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Plate heat exchangers are more utilised in cold storage plants on shore, for example
in the fish industry and the meat industry. Plate heat exchangers are built with thin
plates with double liquid channels. The plates are installed with the flat side toward
each other. The cooling medium and product are pumped each way in the channels
to achieve the best possible cooling or heating. Water or oil is used as the cooling
medium and is dependent upon the temperature of the product that is to be cooled
or heated. Plate heat exchangers are also used as condensers on newer cargo
cooling plants aboard gas tankers.
Plate heat exchangers must be cleaned at regular intervals to prevent the channels
from clogging with salt deposits or particles from the medium or the product. One
must ensure, after cleaning, that the gaskets are properly placed, and that one uses
gaskets that tolerate the medium and temperatures one operates within the heat
exchanger
Different heat exchangers utilised onboard gas carriers for cargo handling
Cargo heater:
A cargo heater is used to heat the cargo when discharging to an ambient shore tank.
A cargo heater is also used when loading a fully pressurised gas carrier with cargo
with temperature less than –10oC. Seawater or oil is used to heat the cargo in the
cargo heater. It is of importance to remember that the cargo heater is full of water
and have good flow out with water before letting cold cargo into the heater. Fully
pressurised gas carriers are carriers that are designed to transport condensed gases
at ambient temperature, and they normally don’t have cargo cooling plant.
CARGO CONDENSER:
Cargo condensers in a direct cargo cooling plant condensate the vapour against sea
water, Freon or other medium as propylene after it is compressed in the cargo
compressor. Cargo condensers in a direct cargo cooling plant can on some gas
carriers also be used as cargo heaters and are designed in low temperature steel that
tolerates a minimum of –50oC.
Intermediate cooler
An intermediate cooler is used in a 2-stage direct cargo cooling plant and cascade
cooling plant. Vapour from the first stage on the cargo compressor is pressed down
on the bottom of the intermediate cooler and is condensed against the cargo liquid in
the bottom. The cargo compressor’s 2nd stage sucks simultaneously from the top of
the intermediate cooler to keep the pressure down. Floaters or D/P-cells regulate the
liquid level in the intermediate cooler. The condensate inside the coil came from the
cargo condenser and is under cooled by the liquid in the intermediate cooler before it
is pressured further back to the cargo tank.
Sketch of intermediate cooler
Freon condenser:
Water is used to condense Freon in the Freon condenser in a cascade cooling plant.
The liquefied Freon is used to condensate the cargo in the cascade cooling plant’s
cargo condenser. Liquefied Freon is also used in indirect cargo cooling plants. The
condensate is then pumped in pipe coils, and cools either directly on the tank steel or
as a cooling medium for ethanol or other mediums.
Vapour riser:
A vapour riser is used to produce vapour from the cargo liquid. Steam or heated oil is
used to heat up and vapour rise the liquid. The liquid is pumped from one of the
cargo tank, deck storage vessel or from a shore tank and into the vapour riser. The
vapour is used to gas up or maintains the pressure in one or several cargo tanks.
Oil coolers:
The cargo cooling plants oil coolers use water as a cooling media. The oil coolers
must hold the oil temperature on the different compressors within the specifications
determined by the manufacturer of the cargo cooling plant.
CARGO COOLING PLANT
6.4.1 Compressors
Compressors are used as vapour pumps in all modern cargo cooling plants, either to
compress or pump cargo vapour. Compressors are also used to compress or pump
cooling medium as Freon vapour on indirect cargo cooling plant and cascade plant.
The compressors in the cargo cooling plants are produced either as piston, screw or
centrifugal type. We will now look at the different types of compressors and starting
with piston compressors.
The advantage with screw compressors is that they wear few parts and have low
weight in proportion to cooling capacity. Oil free screw compressors are operated by
electric motors with a constant number of revolutions and have a gear transmission
for the compressor, which has approx. 12000 rpm. The high speed prevents leakage
between the pressure and suction side. Screw compressors with oil injection in the
rotor house have a lower number of revolutions, about 3500 rpm. One can also use
electric motors with direct shaft transmission.
Oil free screw compressors are used on the cargo side. On the Freon side,
compressors with oil injection are used. The oil causes a film on the outside of the
rotors that prevents leakage between the pressure and suction side. This
compensates for the temperature difference inside the compressor. The capacity of
screw compressors is adjusted by a slide, which is inside the compressor. However,
when we reduce the capacity the excess gas flows back to the suction side. Screw
compressors are not destroyed if they suck liquid, as we find with piston
compressors.
