A Project Report

On
SMART WATER METERING SYSTEM
Submitted in partial fulfilment of
The Requirements for the award of the Degree of
CHARACTERISTICS
Interconnectivity: Regarding the IOT, anything can be interconnected with the global
information and communication infrastructure.
Things-related services: The IOT is capable of providing thing-related services within the
constraints of things, such as privacy protection and semantic consistency between physical
things and their associated virtual things. In order to provide thing-related services within the
constraints of things, both the technologies in physical world and information world will
change.
Heterogeneity: The devices in the IOT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware
platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through
different networks.
Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up,
connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed.
Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.
The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be
at least an order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. Even
more critical will be the management of the data generated and their interpretation for
application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient data handling.

Safety: As we gain benefits from the IOT, we must not forget about safety. As both the
creators and recipients of the IOT, we must design for safety. This includes the safety of our
personal data and the safety of our physical well-being. Securing the endpoints, the networks,
and the data moving across all of it means creating a security paradigm that will scale.

Connectivity: Connectivity enables network accessibility and compatibility. Accessibility

is getting on a network while compatibility provides the common ability to consume and
produce data.

IOT ARCHITECTURE
IOT architecture consists of different layers of technologies supporting IOT. It serves
to illustrate how various technologies relate to each other to communicate the scalability,
modularity and configuration of IOT deployments.

A. Smart device/sensor layer:

The lowest layer is made up of smart objects integrated with sensors. The sensors enable
the interconnection of the physical and digital worlds allowing real-time information to be
collected and processed. There are various types of sensors for different purposes. The sensors
have the capacity to take measurements such as temperature, air quality, speed, humidity,
pressure, flow, movement and electricity etc. In some cases, they may also have a degree of
memory, enabling them to record a certain number of measurements. A sensor can measure the
physical property and convert it into signal that can be understood by an instrument. Sensors
are grouped according sensors and vehicle telematics sensors, etc.
 Most sensors require connectivity to the sensor gateways. This can be in the form of a
Local Area Network (LAN) such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi connections or Personal Area Network
(PAN) such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and Ultrawideband (UWB).
For sensors that do not require connectivity to the sensor aggregators, their connectivity
to backend servers/applications can be provided using Wide Area Network (WAN) such as
GSM, GPRS and LTE. Sensors that use low power and low data rate connectivity, they
typically form networks commonly known as wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs are
gaining popularity as they can accommodate far more sensor nodes while retaining adequate
battery life and covering large areas.

B. Gateways and Networks:

Massive volume of data will be produced by these tiny sensors and this requires a robust
and high performance wired or wireless network infrastructure as a transport medium. Current
networks, often tied with very different protocols, have been used to support machine-to-
machine (M2M) networks and their applications. With demand needed to serve a wider range
of IOT services and applications such as highspeed transactional services, context-aware
applications, etc., multiple networks with various technologies and access protocols are needed
to work with each other in a heterogeneous configuration. These networks can be in the form
of a private, public or hybrid models and are built to support the communication requirements
for latency, bandwidth or security. Various gateways (microcontroller, microprocessor…) &
gateway networks (WI-FI, GSM, GPRS).

C. Management Service Layer:

The management service renders the processing of information possible through
analytics, security controls, process modelling and management of devices.
Out of the important features of the management service layer is the business and
process rule engines. IOT brings connection and interaction of objects and systems together
providing information in the form of events or contextual data such as temperature of goods,
current location and traffic data. Some of these events require filtering or routing to post
processing systems such as capturing of periodic sensory data, while others require response
to the immediate situations such as reacting to emergencies on patient’s health conditions. The
rule engines support the formulation of decision logics and trigger interactive and automated
processes to enable a more responsive IOT system.
In the area of analytics, various analytics tools are used to extract relevant information
from massive amount of raw data and to be processed at a much faster rate. Analytics such as
in memory analytics allows large volumes of data to be cached in random access memory
(RAM) rather than stored in physical disks. In-memory analytics reduces data query time and
augments the speed of decision making. Streaming analytics is another form of analytics where
analytics of data, considered as data-in-motion, is required to be carried out in real time so that
decisions can be made in a matter of seconds.
Data management is the ability to manage data information flow. With data
management in the management service layer, information can be accessed, integrated and
controlled. Higher layer applications can be shielded from the need to process unnecessary data
and reduce the risk of privacy disclosure of the data source. Data filtering techniques such as
data anonymization, data integration and data synchronization, are used to hide the details of
the information while providing only essential information that is usable for the relevant
applications. With the use of data abstraction, information can be extracted can be provide a
common business view of data to gain greater agility and reuse across domains. Security must
be enforced across the whole dimension of the IOT architecture right from the smart object
layer all the way to the application layer. Security of the system prevents system hacking and
compromises by unauthorized personnel, thus reducing the possibility of risks.

