and overbilling. The electricity
generation using fuel is very expensive and also the
commercially electricity unit price are much high. Keeping
in mind the above problems we design an intelligent system
which can control the electrical loads intelligently and save
the electrical energy and also decrease the cost of electric
bill.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. Temperature control based on the temperature
variations is the main problem.
2. Heating and cooling based on demand rather than
fix schedule.
3. How to predict the energy consumption of the
above system.
Muhammad Hamza
Electrical Engineering Department
HITEC University
Taxila Cantt, Pakistan
muhammadhamza1815@gmail.com
III. LITERATURE SURVEY
Tarun Kumar Das et. Al [1] discussed about how to control
the temperature/humidity of the room with the help of fuzzy
control logic. Using fuzzy-logic algorithm, we can allow
machines that how to recognize and react to imprecise
human presence in the room. They suggested a model which
consists of two fuzzy-logic controllers use to control
temperature/humidity. The first fuzzy-logic controller
accepts two input values, the temperature is detected by
temperature sensor and its deviation from user specified set
temperature, and control the speed of fans for cooling and
heating. When the room temperature reaches the specified
set temperature and helps as one of the input for the second
fuzzy-logic controller which controls the humidity. Fuzzy-
logic helps the person to solve a difficult problem without
getting mixed up in complicated relationships between
physical variables. In future there will be a system that will
implements the fuzzy-logic controller in a fixed system
which will be used for accelerating the efficiency of the
cooling system.
T. Hong et. Al [2] gave the concept about occupant behavior
which is one of the several factors manipulating the building
energy usage and subsidizing to unreliability in building
energy use forecast and simulation. Their major themes
further discussed by them including advancements in data
collection techniques, analytical and modelling methods,
and simulation applications which provide understandings to
the behavior energy saving potentials or impacts. Person’s
interfacing with building system attributes to the sizeable
changing in the building energy usage. Due to what it turn
out to be dominant that solutions in mutually energy
efficient behavior and technology strength together
contribute towards succeeding minimum energy buildings.
Their overall review covered an arrangement of procedures
to calculate and get the information on person behavior,
after that new person behavior models, and the integration
of the models with building simulation programs.
Jin Dong, James Nutaro et. Al [3] gave the concept about
occupancy forecasting algorithms for energy efficient
buildings. Occupancy forecasting is an organizer for
demand based HVAC control in order to make sure HVAC
is not run uselessly when there is no person in the room.
They propose an effective algorithms which predicts
occupancy and an algorithm for intelligently set the specific
temperature range. The study revealed that about 30% of
building energy is used by HVAC systems, which usually
works on a specific schedule. Occupancy based control
systems solves the above aforementioned issue, by an
achieving significant energy savings in the occupancy,
energy consumption and have the ability to minimize one
third of HVAC energy usage.
S. S. K. Kwok et. Al[4] has discussed the importance of
residence to building and also predict it by intelligent
system. Building air conditioning load prediction is the main
key factor for energy saving measures. They analyze the
usage of information driven intelligent methods, a
probabilistic entropy-based neural (PENN) model to predict
the cooling/heating load of a building. Since we know that
the occurrence and doings of the building residents having