Cargo compressors with motors that are installed inside a deckhouse have two parts,
one room for the compressors and one room for the motors. The room where the
motors are installed is gas safe with a constant excess pressure of air preventing
flammable gas from flowing in. If the excess pressure is too low, the power to the
electric motor room will be shut off and the cargo cooling plant stops. The shaft from
the electric motor room to the compressor room is rendered gas-tight. A mechanical
seal device with automatic oil lubrication is normally used. To prevent bearing
breakdown, it is important that electric motors and compressors are aligned
according to specifications from the manufacturer of the compressor and motor.
Direct cargo cooling plants are operated as one or multistage, dependent upon the
type of compressor, the cargo and the temperature on the seawater. Most gas
carriers that are designed for LPG have direct cargo cooling plants that can be
operated as a one-stage or multistage operation.
With one-stage direct cooling, vapour is sucked by the cargo compressor from the
cargo tanks. The vapour is then pressed to the condenser and assembles in the
liquid collector. The liquid level in the collector is regulated either by two floaters or
the differential pressure above the liquid level in the liquid collector. The condensate
is pressured back to the cargo tank from the liquid collector via a regulation valve
and in the condensate return line. To use one-stage cooling, the pressure difference
between tank pressure and condensate pressure must be less than 6 bars.
With 2nd stage direct cooling without an intermediate cooler the cargo compressor
sucks from the cargo tank with the 1st stage cylinder. The vapour is thereby pressed
to the compressors 2nd stage suction side and then to the cargo condenser where
the vapour is condensed against seawater and collected in the liquid collector. The
liquid is pressured back to the cargo tank via a regulation valve and the condensate
return line from the liquid collector. The pressure in the liquid collector is equal to the
pressure in the cargo condenser, and is at all times higher than the cargo tank
pressure. 2nd stage direct cargo cooling plant is delivered with or without an
intermediate cooler.
Some direct cargo cooling plants are delivered with intermediate cooler
(inter cooler), this achieves lower temperature and pressure on the 2nd
stage suction side.
These cargo cooling plants are used on semi-pressurised LPG carriers and
atmospheric pressure LPG/ NH3 carriers.
6.4.11 Cascade cooling plant / direct cooling
Cascade cooling plant is basically a direct cargo cooling plant where the cargo
is condensed against Freon and Freon is condensed against water.
Sketch of cascade plant
On the cargo side in a cascade cooling plant there is mostly 2nd stage direct cargo
cooling plant equipped with compressor, intermediate cooler, cargo condenser, liquid
collector and regulation valve.
The vapour is sucked from the cargo tank and into the cargo compressor’s 1st stage.
The vapour is then pressured to the intermediate cooler where it is condensed
against the liquid in the bottom of the intermediate cooler. The cargo compressor
sucks vapour with the 2nd stage from the top of the intermediate cooler and press
the vapour to the cargo condenser where the gas is condensed against Freon. The
condensate is then pressured against a coil in the intermediate cooler and further
through a regulation valve to the condensate line, and back to the cargo tank.
This type of cargo cooling plant is used on semi-pressurised LPG and LEG carriers,
and on large atmospheric pressure LPG carriers. A cascade cooling plant must be
used for condensation of Ethane and Ethylene, but can also be used for Propane,
Ammonia and Propylene. Some cascade cooling plants are constructed for use as a
two or one-stage direct cargo cooling plant. Generally when cooling Butane,
Butadiene or VCM one can also condensate Propane and Propylene directly if the
seawater temperature is low enough.
This type of cargo cooling plant has a lower dependency of the seawater
temperature than a direct cooling plant. The larger volume of Freon, seawater
temperature has less influence on the plant. It is difficult to cool regardless of the
kind of cooling plant’s if the surrounding temperature e.g. seawater temperature is
higher than 35oC.
On gas carriers inert gas is used for different purposes, some are requirements
other is to maintain the ships hull and spaces:
· Elimination of cargo vapour from the cargo tank when gas freeing
If the cargo is Ammonia, one must not use inert gas that contains carbon dioxide,
only dry air or nitrogen, because carbon dioxide reacts chemically with Ammonia. It
is always beneficial to keep spaces around the cargo tanks dry.
The inert gas generator is built up with a combustion chamber, scrubber, O2
analyser, dryer and heater. The fuel oil is injected into the combustion chamber,
mixed with air, combusts and flue gas or inert gas is formed. The inert gas is blown
through the scrubber where carbon particles and sulphur is washed out with the
water. The O2 analyser measures the O2 content against the stated limits before the
inert gas is blown further into the dryer. There is two types of dryers for inert gas
plants either Freon dryer or absorption dryer. The most common is the Freon dryer.
After the scrubber the inert gas is cooled in a dryer to reduce the dew point. With
use of Freon dryer the dew point will be minimum 5oC. Water is condensed out while
the dew point is reduced and we have to avoid temperature to sink below 0oC so we
do not clog the inert channel with ice.