D. Application Layer:
The IOT application covers “smart” environments/spaces in domains such as:
Transportation, Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain,
Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy.

IOT FUNCTIONAL VIEW

The Internet of Things concept refers to uniquely identifiable things with their virtual
representations in an Internet-like structure and IOT solutions comprising a number of
components such as:
1. Module for interaction with local IOT devices. This module is responsible for
acquisition of observations and their forwarding to remote servers for analysis and
permanent storage.

2. Module for local analysis and processing of observations acquired by IOT devices.

3. Module for interaction with remote IOT devices, directly over the Internet. This module
is responsible for acquisition of observations and their forwarding to remote servers for
analysis and permanent storage.

4. Module for application specific data analysis and processing. The module is running on
an application server serving all clients. It is taking requests from mobile and web
clients and relevant IOT observations as input, executes appropriate data processing
algorithms and generates output in terms of knowledge that is later presented to users.

5. User interface (web or mobile): visual representation of measurements in a given

context (for example on a map) and interaction with user, i.e. definition of user queries.
FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR IOT
Diagram
Fig:2.2. IOT architecture
The development of enabling technologies such as semiconductor electronics,
communications, sensors smart phones, embedded systems, cloud networking, network
virtualization and software will be essential to allow physical devices to operate in changing
environments & to be connected all the time everywhere. While IOT is architected into layers,
the technologies have been categorized into three groups.
The first group of technologies impacts the devices, microprocessor chips:
Low power sensor for power and energy sustainability:
Intelligence of sensor in the field:
Miniaturization of chipsets;
Wireless sensor network for sensor connectivity;
The second group comprises technologies that support network sharing and address capacity
and latency issues:
Network sharing technologies such as software defined radios and cognitive networks;
Network technologies that address capacity and latency issues such as LTE and LTE-A.
The third group impacts the management services that support the IOT applications:
Intelligent decision-making technologies such as context aware computing service, predictive
analytics, complex event processing and behavioural analytics;
Speed of data processing technologies such as in memory and streaming analytics.

INTEROPERABILITY IN THE IOT

IOT aims for integrating the physical world with the virtual world by using the Internet
as the medium to communicate and exchange information. However, heterogeneity of
underlying devices and communication technologies and interoperability in different layers,
from communication and seam-less integration of devices to interoperability of data generated
by the IOT resources, is a challenge for expanding generic IOT solutions to a global scale. As
for the IOT, future networks will continue to be heterogeneous, multi-vendors, multi-services
and largely distributed.
Consequently, the risk of non-interoperability will increase. Interoperability is a key
challenge in the realms of the Internet of Things (IOT). This is due to the intrinsic fabric of the
IOT as:
(1) High-dimensional, with the co-existence of many systems (devices, sensors,
equipment, etc.) in the environment that need to communicate and exchange
information;
 (2) Highly-heterogeneous, where these vast systems are conceived by a lot of manufactures
and are designed for much different purposes and targeting diverse application
domains, making it extremely difficult to reach out for global agreements and widely
accepted specification;

(3) Dynamic and non-linear, where new things (that were not even considered as start) are
entering (and leaving) the environment all the time and that support new unforeseen
formats and protocols but that need to communicate and share data in the IOT.

(4) Hard to describe/model due to existence of many data formats, described in much
different languages, that can share (or not) the same modelling principles, and that can
be interrelated in many ways with one another. This qualifies interoperability in the
IOT as a problem of complex nature.

Interoperability is: “the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange data and
use information”. This definition is interesting as provide many challenges on how to:
 Get the information
 Exchange data, and
 Use the information in understanding it and being able to process it.
 Different types of interoperability are technical interoperability, Syntactical
Interoperability, Semantic Interoperability, Organizational Interoperability.

Technical Interoperability is usually associated with hardware/software components,

systems and platforms that enable machine-to-machine communication to take place. This kind
of interoperability is often centred on (communication) protocols and the infrastructure needed
for those protocols to operate.