an important influence on the required cooling/heating load
of the buildings. The resident’s presence and activity inside
the building does not have much effect on the complexity of
the influence that occupant have on the building cooling and
heating load.
Abdel Hamid Attia et. Al[5] declared that a fuzzy logic
controller is synthesize for the cooling system to control the
humidity and temperature ratio of a room. The Performance
of the control system is compared with PID control system
during winter and summer. In this system cooling-coil is
used to remove heat (reduce temperature and humidity) and
heating-coil is used to adjust the sensible heat (increasing
temperature and humidity constant). The process of
humidity can be simplified by adding steam into air. The
fan-coil unit of fuzzy logic control is used to maintain room
temperature and room humidity. Water flows through the
coil during summer to reduce the temperature while hot
water flows through the coil during winter to increase the
temperature. In winters room desired conditions are 23ᴼC
and 50% of relative humidity while in summer room desired
condition are 24ᴼC and 50% of relative humidity. Both
fuzzy and PID control can keep the humidity and
temperature within the desired values.
IV. HARDWARE
A. Architecture
For hardware designing first we connected human detection
sensors to the analog pin of Arduino UNO A0 and A1
respectively. Then we connected temperature/humidity
sensor to the digital pin 2 of Arduino. After that we
connected LCD to the digital pins (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) with
the Arduino. We select pin 12 and 13 of Arduino as output.
Then we connected the output pins of Arduino with the two
Module SPDT relay. In the end we connected both loads i.e.
(light and air condition) with the SPTD relay.
Now for powering the circuit we supplied 220V AC to the
bridge rectifier as an input which converts 220V AC into
12V DC. After that for stepping down the dc voltages we
use buck converter which converts 12V DC into 5V DC.
Now this 5V DC was given to Arduino UNO as an input.
B. Description
The above figure shows the hardware architecture model of
the project. In figure ‘P’ shows the number of persons and
‘T’ shows the temperature of the room where the ‘set temp’
is used for setting the desired temperature. For powering the
circuit input source of 220V AC is used. For AC to DC
conversion bridge rectifier is used, also the hardware
contains buck converter for the purpose to step down the DC
voltages, we also used Arduino UNO as a control unit and
SPDT relay which are operated by Arduino UNO. SPDT
relay gives signal to the electrical loads to operate it
intelligently. LCD is used for the displaying of the results.
To operate the project initially we required 220V AC
source. The AC source will be the input for the bridge
rectifier (AC to DC) which will convert 220V AC into 12V
DC voltages. The 12V DC is further used by light load and
then it is fed to the buck converter as an input source. The
buck converter step down the 12V DC voltages into 5V DC.
5V DC is given to Arduino UNO to use as a primary source
and then it is further used to operate the air condition (ac)
load. As Arduino UNO is our main control unit of the
project it fetches data from temperature/humidity and
human detection sensors. The data is then further processed
by Arduino UNO which will generate the signals and send
these signals to the relay. The relay will operates the
electrical loads according to the signals which is generated
by the control unit. For displaying the results 16*2 LCD is
used.
C. Calculations
i. Buck Converter Calculations:
The figure below shows the circuit diagram of Buck
Converter whose purpose is to step down the DC voltages.
We calculated the value of input output ratio (K), capacitor
(C) and inductor (L) for our buck converter circuit which is
used in the project.
Figure 1: Buck Converter Circuit Diagram
 L = (Vs-Va)*Va/F*Vs*∆I
L= (12V-5V)*5V/ (65*10^3)*12V*0.9A

