Unit 1 Product Cycle and Design Process PDF

UNIT-1
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER
GRAPHICS –PRODUCT CYCLE
S.DHARANI KUMAR
Asst.professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
DHARANI KUMAR.S/AP/MECH/SECE
CAD can be defined as the use of computer systems to perform certain
functions in the design process.
CAM is the use of computer systems to plan, manage and control the
operations of manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer
interface with the plant’s production resources.
The Product Cycle and CAD/CAM
• In order to establish the scope and definition of CAD/CAM in an

engineering environment and identify existing and future related tools,
a study of a typical product cycle is necessary. The following Figure
shows a flowchart of such a cycle.
Typical Product Life Cycle
The Design Process
Design Collecting
Design definitions, relevant design
needs specifications, information and
and requirements feasibility study
Synthesis
Analysis The CAD Process
Design Design
Design Design Design Design
documentation and modeling and
evaluation optimization analysis conceptualization
communication simulation
The Manufacturing Process

Production
planning The CAM Process
Design and
procurement of
Process Quality Packaging
new tools
planning Production control Shipping
Order
materials
NC, CNC, DNC

programming
Marketing
• The product begins with a need which is identified based on customers'
and markets' demands.
• The product goes through two main processes from the idea
conceptualization to the finished product:
1. The design process.
2. The manufacturing process.
The main sub-processes that constitute the design process are:

1. Synthesis.
2. Analysis.
The phases in design or
General design
procedure defined by
Shingley model
SHIGHELY Model
Step 1 Recognition of Need
Problems in the existing products or potential for
new products in the market have to be identified.
Step 2 Definition of problem
The problem in the existing products or specification
of the new product is specified as “Design Brief”.
It includes the specification of physical and functional
characteristics, cost, quality, performance
requirements etc
Step 3 Synthesis
• In this stage the designer develops number of designs
to meet the requirement of design brief.
Step 4 Analysis and optimization
• Each design from the synthesis stage is analyzed and
the optimum one is selected.
• Based on the analysis, improvements are made and
redesigned.
Step 5 Evaluation
In this stage, optimized design from the previous
stage is checked for all specifications mentioned in the
“Design Brief”.
• Performance
• Quality
• Reliability
• And other aspects of product
Step 6 Presentation
• After the product design passing through the evaluation
stages, drawings, diagrams, materials specification,
assembly lists, bill of materials etc.
Design process
Morphology of design
• Morphology design refers the study of the chronological
structure of design projects. It is defined by seven phases and
their sub steps.
Phase 1 Feasibility study / Conceptual design
• To determine whether the need is original and valid.
Phase 2 Preliminary design / Embodiment design
• A surviving solution is tentatively accepted for further
examination
• Synthesis are initiated the major design parameters must be
controlled
• To maintained tolerances
• Need customer feedback
• testing
Phase 3 Detailed design
• To prepare major layout
• Deciding various dimensions of components
• Preparing specification
• Testing the prototype and redesign
Phase 4 Planning the production process

• To prepare the detailed process planning sheets
• Design of tool and fixture
• Planning for the quality control system
• Planning for the production personnel
• Planning for the production control
• Planning for the information flow feedback system
Phase V Planning for distribution
• After the production of products, the products have to be
distributed
• Design the packaging of the product
• Planning the ware housing system
• Planning for promotional activity
Phase VI Planning for consumption
• Design for maintenance
• Design for reliability
• Design for safety
• Design for convenience use
• Design for economic operation
Phase VII Planning for Retirement

• Design to reduce the rate
• Design for the physical life to match
• Design the product so that reusable materials
Pahl and Beitz Model
1. Classification of Task
2. Conceptual Design
3. Emodiment design
4. Detail design
Step 1 Classification of task
• This phase involves the collection of information about the design
requirements and the constraints on the design as well as describing the as
design specification
Step 2 Conceptual design
• This phase involves the establishment of function to
be included in the design, and identification and
development of suitable solution
Step 3 Emodiment design
• In this phase, the conceptual solution is developed in
more detail, problems are resolved and weak aspects
are eliminated
Step 4 Detailed design
• In this phase, dimensions, tolerances, materials and
form of each individual components of the design are
specified in detail which will be useful or
manufacturing
Ohsuga Model
• Ohsuga describes the design as a series of stages progressing from

requirements through the conceptual design and preliminary design
to detail design.
• If the proposal is unsuitable, then it is remodified.
Earle Model
The step in the design process prepared by Earle
• Problem Identification can be one of the following two general types
Identification of design need – It is the beginning point of the design
process
Identification of design criteria – It is the part of problem
identification where the designer conducts an in depth investigation
of specification which must be met by a new design.
Problem Identification
• Problem statement – It is written to begin the thinking
process. This statement should be complete
• Problem requirement- Needs to be positive requirement
are listed must be achieved through a proper design.
• Problem limitations – Negative factors are listed.
• Sketches- To generate 2D or 3D model
• Gather data – The gathered data should be graphed or
easy interpretation
Preliminary ideas
• Conduct brain storming session – To find out a specific problem for

all ideas contribute by its members
• Prepare sketches and notes - It can be used for create, modifying
and developing.
• Research existing designs – It can be obtained through research of
similar products, Magazines etc.
• Conduct survey – It can used to gather opinions and reactions.
Earle Model
Design refinement Analysis