Syntactical Interoperability is usually associated with data for-mats. Certainly, the

messages tranfered by communication protocols need to have a well-defined syntax and
encoding, even if it is only in the form of bit-tables. However, many protocols carry data or
content, and this can be represented using high-level transfer syntaxes such as HTML, XML
or ASN.1.

Semantic Interoperability is usually associated with the meaning of content and concers
the human rather than machine interpretation of the content. Thus, interoperability on this level
means that there is a common understanding between people of the meaning of context
(information) being exchanged.

Organizational Interoperability, as the name implies, is the ability of organizations

effectively communicate and transfer (meaningful) data (information) even though they may
be using a variety of different information systems over widely different infrastructures,
possibly across different geographic regions and cultures. Organizational Interoperability
depends on successful technical, syntactical and semantic interoperability.
Technical interoperability only guarantees the correct transmission of bits but does not tell
anything about the meaning of these bits and what they represent, not even whether it is voice,
video, or data. This is the task of standards on the syntactic layer which define syntax of
particular service. While standards for technical and syntactic interoperability provide content
independent data exchange, semantic interoperability is highly application specific and thus
depending on service specific content. Like semantic interoperability organizational
interoperability is application or service specific.

APPLICATION AREAS
Potential applications of the IOT are numerous and diverse, permitting into practically
all areas of everyday life of individuals, enterprises and society as a whole. The IOT application
covers “smart” environment /spaces in domains such as: Transportation, Building, City,
Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain, Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction,

IOSL (Internet of smart living):

Remote control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid accidents
and save energy.

Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity, temperature, pressure,

wind speed and rain levels with ability to transmit data over long distances.

Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food
that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all the information available on a
Smartphone app. Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely. Kitchen
ranges with interface to a smartphone app allowing remotely adjustable temperature control
and monitoring the oven’s Self Cleaning feature.

Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe in their
daily life at home.

Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and violations to
prevent intruders.

Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain
advice on how to save cost and resources.

IOS (Internet of smart cities):

Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges
and historical monuments.

Lightning: Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.

Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public announcement system.
Transportation: Smart roads and intelligent highways with warning messages and
diversions according to climate conditions and unexcepted events like accidents or traffic jams.

Smart parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city making
residents able to identify and reserve the closest available spaces.
Waste management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize trash collection
routes. The Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see when
garbage has been put out.

IOSE (Internet of smart environment):

Air pollution monitoring: Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted by
cars and toxic gases generated in farms.

Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of combustion gases and the preemptive fire conditions
to define alert zones.

Weather monitoring: weather conditions monitoring such as humidity, temperature,

pressure, wind speed and rain, Earthquake Early Detection.

Water Quality: Study of water suitability in rivers and sea for eligibility in drinkable use.
River Floods: Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and reservoirs during
rainy days.

Protecting wildlife: Tracking collars initializing GPS/GSM modules to locate

and track wild animals and communicate their coordinates via SMS.
IOSI (Internet of smart industry):
Explosive and Hazardous Gases: Detection of gas levels and leakages in industrial
environments, surroundings of chemical factories and inside mines, Monitoring of toxic gas
and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to ensure workers and goods safety, Monitoring of
water, oil and gas levels in storage tanks and cisterns.

Maintenance and repair: Early predictions on equipment malfunctions and service

maintenance can be automatically scheduled ahead of an actual part failure by installing sensors
inside equipment to monitor and send reports.

IOSH (Internet of smart health):

Patients Surveillance: Monitoring of conditions of patient’s inside hospitals and in old
people’s home

Medical Fridges: Control of conditions inside freezers storing vaccines, medicines and
organic elements.

Fall Detection: Assistance for elderly or disabled people living independent.

Dental: Bluetooth connected with smartphone app analyses the brushing uses and gives
information on the brushing habits on the smartphone for private information or for showing
statistics to the dentist.
Physical Activity Monitoring: Wireless sensors placed across the mattress sensing small
motions, like breathing and heart rate and large motions caused by tossing and turning during
sleep, providing data available through an app on the Smartphone.
IOSE (internet of smart energy):
Smart Grid: Energy consumption monitoring and management. Wind Turbines/Power
house: Monitoring and analysing the flow of energy from wind turbines & power house, and
two-way communication with consumers’ smart meters to analyze consumption pattern.

Power Supply Controllers: Controller for AC-DC power supplies that determines
required energy, and improve energy efficiency with less energy waste for power supplies
related to computers, telecommunications, and consumer electronics applications.

