Flexible OFDM Signal Generation, Analysis and Troubleshooting

Flexible OFDM Signal Generation,
Analysis and Troubleshooting
Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Communications Designer’s Ideal
Flexible, Precise Signal Generation
– Create ideal, error-free signals
– Modify signal characteristics, structure
– Create impaired signals
– Create test signals
– Inject anywhere in block diagram (BB, IF, RF, analog, digital)
– Simulated & physical signals
Flexible, Sensitive Signal Analysis
– Spectrum, vector, measurements
– Flexible, accurate, configurable modulation analysis
– Highly specific results for troubleshooting
– Analyze anywhere in block diagram (BB, IF, RF, analog, digital)
– Same analysis, algorithms, UI for simulated and physical signals
2

Agenda
What is OFDM?
OFDM system architectures
Rapid waveform development techniques
Measuring & troubleshooting OFDM modulation quality
Analyzing proprietary OFDM signals
How can Agilent help you?

What is OFDM?
Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiplexing
OFDM is a modulation format that achieves:

– high data throughput by transmitting on hundreds or
thousands of carriers simultaneously.
– high spectral efficiency by spacing the carriers very
closely.
– high data integrity by transmitting at a relatively slow
symbol rate.

Orthogonal Subcarriers
Overlapping Carriers But
No Inter-Carrier Interference (Ideally!)

OFDM Symbols & Subcarriers
Simplified view
Symbol #4
Symbol #3
Symbol #2
Symbol #1
Symbol #0
Time
… -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 …
Subcarrier Number
Freq
6

OFDM Symbols & Subcarriers
Real world view
Symbol #4
Symbol #3
Symbol #2
Symbol #1
Preamble
Time
… -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 …
Subcarrier Number
Freq
7

OFDM vs. Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
OFDM Single Carrier QAM

many carriers
1 carrier
BW = BW =
#carriers x spacing Sym(1+α)
Carrier #0
always null

OFDM vs. Single Carrier Modulation
Time Domain View
802.11a OFDM Single Carrier 64QAM
1 Sym = 64 Samples = 4.0 usec 1 Sym = 1 Sample = .083 usec
Data rate = 54 Mbits/s Data rate = 54 Mbits/s

Sharing the Resource: OFDMA
“Multi-Access”
User1 (low rate): 112 subcarriers

+
=
User2 (med-rate): 280 subcarriers 840 subcarrier signal
+
User3 (hi-rate): 448 subcarriers

10

OFDMA Resource Map
UL-MAP
FCH
Example:
802.16e DL Burst 3 DL Burst 4 DL Burst 7
Mobile WiMAX
Subcarriers
Preamble
DL-MAP
DL Burst 5
DL Burst 8
DL Burst 9
DL Burst 1
DL Burst 6
DL Burst 2
Symbol #
• Shows allocation of subcarriers by time and frequency.

• Subcarriers are usually grouped into logical channels.
• Each channel can have different modulation, power level, coding, etc.
11

Summary: How OFDM Achieves its Goals
1. High throughput:
• an 800-subcarrier system with 64QAM mapped to each subcarrier can
transmit 800 x 8 = 6400 bits per symbol.
2. Bandwidth efficiency:
• with DSP techniques (FFT and IFFT), subcarrier spacing can be reduced to
theoretical minimum, i.e. mathematically orthogonal (don’t expect to see
individual subcarriers!)
3. Data integrity: multi-subcarrier symbol structure has advantages:
• symbol is long relative to most impulse noise.
• single-freq interferer only disturbs 1-2 subcarriers, not entire signal.
• built-in amplitude and phase references (pilots) allow signal to be re-
synchronized and/or equalized for each symbol.
• symbol can be cyclically extended for multipath immunity:
12

Who Uses OFDM?
WPAN Bluetooth 1.0 2.0 3.0
WiMedia
WLAN
802.11ac
802.11b 802.11a/g 802.11n
802.11ad
WMAN
802.16 802.16d 802.16e 802.16m
ATSC
Broadcast
ISDB ISDB-T
Analog DVB DVB-T DVB-H
DAB
1G 2G 3G 3.9G 4G
Mobile
Analog GSM, CDMA WCDMA FDD-LTE LTE-Adv.