• Several of better preliminary • To determine the cost, function
ideas are selected for suitable and market appeal.
refinement.
Earle Model
Decision Implementation
• At this stage a single design is • It is the presentation of the
accepted as solution to the final design concept in workable
design problem when compare form as working drawings and
to the cost of manufacturing , specifications
weight etc.
Concurrent Engineering
Is a strategy where all the tasks involved in product development are done in
parallel.
Collaboration between all individuals, groups and departments within a company.

• Customer research
• Designers
• Marketing
• Accounting
• Engineering
Concurrent Engineering
Traditional Process = Linear

Vs
Concurrent Engineering = Team collaboration
Concurrent engineering
Characteristics of concurrent
engineering Advantages of concurrent engineering
• Product responsibilities lie on • As the design decisions are taken
the team of multi disciplinary by a team of multidisciplinary
group. experts, changes and
• Integration of design, process modification on the product
planning and production will be design will be faster
achieved. • It ensures better quality
• Product lead time will be less.
Sequential Engineering
• Three major phases of conventional manufacturing process are

design, process planning and manufacturing.
• In design phase of the conventional manufacturing process, the
product is designed on the basis of specification/requirements and
method of manufacturing decided.
Errors changes and corrections

Sequential engineering
approach
Advantages Disadvantages
• It is very simple, well defined • As the decisions are taken by
method and allows everyone to individuals, product
remain on the same page. modifications/changes will be slow.
• It is an enforced discipline • Since each activity is sequentially
approach carried out, this approach requires
longer lead time
• Because of above reasons, the
product will be low
Comparison b/w concurrent engineering and sequential
engineering
Design Planning Manufacture Testing Service
Roles of CAD in Design
• It is accurately generated and easily modifiable graphical representation of the
product.
• The user can nearly view the actual product on screen.
• It performs the complex design analysis in short time. By implementing finite
element analysis ( FEA) methods
• Static, dynamic and natural frequency analysis
 Heat transfer analysis
 Plastic analysis
 Fluid flow analysis
 Motion analysis
 Tolerances analysis
 Design optimization
CAD PROCESS
• The computer can be beneficially used in the design process.

• Geometric modeling
Wire frame modeling
Surface modeling
Solid modeling
• Engineering analysis
• Design review and evaluation
• Automated drafting
Geometric modeling
Types of commands
Geometric modeling
• The mathematical description should • Commands used to generate basic
be such that
geometric entities such as points,
 The image of the object can be lines, circles etc.
displayed and manipulated in
the computer terminal. • Command used to do manipulation
 The modification on the work such as scaling, translation,
geometry of the object can be
easily done rotation etc.
 It can be stored in the • Commands used for Boolean
computer memory and it can operation to form the image of the
also be retrieved back .
object in the computer screen
Geometric modeling
Engineering analysis Design Review and Evaluation

• The computer can be used to aid • The accuracy of the design can be
the analysis work such as stress checked and rectified if it is
– strain analysis, heat transfer required in the computer screen
analysis etc. itself.
• The two types of important • Another review features available
engineering analysis are as in the modeling software are
follows “interference checking”
Analysis for mass properties • The dimensions of the mating parts
Finite element analysis can be checked
CAD Process
Automated drafting
• Automated drafting is the process of crating hard copies of design drawing.
• The important features of a drafting software
• Automated dimensioning
• Scaling drawing
• Generating sectional views
Orthographic view
Oblique view
Isometric view
Perspective view
• Enlargement of minute part details
Application of CAD
• Mechanical engineering sector is the largest user of CAD system

• Manufacturing and forming a CAD/CAM
• The application cover all types of manufacturing operations
Milling
Turning,
Punching etc
Application of CAD
Civil engineering Electrical and electronics engineering

• Projects • Electric motor
• Interior design • PCB design
• Static and dynamic analysis • IC design etc.

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UNIT-1

functions in the design process.

operations of manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer

interface with the plant’s production resources.

• In order to establish the scope and definition of CAD/CAM in an

The Manufacturing Process

NC, CNC, DNC

The main sub-processes that constitute the design process are:

Phase 4 Planning the production process

Phase VII Planning for Retirement

• Ohsuga describes the design as a series of stages progressing from

• Conduct brain storming session – To find out a specific problem for

Design refinement Analysis

Collaboration between all individuals, groups and departments within a company.

Traditional Process = Linear

• Three major phases of conventional manufacturing process are

Errors changes and corrections

Design Planning Manufacture Testing Service

• The computer can be beneficially used in the design process.

Engineering analysis Design Review and Evaluation

• Mechanical engineering sector is the largest user of CAD system

Civil engineering Electrical and electronics engineering

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