When switch is ON: L= 49.857 µH

Vs = VL + Va
Vs-Va = L*di/dt Similarly, we can find the value of Capacitor (C)
Vs-Va = L*∆I/t1 Using equation (7)
t1= L*∆I /Vs-Va………... (a) C = (Vs-Va)*Va/8*∆V*F²*Vs*L
∆I= (Vs-Va)*t1/L………. (1) C= (12V-5V)*5V/8*(100*10^-3)*(65*10^3)² *12V*49.857
µH
When switch is OFF:
C= 17.31 µF
0 = -VL + Va
-Va = -VL
Va = VL ii. Bridge Rectifier Calculations:
Va = L*di/dt The figure below shows the bridge rectifier circuit diagram
Va = L*∆I/t2 which is used to convert AC voltages into DC voltages. It
t2= L*∆I/Va………..... (b) converts 220V AC input voltages into 12V DC voltages.
∆I = Va*t2/L………… (2)
Now comparing Eq. (1) and (2)
(Vs-Va)*t1/L = Va*t2/L where t1=KT and t2= T-KT
Va = Vs*K………….. (3)

Peak to peak Current:

T= t1+t2…………(c)
Put Eq. (a) and (b) in (c)
T= L*∆I /Vs-Va + L*∆I/Va
T = (Vs*L*∆I)/ (Vs-Va)*Va where T=1/F
1/F = (Vs*L*∆I)/ (Vs-Va)*Va
∆I = (Vs-Va)*Va/F*Vs*L…………. (4)
For ‘L’ Figure 2: Bridge Rectifier Circuit Diagram
L = (Vs-Va)*Va/F*Vs*∆I…………. (5)

Peak to peak voltage:

∆Q = C*∆V We know that
∆V = ∆Q/C Vin=Vp= 220Vrms
∆V = ∆I*T/8*C………… (d) Where T=1/F We use stepdown transformer having turn ratio Np/Ns=
Put Eq. (4) in (d) 7.392
∆V = (Vs-Va)*Va/8*C*F²*Vs*L……….. (6) We get:
Now for ‘C’ Vs= 29.76Vrms
C = (Vs-Va)*Va/8*∆V*F²*Vs*L……….. (7) Vrms= Vp / (2)½
We use LM2596 (Buck Converter) IC having the following Vp= Vrms* (2)½ where Vrms=Vs=29.76Vrms
specifications: Vp= 29.76*(2)½
F= 65 KHz Vp= 42.09V
I(max)= 3A For full-wave rectifier, we have the equation for Vdc:
∆I= 0.3*I(max) (typically) Vdc= (Vp / π) - 1.4
∆I= 0.3*3 Vdc= (42.09 / π) - 1.4
∆I= 0.9A Vdc= 13.39 -1.4
We know that our required output DC voltage
Vout=Va= 5V Vdc= 12V
And
Vin=Vs= 12V V. SOFTWARE
Now first we find value of ‘K’ The figure shows the integrated Proteus model of the
Using equation (3) project. Arduino UNO is the main control unit of the
K= Va/Vs project. The main power source of the project is 220V AC
K= 5V/12V as an input. There are two sensors which are connected to
the Arduino UNO which gives the data of
K= 0.4166 temperature/humidity and number of persons present in the
occupancy. The data is the processed by control unit
To find the value of Inductor (L) for converter circuit according to which it generates the signal and give to the
Using equation (5) SPDT relay. After that SPDT relay automatically control the
electrical loads connected with it. And all the results were
displayed on the LCD screen. We use different components
which are defined below.

+12V
SOL1

Battery
BR1 U1
7805
+5V
1 3
VI VO

GND
C3 C4 R7
C1 C2 1000u 1nF 330

2
1000u 1nF
DF005M

Power ON indicator
LED-YELLOW D3

LCD1
LM016L

15V ARD1

C. Relay:
+5V

VDD
VSS

VEE

RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
Up counter sensor
Relay is an electronic switch which controls the electric
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1

AREF

LDR1 PB5/SCK
13
AC
TORCH_LDR 12
PB4/MISO Light
RESET 11
~PB3/MOSI/OC2A
10

loads automatically by switching phenomenon. In this

+12V
A0 ~ PB2/SS/OC1B
9

RS

D4
D5
D6
D7
~ PB1/OC1A RV1
2

8
PB0/ICP1/CLKO D7
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121

DIGITAL (~PWM)