In an absorption dryer the inert gas is compressed with a compressor and pumped
through a material that absorbs water and the dew point sinks to minimum –80oC.
Strict demands are made regarding inert gas plants on gas carriers. IMO makes
demands for maximum content of 5% O2 by volume. Inert gas is produced on gas
tankers by their own inert gas generator. Inert gas produces by consuming gas oil,
diesel oil or light fuel oil. The O2 content in the inert gas adjusts by quantity of air
added to the oil that is injected into the combustion chamber.
To achieve as pure inert gas as possible, very good combustion is required. A rich
oil/air mixture gives a lot of carbon, high content with Carbon monoxide and low O2
content. A lean mixture (more air) gives higher O2%, less carbon and less carbon
monoxide. The air/oil mixture is produced manually or automatically on the control
board.
O2 analyser is connected to a two-way valve where the inert gas either can be sent
to a ventilation mast or to a consumption unit (dryer, tanker). The limit value is set
manually between 5% by volume O2 and the minimum value for the inert gas
generator for example 0,3% by volume O2. The inert gas then automatically goes to
the vent mast if the O2 content reaches more than 5% by volume or below 0,3% by
volume. O2 content is set to the required O2 volume, for example 1% by volume.
The inert will then go to the dryer and is consumed when the O2 content is between
1% and 0,3%.
6.5.3 Drying
The inert gas is saturated with water when it comes out of the scrubber, that means
100% humidity. The temperature on the inert gas after the scrubber is about 5oC
above the seawater temperature.
The inert gas therefore must be dried before it is sent to the cargo tanks, hold space
or inter barrier space to prevent condensing of water into the tanks or spaces. The
inert gas temperature should be higher than the atmosphere that one will inert. Inert
gas dryer is a Freon heat exchanger, absorption dryer or a combination of both.
Freon dryer are frequently used and require less space in proportion to an absorption
dryer. The principle with the Freon dryer is that Freon flows through small pipes in
the inert gas channel. The inert gas is cooled down and thereby condensate the
water from the inert gas when it passes the Freon pipes. The Freon is condensed in
its own cooling plant. The temperature of the inert gas after the Freon heat
exchanger must not be less than 5oC. The inert gas that comes out of the Freon
dryer has a dew point of about 5oC and a water content of 6,75 gram per m3 inert
gas.
With use of absorption drier the inert gas is then pressed through a medium that
absorbs water, for example silica gel or Aluminium Oxide. The inert gas has a
temperature a bit above seawater temperature when entering into the dryer blower.
The temperature of the inert gas is higher when it emerges from the dryer, from
30oC to 60oC, depending on the required dew point. The result of temperature
increase is that the compressor compresses the inert gas. One can have an inert gas
dew point down to –80oC with an absorption dryer, but the inert gas volume that is
delivered for consumption decreases. The inert gas contains 0,0013 gram water pr
m3 at a dew point of –60oC. Inert gas with temperature of 40oC and dew point at –
60oC has a relative humidity of 0,025%.
6.5.6 Inert gas heater
An inert gas heater is a heat exchanger where steam or an electrical coil is used for
heating the inert gas. The dried inert gas can absorb more humidity when it is
heated. Heating reduces the relative humidity on the inert gas. The relative humidity
is 28,72% at a temperature of 25oC with Freon dryer and an inert gas dew point of
5oC. If the inert gas is heated to 50oC, the relative humidity will sink down to
8,13%. It is of importance that one first removes humidity, and thereby heats the
inert gas so it can absorb more humidity.
The inert gas dryer and heater can also be used in connection with venting tanks and
spaces with air.
To maintain the function of the inert gas generator to specification, one must run it
regularly, generally once a week and preferably several hours each time. This is a
good opportunity to refill spaces and lines, which are not used.
6.5.7 Sketch of thermal drier
A Drying tower
B Tower that is dried
C Heater
D Cooler
E Fan
F Water separator
S Solenoid valves
6.5.8 Sketch of pressure swing drier
6.5.9 Composition of inert gas and dew point
AFETY VALVES
Gas carriers must have safety valves on all cargo tanks, spaces and cargo lines
where cargo liquid residue may remain. Cargo tank’s safety valves are either pilot
(pressure loaded) or spring loaded valves. Spring-loaded valves are normally used on
fully pressurised tankers and semi pressurised tankers with a tank pressure above
0,7 bars and on cargo lines. The pressure loaded valves are normally used on
atmospheric pressure tankers and semi pressurised tankers.