Photovoltaic Installations: Monitoring and optimization of performance in solar energy

plants.
DIAGRAM

Raspberry pi
Introduction:
The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-based computers developed in the United
Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to provide the teaching of basic computer science in
schools and in developing countries. The original model became far more popular than
anticipated selling outside its target market for uses such as robotics. It does not include
peripherals like keyboards and etc.

Block Diagram Raspberry Pi:

Memory: The raspberry pi model A is designed with 256MB of SDRAM and model B is
designed with 512MB. Raspberry pi is a small size PC compare with other PCs. The normal
PCs RAM memory is available in gigabytes. But in raspberry pi board, the RAM memory is
available more than 256MB or 512MB.

CPU (Central Processing Unit):

The central processing unit is the brain of the raspberry pi board and that is responsible for
carrying out the instruction of the computer through logical and mathematical operations. The
raspberry pi uses ARM11 series processor, which has joined the ranks of the Samsung galaxy
phone.

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit):

The GPU is a specialized chip in the raspberry pi board and that is designed to speed up the
operation of image calculations. This board designed with a Broadcom video core IV and it
supports OpenGL.

Ethernet Port:
The Ethernet port of the raspberry pi is the main gateway for communicating with additional
devices. The raspberry pi Ethernet port is used to plug your home router to access the internet.

GPIO Pins:
 The General purpose input & output pins are used in the raspberry pi to associate with
the other electronic boards. These pins can accept input & output commands based on
programming raspberry pi. The raspberry pi affords digital GPIO pins. These pins are used to
connect other electronic components. For example, you can connect it to the temperature sensor
to transmit digital data.

Power Source Connector:

The power source cable is a small switch, which is placed on side of the shield. The main
purpose of the power source connector to enable an external power source.

UART
The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter is a serial input & output port. That can be
used to transfer the serial data in the form of text and it is useful for converting the debugging
code.

Display
The connection options of the raspberry pi board are two types such as HDMI and
composite. Many LCD and HD TV monitors can be attached using an HDMI male cable and
with a low-cost adaptor. The versions of HDMI are 1.3 and 1.4 are supported and 1.4 version
cable is recommended. The outputs of the Raspberry Pi audio and video through HDMI, but
does not support HDMI input. Older TVs can be connected using composite video. When using
a composite connection, audio is available from the 3.5mm jack socket and can be sent to your
TV. To send audio to your TV, you need a cable which adjusts from 3.5mm to double RCA
connector.

Architecture of raspberry pi:

There are two models available A and B and basic overview is as follows:
DIAGRAM

Hardware of Model A/B:

 Broadcom BCM2835 (CPU & GPU)
 256/512MB SDRAM
 1/2 USB 2.0 ports
 Ethernet Port
 HDMI
 Audio
 SD Card Slot
 Micro USB for power
 GPIO
 DIAGRAM

Broadcom BCM2835 (CPU & GPU):

The Broadcom BCM2835 have the following basic functional units/features.
  ARMv6 Architecture
 Single Core
 32-Bit RISC
 700 MHz Clock Rate
 8 Pipeline Stages
 Branch Prediction

ARM CPU/GPU:
This is a Broadcom BCM2835 System on a Chip (SoC) that’s made up of an ARM central
processing unit (CPU) and a Video core 4 processing unit (GPU). The CPU handles all the
computations that make a computer work (taking, input, doing calculations and producing
output), and the GPU handles graphics output.

SDRAM:
With the help of the SDRAM of 256MB the raspberry pi model A is designed and the model
B is designed with 51MB. The normal PCs RAMs are in the gigabytes, but in the raspberry pi
the RAM memory is more than the 256MB or 512MB.

USB: This is a common connection port for peripheral devices of all types (including your
mouse and keyboard). Model A has one, and Model B has two. You can use a USB hub to
expand the number of ports or plug your mouse into your keyboard if it has its own USB port.

Ethernet: This connector allows for wired network access and is only available on the Model
B. In the raspberry pi the Ethernet port is for the communicating with the other additional
devices. This port is used to access the internet in the home routers.

HDMI:
This connector allows you to hook up a high-definition television or other compatible device
using an HDMI cable. The video controller can emit standard modern TV resolutions, such as
HD and Full HD, and higher or lower monitor resolutions and older standard CRT TV
resolutions. Higher resolutions, such as, up to 2048*1152, may work or even 3840*2160 at 15
Hz (too low a frame rate for convincing video)
The Raspberry Pi’s can also generate 576i and 480i composite video signals, as used
on old-style (CRT) TV screens and less-expensive monitors through standard connectors –
either RCA or 3.5 mm phono connector depending on models.