PDC, PHS CDMA2K TDD-LTE
13

LTE Features
Feature Capability
Access modes FDD & TDD – with same frame structure
Frame structure also aligned with UMTS 1.28 Mcps TDD
Variable channel BW 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
Baseline UE capability 20 MHz UL/DL, 2 Rx, one Tx antenna

User Data rates DL 172.8 Mbps / UL 86.4 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW
(2x2 DL SU-MIMO & non-MIMO 64QAM on UL)
Downlink transmission OFDM using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Uplink transmission SC-FDMA using QPSK,16QAM, 64QAM
DL Spatial diversity Open loop TX diversity
Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable
UL Spatial diversity Optional open loop TX diversity, 2x2 MU-MIMO,
Optional 2x2 SU-MIMO
14

15

Agenda
What is OFDM?
16

OFDM Waveform Design
A System Architect’s view
What do we want to accomplish: What are our design options?
• High throughput • Number of sub-carriers (spacing & bandwidth)
• Reliable – independent of channel or user • Encoding and Interleaving
• Resistive to other interference • Modulation order (mapping types)
• Low PAPR • Length of CP
• Low Baseband/DSP resource usage • Preamble structure
• Compliance (or unique) • Pilot structure/scheme
• MANY more…
Channel
Encoding & Subcarrier Guard Spectrum Digital IF
Mapping IFFT IF/RF
Interleaving Mux Insertion Shaping and D/A
Pilots
17

General OFDM Frame Structure
Idle Preamble 1 Preamble 2 Data 1 Data 2
Block Block Block
OFDM OFDM OFDM

symbol symbol symbol
Block Block Block

OFDM OFDM OFDM
symbol symbol symbol
Idle
Preamble
Data
18

Preamble Structure
N post
Prefix N post Postfix

CP Block … Block CP
N pre
L
 DFTSize × R, if Preamble sequence is defined in frequency domain

L=
 BlockSize × R, if Preamble sequence is defined in time domain
where R is defined as the repeat times of preamble sequence.
N post = L × Gi ,
N pre = L × Gi
19

Pilot Structure
Continuous pilot
No pilot Continuous pilot Scattered pilot
and scattered pilot
Scattered pilot subcarrier

pilot subcarrier pilot subcarrier
Data subcarrier Pilot Subcarrier
Data subcarrier Data subcarrier
Data subcarrier
20

Symbol Windowing
•Rectangular pulse shaping can
introduce phase discontinuity
•Reduction in multi-path fading
No Window
immunity
With Window
21

Payload OFDM Symbol Structure
Prefix
CP DFT size GuardIntervalType=
CycleShift
DFTSize
N pre
zeros DFT size

GuardIntervalType=
Zeros
DFTSize
N pre
N pre = DFTSize × Gi , where Gi is defined as the guard interval in

parameter GuardInterval.
22

Evaluating the System Architecture
Did we make all the correct choices?
“How does the • Number of sub-carriers (spacing & bandwidth)
system perform?” • Encoding and Interleaving
• Modulation order (mapping types)
• Length of CP
“What to fix?” • Preamble structure
• Pilot structure/scheme
• MANY more…
Synch Too much out

issues of band
Channel
Mapping IFFT IF/RF
Pilots
Easy to ICI
disrupt Not efficient Channel issues PAPR is too
enough issue high for this
amp
23

Evaluating the System Architecture
Did we make all the correct choices?
“How does the • Number of sub-carriers (spacing & bandwidth)
system perform?” • Encoding and Interleaving
• Modulation order (mapping types)
• Length of CP
“What to fix?” • Preamble structure
• Pilot structure/scheme
• MANY more…
Preamble Better
adjustment windowing
Channel
Mapping IFFT IF/RF
Pilots
Better Longer
encoding Higher Better CP Employ
order pilot Clipping
structure technique
24

Agenda
What is OFDM?
25

Agilent SystemVue for physical layer design
A new environment for system-level modeling and verification
SystemVue: Cross-domain framework for model-based design

Open algorithmic modeling interface: math/MATLAB, C++, HDL
General Purpose DSP FPGA/ASIC RF Systems PHY IP

