Misrimal Navajee Munoth Jain Engineering College

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Formulae for ME 6603 - Finite Element Analysis (6th Semester)

Unit -1 Introduction

Weighted Residual methods:

1. Point collocation method
The residual(R) is forced to zero at discrete number of points. The number of points is
equal to the number of undetermined parameters in the assumed trial solution.
2. Sub-domain method
The average residual in the sub-domain is forced to zero. The number of sub-domains is
equal to the number of undetermined parameters in the assumed trial solution.
3. Least-square method
The integral of the weighted square of the residual over the domain is minimized.
max
I= R
2
dx
min

Suppose if there are two undetermined coefficients C1 and C2, then

I R
max
= R dx = 0
C1 min C1
I R
max
= R dx = 0
C2 min C2
4. Galerkin Weighted residual method
Galerkin introduced the idea of letting w(x) to be the same as trial functions
max

 w ( x) R( x)dx = 0
min
i

Rayleigh-Ritz method:
1. Assume a trial solution (generally polynomial)
u ( x) = c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2 + ...
2. Evaluate the total potential
 = U −V
Where U-Strain energy and V-Work done by external forces
3. Setup and solve the system of equations

= 0 , where i=1,2,3,…No. of undetermined parameters in trial solution
ci

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Unit-2 One Dimensional problems
1. The general finite element equation is
{F e } = [ K e ]{u e }
Where{Fe}-nodal force vector
[Ke]-stiffness matrix
{ue}-nodal field variable vector

2. For linear bar element

AE  1 − 1
[K e ] =
L − 1 1 
3. The field variable in terms of shape functions (interpolation functions)
u( x) = N1 ( x)u1 + N2 ( x)u2 + N3 ( x)u3 + ...
4. Strain in the element,
u1 
du  dN1 dN 2 dN 3   
= = u 2 
dx  dx dx dx   
u3 
= Bu
Where B-Strain displacement matrix
5. The element stiffness matrix
L
K =  B T DBdx , for 1-D case D=E, Young’s modulus
e

6. Element stresses
 = D
7. Body force vector
{ f e } =  [ N T qAdx , where q-body force per unit length
8. For Truss element
 l2 lm − l 2 − lm 
 
AE  lm m 2 − lm − m 2 
[K ] =
e

Le  − l 2 − lm l 2 lm 
 
− lm − m m 2 
2
lm
x −x y − y1
where l = 2 1 = Cos and m = 2 = Sin
Le Le
9. One-Dimensional heat transfer
 k  1 − 1 PhL 2 1 T1   Ph L 2  − Q0 
    
 L − 1 1  6 A 1 2 T   0 A T L  +  Q 
+ = q +
   c    2   c  2   l 
Where Q0 and Ql represent the heat flux at the ends of the element (nodes)
10. Plane beam element
 12 6 L − 12 6 L 
 6 L 4 L2 − 6 L 2 L2 
EI
[K e ] = 3  
L − 12 − 6 L 12 − 6 L 
 2 
 6L 2L − 6L 4L 
2

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 11. Dynamic analysis
( )
K  −  2 m u = F 
Where [K]-stiffness matrix
[m]-mass matrix
ω – natural frequency
12. Longitudinal vibration
 2u  2u
Equation of motion is AE 2 = A 2
x t
AL 2 1 
Consistent mass matrix is m =
6 1 2
AL 1 0
Lumped mass matrix is m =
2 0 1
13. Transverse vibration
 4v  2v
Equation of motion is EI 4 + A 2 = 0
dx t
 156 symmetric 
 
AL  22L
2
4L
Consistent mass matrix is m = 
420  54 13L 156 
 
− 13L − 3L2 − 22L 4 L2 
1 0 0 0
 0
AL 0 0 0
Lumped mass matrix is m =
2 0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 0