7 R5
ANALOG IN

R1 PD7/AIN1 D6
+5V

project the relay takes input signals from control unit and
50%

A0 A0 ~ PD6/AIN0 D5 330
PC0/ADC0 5
10k A1 A1 ~ PD5/T1 D4
PC1/ADC1 4
A2 A2 PD4/T0/XCK E
+5V

PC2/ADC2 3
A3 ~ PD3/INT1 RS
PC3/ADC3 2 1k
+12V

A4 PD2/INT0
PC4/ADC4/SDA 1
A5 TX PD1/TXD

Down Counter sensor 1 U2

PC5/ADC5/SCL

ARDUINO UNO R3
RX PD0/RXD
0

R6
LED-YELLOW D1

RL2
operates the load automatically.
1

27.0 330 12V

LDR2 Temperature Sensor RL1
TORCH_LDR 12V
2
VOUT A2
R4 Q2
AC 2N2222
D2
2

A1 LED-YELLOW 10k
3 LM35
R2
10k

R3 Q1
Light 2N2222
10k

A. Temperature Sensor (LM35):

For temperature sensor we use LM35 IC for calculating the
real time room temperature. This temperature circuit is
directly provides data to the microcontroller as an input.
LM35 is precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor,
where the output voltage is linearly proportional to the D. Arduino UNO:
temperature in Celsius. The LM35 operation range is at - The Arduino UNO is the main control unit of the project. It
55˚C to +120˚C. is integrated with all the above sensors and relay, it fetches
and analyze the data which is provided by these sensors.
Code is generated in Arduino IDE software and is provided
to Arduino UNO microcontroller to achieve our desired
results.

B. Human Detection Scheme by using LDR:

We used two torch LDR sensors shown in figure, the first
LDR sensor is used as an up-counter and the second LDR
sensor is used as down-counter. When a person enters the
room and interrupt the first LDR sensor and then cuts the VI. RESULTS
second LDR sensor, increment in the counter will occur and
the data will be send to the control unit. Similarly decrement A. When no person in the room:
in the counter will occur when the person cuts the second
LDR sensor first and then followed to interrupt the first
LDR sensor.
B. Person detected and temperature is below 25°C:

VII. ADVANTAGES
 The modern world are switching towards the
advanced technology and automation systems. And
this project is also fully automatic system and there
is no need of human efforts.
 This project has very positive impacts on the
society because it will help the low income families
in the savings of the billing cost of the electricity
and will save the electricity.
 Another advantage of the project is that it is very
friendly and helpful for the disabled people of the
society because of its automation aspect.
 It will save time. Due to the automatic switching,
there is no human work force needed.
 Environment friendly and clean.
 The main advantage of the project is to save the
energy from wastages.
 If there is no man inside the room the loads will be
turned OFF which means electricity is not in use
C. Person detected and temperature is above 25°C and in result we can save the energy.

VIII. CONCLUSION
From this project we concluded that intelligent
monitoring system of electrical loads have many
advantages over the manually operated systems. This
intelligent system runs on demand basis rather than
fixed schedule which saves electrical energy and also
reduce the billing cost of running loads. The system
operate intelligently which results in fast response time
as compare to manual systems ,it is also environmental
friendly and can easily be operated. Another good
feature of this intelligent system is that it will help the
disable people of the society due to its automation
feature.
We highly recommend this project to be use it at
homes, offices, schools and buildings.
In future we recommend to use digital camera for the
precise detection of human in occupancy. This project
should be implemented at larger scale like in large
shopping malls, buildings and offices to save more
electrical energy due to which billing cost will be REFERENCES
reduced.
[1] Das, Tarun Kumar, and Yudhajit Das. "Design of a room temperature
and humidity controller using fuzzy logic." American Journal of
Engineering Research (AJER) 2.11 (2013): 86-97, 2013.
[2] Tianzhen Hong, Sarah C.Taylor-Langea and SimonaD’Oca, “Energy
and Buildings,” Energy and Buildings 116(2016)694–702, 2016.
[3] Jin Dong, et al. "Occupancy-based HVAC control with short-term
occupancy prediction algorithms for energy-efficient
buildings." Energies 11.9 (2018): 2427, 2018.
[4] Kwok, Simon SK, and Eric WM Lee. "A study of the importance of
occupancy to building cooling load in prediction by intelligent
approach." Energy Conversion and Management52.7 (2011): 2555-
2564, 2011.
[5] Attia, Abdel-Hamid, Sohair F. Rezeka, and Ahmed M. Saleh. "Fuzzy
logic control of air-conditioning system in residential
buildings." Alexandria Engineering Journal 54.3 (2015): 395-403,
2015.
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