Embedded Embedded Embedded
Fixed-point Detailed Specs &
C++ ANSI-C or C++
VHDL / Verilog Test Benches
Mainstream EDA Flows RF EDA Flows

Target Flow Target Processor Synthesis Electrical (circuit)
RTOS IDE/Tools Design
Implement Implement Implement Physical Design
(S/W app) (targeted S/W) (custom H/W) Assembly / Fab
Test
PHY system integration and verification
Complete a working PHY using combinations of Software, RF/BB Hardware, Simulation, and Measurements
26

Rapid Waveform Creation & Troubleshooting
A System and Algorithm design environment
Channel
Mapping IFFT IF/RF
Pilots
27

Channel
Mapping IFFT IF/RF
Pilots
28

Channel
Mapping IFFT IF/RF
Pilots
29

Rapid Creation Example (continued)
• All OFDM system parameters of source are set in this GUI. The switch of
Preamble 1 and Preamble 2, Pilot 1 and Pilot 2 are also set in it
• The number of OFDM symbols of Data 1 and Data 2(if available) payload
are set in this GUI
• Symbol windowing function between OFDM symbols is also can be
selected or not
30

• The Preamble construction interface shows a multi-format structure

• Specialized indexing
• Multi-format is generally desired (ex. 802.11a)
31

• This GUI shows all
parameters of the
Data 1 and Data 2
payload (if available).
• Specify Mod type
32

• User interface for Pilot configuration

• Most of OFDM communications (IEEE 802 series) have only one kind of
pilot (continuous pilot or scattered pilot)
• Power line communication standard (G3-PLC) is an example with no-pilot
format
• Wireless video formats (DVB-T, DVBT2 and etc) generally have two kinds of
pilot (continuous pilot and scattered pilot)
33

Example: Peak to Average Power Ratio
DVB-T2 Algorithm
PAPR reduction algorithm

• Reserved carriers or Peak
reduction tones
• Virtually distortionless
34

Agenda
What is OFDM?
35

Communications Designer’s Ideal
Flexible, Precise Signal Generation
– Create ideal, error-free signals
– Modify signal characteristics, structure
– Create impaired signals
– Create test signals
– Inject anywhere in block diagram (BB, IF, RF, analog, digital)
– Simulated & physical signals
Flexible, Sensitive Signal Analysis
– Spectrum, vector, measurements
– Flexible, accurate, configurable modulation analysis
– Highly specific results for troubleshooting
– Analyze anywhere in block diagram (BB, IF, RF, analog, digital)
– Same analysis, algorithms, UI for simulated and physical signals
36

OFDM Demodulation
1. Isolate waveform for 1
symbol;
synchronize in Freq, Time, FFT
Phase
2. Perform FFT.
3. Map subcarrier I-Q values
back to QAM .. ..
constellations
4. Convert constellation
states to data bits.
.23 + j.71 -.71 + j.23 .71 + j.71
1011 0110 1001

37

OFDM Signal Analysis
1. Isolate waveform
for 1 symbol;
synchronize in FFT
Freq, Time, Phase
2. Perform FFT.
3. Map subcarrier I-
Q values back to .. .. Q
Error
QAM
Vector
constellations Magnitude
Ideal
4. Compute
standard
constellation Measured
I
metrics (EVM,
SNR, etc.) for
each subcarrier in
.23 + j.71 -.71 + j.23 .71 + j.71
each symbol How to display?
38

How to Display OFDM Signals
RMS Avg. vs. Time
Meas. Result
(e.g. EVM)
One dot per
subcarrier.
Time
Domain
Symbol number (time)
RMS Avg. vs. Freq
Meas. Result
(e.g. EVM)
One dot per
symbol.
Freq
Domain
Subcarrier number (freq)
39
39

Measuring Modulation Quality
40

89600 Vector Signal Analysis software
Tests the spectrum, time, modulation characteristics of
wireless signals
– Hi resolution FFT-based spectrum measurements
– High quality time tools: PVT, CCDF, pulse, signal
capture/play
– Advanced modulation analysis of >70 signal formats
– Works with >30 platforms – signal analyzers, scopes,
logic analyzers, simulation software
Target application: Wireless R&D – Evaluation & T-

shooting
Helps designers understand signal details so they
can fix their toughest PHY layer problems.
Target market: Wireless signaling