Unit-3 Two-Dimensional Scalar Variable Problems

1. For a three noded triangular element 3 ( x3,y3)

Field variable, u(x,y) is given as
 u1 
v 
 1
u   N1 0 N 2 0 N 3 0  u 2 
 =   1 2
 v   0 N1 0 N 2 0 N 3   v 2  (x1,y1) (x2,y2)
u3 
 
 v3 
 1 + 1 x +  1 2 + 2 x +  2  3 + 3 x +  3
Where N1 = , N2 = and N 3 =
2A 2A 2A
1 = x2 y3 − x3 y2 ,  2 = x3 y1 − x1 y3 and  3 = x1 y2 − x2 y1
1 = y2 − y3 ,  2 = y3 − y1 and  3 = y1 − y2
 1 = x3 − x2 ,  2 = x1 − x3 and  3 = x2 − x1

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 2. Strain Displacement matrix

 N1 N 2 N 3  u1 
 0 0 0   v1 
  x   x x x  
   N1 N 2 N 3  u 2 
 y  =  0 0 0  
   y y y  v2 
 xy  N1 N1 N 2 N 2 N 3 N 3  u 
  3
 y x y x y x   v 
 3
The above equation is of the form   = B u
Therefore the [B] matrix is given as
1 0 2 0 3 0
1 
B =  0 1 0 2 0  3 
2A
  1 1  2 2 3  3 

Where A=Area of triangle

1 x1 y1 
2 A = 1 x 2 y 2 
1 x3 y 3 

3. The stiffness matrix

K  =  BT C BdV = tABT C B

4. To calculate field variable inside the element

T ( x, y) = N1T1 + N 2T2 + N 3T3
( x, y) = N11 + N 2  2 + N 3  3

Unit-4 Two-Dimensional Vector Variable Problems

1. Plane strain problems
 x  1 −   0   x 
    
0    y 
E
 y  =   1− 
  (1 +  )(1 − 2  )  
 0   xy 
2
1− 2 
 xy  0

2. Plane stress problem

 x  1  0   x 
  E    
 y  = 2 
 1 0  y 
  (1 −  )  0  
  xy 
2
1− 
 xy   0

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 3. Principal stresses
 x + y  x − y
 1, 2 =  +  xy
2

2 2
4. Angle of principal plane
2 xy
tan  p =
 x − y
5. Axi-symmetric problems 3 ( r3,z3)

 r  1 −    0   r 
    1−    
  E  0    
 =
 z  (1 +  )(1 − 2 )    1−  0   z 
 rz   1− 2    
 0 0 0 2   rz  1 2
(r1,z1) (r2,z2)
r1 + r2 + r3 z +z +z
r= and z = 1 2 3
3 3
The stiffness matrix for axi-symmetric triangular element
V
K =  B T DBdV = 2rA.B T DB
e

 1 0 2 0 3 0
 1 + 1 r +  1 z  2 + 2r +  2 z  3 + 3r +  3 z 
B =  r
0
r
0
r
0

 0 1 0 2 0 3
 1 1 2 2 3  3 
Unit-5 Isoparametric Formulation
1. For a four noded quadrilateral element
u( x) = N1 ( x)u1 + N 2 ( x)u2 + N 3 ( x)u3 + N 4 ( x)u4

v( x) = N1 ( x)v1 + N 2 ( x)v2 + N 3 ( x)v3 + N 4 ( x)v4

and for isoparametric formulation
x = N1 x1 + N 2 x2 + N 3 x3 + N 4 x4

y = N1 y1 + N 2 y2 + N 3 y3 + N 4 y4
2. Jacobian matrix
 u   x y   u 
        x 
 u  =  x 
y   u 
    
        y 

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  x y 
    J 11 J 12 
J  =  x =
y   J 21
 J 22 
   

3. The stiffness matrix

K  = t   B
1 1
e
e
T
DB. det J .dd
−1 −1

4. Numerical integration
One dimension
1
I=  f ( )d = w f ( ) +w
−1
1 1 2 f ( 2 ) + ... + wn f ( n )

Where n- number of Gauss points which can be obtained from p=2n-1, where
p is the degree of the polynomial
Two dimension
1 1
I =   f ( , )dd =  wi w j f ( i , j )
−1 −1 i j

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