Audio out:
This is a standard 3.55-millimeter jack for connection of audio output devices such as
headphones or speakers. There is no audio in.

LEDs:
Light-emitting diodes, for all of your indicator light needs.

Power:
This is a 5v Micro USB power connector into which you can plug your compatible power
supply.

SD card slot:
A micro secure digital (micro SD) card is a portable high performance storage medium used in
a variety of electronic devices including cameras, phones and computers. Raspberry Pi 2
equipped with a microSD slot, which lets us use a microSD card as our main storage and boot
mechanism. The previous Raspberry Pi models used a standard SD card, which was much
larger. Therefore, the microSD card saves space on the circuit board and does not poke out as
far, reducing the risk of it being broken. When choosing a microSD card for projects, there are
a variety of brands on the market, and they come in a range of storage sizes running into the
tens of giga bytes. We recommend using a card with a large amount of storage and at least 8
GB in size. This is a full-sized SD card slot. An SD card with an operating system (OS) installed
is required for booting the device. They are available for purchase from the manufacturers, but
you can also download an OS and save it to the card yourself if you have a Linux and the
wherewithal.

GPIO:
These are exposed general-purpose input/output connection points that will allow the real
hardware hobby lists the opportunity to tinker.
GPIO stands for General Purpose Input Output. It is a way the Raspberry Pi can control and
monitor the outside world by being connected to electronic circuits. The Pi is able to control
LEDs, turning them on or off, or motors, or many other things. It is also able to detect whether
a switch has been pressed, or temperature, or light. In the Cam Jam Edu Kit, you will learn to
control LEDs and a buzzer, and detect when a button has been pressed. The diagram below left
shows the pin layout for a Raspberry Pi Models A and B (Rev2 – the original Rev 1 Pi is
slightly different), looking at the Pi with the pins in the top right corner. The new 40 pin
Raspberry Pi’s shares exactly the same layout of pins for the top 13 rows of GPIO pins.
DIAGRAM
Raspberry Pi Models A+ and B+, Pi2 Model B, Pi 3 Model B and Pi Zero (and Zero W) GPIO
J8 have a 40-pin out Raspberry Pi Models A and B have only the first 26 pins.
Models A and B provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 16. Models A+ and
B+ provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 47, and the power status LED
using GPIO35.
DIAGRAM

PYTHON PROGRAMMG
Python, C, C++, Java, Scratch, and Ruby all come installed by default on the
Raspberry pi. The Pi in Raspberry Pi even comes from the python programming language; the
very idea of programming is reflected into the name of device. Python is a widely used high-
level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Its design philosophy
emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer
lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides
constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.
Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-
level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming.
Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an
ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most
platforms.
The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in
source or binary form for all major platforms form the Python Web site,
https://www.python.org/, and may be freely distributed. The same site also contains
distributions of and pointers to many free third-party Python modules, programs and tools, and
additional documentation.
The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types
implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an
extension language for customizable aplications.

GETTING STARTED WITH PYTHON

There are three ways to run Python on Raspberry Pi:
 Using the built-in interpreter IDLE.
 In a terminal window.
 As a script.

RUNNING PYTHON USING IDLE

The IDLE interpreter is a sort of “sandbox” where we can work with python
interactively without having to write whole scripts to see what they do. The name IDLE stands
for “Integrated Development environment”, but it also pay homage to Eric Idle, one of the
founding members of the British comedy group Monty Python. Because it’s the most user-
friendly way of executing code. IDLE is widely used. Double-click the icon on desktop, and a
window will be displayed.
IDLE combine a text editor with program-running functionality. Often, they ‘ll
include fancy features like debugging and text completion.
Click Menu > Programming > Python 3 (IDLE), and we will get a new window
called ‘Python 3.4.2 Shell:’. This Shell works just like Python on the command line.

DIAGRAM
RUNNING PYTHON USING THE TERMINAL
Another way of using python is to use the terminal. Open the terminal on Raspberry
Pi’s desktop, and at prompt type Python. We will be greeted with the same introductory text
which opens the IDLE window and the same interactive >>>prompt. At this point, we can issue
the same commands “Running Python Using IDLE”, and get the same results.