Cell Comm. Military Comm.
Wireless Networking Satellite Comm.
Public Safety Radio Radar
Wireless Connection Electronic warfare
41

OFDM Signal Troubleshooting
Case Studies
1. Amplitude & Phase Drift
2. Timing Errors
3. Spurious Interference
4. Clipping
5. I-Q Errors
42

OFDM Troubleshooting
Case Study #1: Amplitude & Phase Drift
43

Pilot Tracking Compensates (Hides)
Impairments
44

CPE Display Shows the Defect Removed
~1 dB of am-
plitude droop
in 240 uSec.
EVM looks
fine with pilot
tracking ON.
45

Case Study #2: The V-Shaped EVM Plot
Pilot phase
track is ON,
so this can’t
be phase
noise.
46

Case Study #2: The V-Shaped EVM Plot
Remember: dots correspond Error increases linearly as a

to a point in time and function of frequency offset
frequency
Several potential causes:
• I-Q time offset
• Symbol clock error
47

Case Study #3: Single-Frequency Interference
Only carrier -24

has high EVM
Impact on
RMS EVM
isn’t very high
48

Case Study #3: Single-Frequency Interference
Set to analyze
carrier –24 only.
EVM
constellation is
square, rotated
and off-center.
49

Interpreting the Error Vector Constellation
• Subcarrier -24 only

• EVM vs. Time
• Polar (I-Q) axes
• Zoomed scale
• Square shape indicates that entire • Origin Offset indicates the “real” error,
signal constellation is multiplied by a i.e. an extra signal in this bin
constant
• Stable display = interferer is coherent
• Rotation indicates that it is a with the OFDM signal (spur?)
complex constant
• Conclusion: an extra signal on-bin at
• Conclusion: the equalizer is setting
carrier –24; it’s confusing the equalizer
the wrong value for this bin. This is an
at this bin
effect -- not a cause
50

Case Study #4: Power Amp Clipping
No clipping Minor clipping
51

Case Study #5: I-Q Errors
Clue: EVM of
pilots is high,
but with little
symbol-to-
symbol
variation.
52

Case #5: Impact of 5 Degrees of I-Q Quadrature
Skew
Clue! BPSK pilots have split

into two vertical dots
I-Q Quadrature Skew
Looks like BPSK with

90degree phase rotation.
Concept: I-Q errors create

images of the original signal.
53

I-Q Quadrature Errors
Create a scaled version of the original signal at image frequency.
Sinewave case: OFDM case (BPSK pilots):
–N Fc +N Normal signal
o -F 0 +F Carrier -N’s error
0 signal is at carrier +N at carrier +N
f Perfect
I-Q balance
f
90
o
Phase depends
I Σ I
on type of error.
Q Q
Resulting
-F 0 +F signal at I
carrier +N
Imperfect
I-Q balance Q
54

Resource Allocation, I-Q Accuracy
I-Q Errors Produce Energy at Symmetric Frequencies
Explore Resource Allocation, Transmitter Power
Create Test Signals for Troubleshooting
55

OFDMA--Spectrogram & Pwr Envelope
Preamble
24 pt level 1
– 20 pt level 2 Understanding resource allocation
and power, without demodulation
Zone 0
• 18 pt level 3
Zone 1

OFDMA--Spectrogram & Zone Maps
Preamble
Does actual resource allocation

match the plan?
Zone 0
Zone Map 0
Zone 1
Zone Map 1
Agenda
What is OFDM?
58

Analyzing Proprietary OFDM Signals
Preamble
Pilot
Data
… …
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Subcarrier Number
Demodulator needs to know:

• basic time, freq and FFT parameters.
• which subcarriers are pilots?
• which subcarriers are preambles?
• what are the expected I-Q values for each preamble and pilot subcarrier?
• what is the expected modulation format for each data subcarrier?
59

Agilent 89600 VSA

Main window
Custom OFDM
Configuration Window
60

Load Config File: Load Config File:
Pilot IQ Values Subcarrier Modulation
Load Config File:

Load Config File: Preamble IQ Values
Subcarrier Types
Basic FFT
Parameters
61

Configuration Files
Example:
ResourceMap.txt Describes function of each subcarrier, every symbol.
Symbol #0
Symbol #1
Symbol #2
Symbol #3
Symbol #4
Symbol #5
Subcarrier type: 0 = data 1 = pilot 3 = preamble 4 = null repeat
62

Configuration Files
Configuration Files
– Resource Modulation.txt – Describes modulation format for each
subcarrier.
– Preamble I-Q.txt – expected IQ value for each preamble subcarrier.
– Pilot I-Q.txt – expected IQ value for each pilot.
Features to simplify configuration:

– Auto-detect pilot I-Q – can eliminate Pilot I-Q file
– Auto-detect data subcarrier modulation format – simplify Resource
Mod file
– Loop continuously through last N symbols – shorter config files
– Modulation format table – modify all data subcarrier modulation formats
simultaneously, by changing one value in table.
63

Agenda
What is OFDM?
64

OFDM for Simulation or Hardware Test
Source
Test Waveform
W1461 SystemVue DUT

Custom OFDM source Analyzer
Preamble Preamble Data 1 Data 2

Idle
1 2 Payload Payload Common
Demod / Analysis
VSA 89600B
Simulation
OFDM Resource configuration info
65

Additional design support for hardware
verification
Leverage design environment for apps that “fall between”
NON-STD FADING,
OFDM, MIMO WAVEFORMS IMPAIRMENTS Jamming, Interfere
LTE-Advanced Clutter, Targets
WNW, Defense RF, Phase Noise
Cognitive environments
MULTI-BOX FILL
Throughput COORDINATION HOLES Digital vs. RF interfaces
Coded BER Missing test coverage
DPD Missing user hardware
66

Connecting SystemVue to instrumentation
Modeling Interfaces
RF impairments
Scripting
Reference IP
File TCP/IP
I/O SCPI
.m PNA-X Agilent I/O Lib Signal VSA FlexDCA
C++ X-parameters Connectivity Studio visualization, visualization
VHDL/Verilog (free with SV) (licensed) connectivity (free with SV)
Any test H/W ESG PSA/PXA/MXA

Customer Test Equipment MXG Infiniuum/DCA
Customer Virtual Platform PSG PXI/Modular
Simulators & Apps Arbs Simulation
67

Summary
For more information about flexible OFDM

– App note: http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-6998EN.pdf
For more information about Agilent SystemVue

– OFDM demonstration:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFtCuKKi8Jw
– SystemVue for OFDM: http://www.agilent.com/find/eesof-
systemvue-ofdm
For more information about Agilent VSA

– http://www.agilent.com/find/89600B
68

Q&A
69

Thank you!
70

Flexible OFDM Signal Generation, Analysis and Troubleshooting

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Flexible OFDM Signal Generation,

Analysis and Troubleshooting

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

OFDM is a modulation format that achieves:

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

OFDM Single Carrier QAM

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

802.11a OFDM Single Carrier 64QAM

1 Sym = 64 Samples = 4.0 usec 1 Sym = 1 Sample = .083 usec

Data rate = 54 Mbits/s Data rate = 54 Mbits/s

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

User1 (low rate): 112 subcarriers

User3 (hi-rate): 448 subcarriers

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

• Shows allocation of subcarriers by time and frequency.

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

802.16 802.16d 802.16e 802.16m

Analog GSM, CDMA WCDMA FDD-LTE LTE-Adv.

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Variable channel BW 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

Baseline UE capability 20 MHz UL/DL, 2 Rx, one Tx antenna

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Idle Preamble 1 Preamble 2 Data 1 Data 2

Block Block Block

OFDM OFDM OFDM

Block Block Block

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Prefix N post Postfix

 DFTSize × R, if Preamble sequence is defined in frequency domain

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Scattered pilot subcarrier

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

zeros DFT size

N pre = DFTSize × Gi , where Gi is defined as the guard interval in

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Synch Too much out

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

SystemVue: Cross-domain framework for model-based design

General Purpose DSP FPGA/ASIC RF Systems PHY IP

Mainstream EDA Flows RF EDA Flows

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

• The Preamble construction interface shows a multi-format structure

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

• Specify Mod type

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies

• User interface for Pilot configuration

Copyright © 2011 Agilent Technologies