There must be two safety valves on all kinds of pressure vessels on more than 20
m3. There are also demands that there is a safety valve on all kinds of pressure
vessels below 20 m3. The maximum set pressure on a cargo tank’s safety valves
depends on the cargo tank MARVS. MARVS is maximum allowed safety valve set
point. The pressure required by MARVS is located in the gas carriers IMO Certificate
of Fitness. The cargo tank safety valve must be located on the tank’s highest point
above deck. Each safety valve must be connected to vent mast without impediment
or valves.
The vent mast’s outlet must be at least B/3 or 6 meter above weather deck or
gangway, B is the ships breadth. The distance should at least B or 25 meters from
the nearest air inlet or opening in the accommodation. This distance can be
shortened for gas carriers of less than 90 meters in length, but the flag state
authorities, for example Norwegian Maritime Directorate, must approve it.
All safety valves on cargo tanks must be prototype tested and approved by IMO and
the gas carriers class company. The cargo tank’s safety valves must be tested within
the IMO limits +-10% for 0 to 1,5 bars, +-6% for 1,5 to 3 bars and +-3% for 3 bars
and higher pressure. The tanker’s class company has to seal the safety valves after
authorised personnel have tested and calibrated the safety valves.
Safety valves used on cargo tanks have one or more pilots to hold the valve closed.
The safety valve contains of an adjusting spring, three membranes, two valve seats,
an exhaust pipe and an equalising pipe. The pilot is adjusted by a pilot spring in
order to get the needed pressure, for example 0,5 bars.
The pilot valve’s seat is attached to two membranes and the pilot spring. The pilot
main valve seat is attached to the main valve membrane. The pilot valve is
connected to a pipe on the highest point on the cargo tank.
There is the same pressure below and above the main valve seat and on the below
the boost membrane when the pilot valve is shut. When the pressure in the cargo
tank is higher than the pilot valve’s setting, the boost membrane will lift, pull the
pilot seat up and the pressure above the main valve membrane is ventilated to the
atmosphere. The pressure will now be higher above the main valve seat than below
and the valve is open and vapour is ventilated to the vent mast.
When the cargo tank pressure sinks again, the boost membrane will sink and the
pilot seat will go to the shut position. The pressure above the main valve membrane
increases to the same pressure as in the cargo tank. The main valve seat will then be
closed and the valve shut.
There are extra setters that are installed on the pilot valve to achieve the right set
point on fully pressurised tankers and semi-pressurised tankers. The setter consists
of an adjusting spring with spring tension equal to the pressure, for example 2,3
bars. When the setter is screwed down on the pilot, the set point will be at 2,8 bars.
The cargo tank safety valves on atmospheric pressure tankers are normally the
membrane type. The principle is the same as with seat valves. When the valve is
shut there is equal pressure under and over the main membrane and under the
boost membrane. When the pressure is higher than the pilot setting, the boost
membrane in the pilot will press the pilot seat up and the valve start to open. When
the pressure sinks, the pilot seat is pressed back and shut.
The valve opens when the tank pressure exceeds the spring tension. When the tank
pressure sinks below the spring tension, the valve shuts again. An adjustment screw
is attached on top of the valve that is used for calibrating the spring tension.
On fully refrigerated gas carriers there is often options to mount extra weights during
loading or change of cargo. The extra weights are mounted on top of the pilot and
increases the set point with approximates 100 to 150 grams.
THE EXTRA SETTER IS NOT ALLOWED TO HAVE ON THE PILOT WHILE THE
VESSEL IS AT SEA.
Seat valves are mainly used as safety valves on lines. These safety valves are spring-
loaded and must be according to the certified line pressure. The set point and the
number of the different safety valves can be found in the gas carrier valve list. The
safety valves must be overhauled, pressure tested and calibrated by authorised
personnel. Then sealed and by the ships class company.
A level gauge for cargo tanks is normally of float type or radar type. The float type
can be controlled by a guide-wire or placed inside a perforated pipe. The float’s
movements are transferred to a counter through a steel band. The counter are
normally local, but on new ships it is also remote reading. It is of importance to
check that the counter is at the correct level. On the counter, there are marked
values indicating the reading when the float is at the bottom and on the top. Control
and necessary adjustments are made using these values. To avoid damage to the
float and band, it is of importance that the float is hoisted and locked when the ship
is sailing.
Other types of floats are connected to an arm with a switch, which sets off or on an
alarm circuit when the liquid reaches a given level. This type is used as level alarms
in cargo tanks and in small tanks as liquid receivers. The liquid separator on the
suction side of the compressor is an example of a tank equipped with this type of
alarm. If liquid is carried away with the vapour to the compressor, the liquid will
assemble in the liquid separator on the vapour line. The float in the liquid separator
will at a stated level float up and actuate an alarm and then shutdown the
compressor and liquid is prevented to came into the compressor.
7.1.1 High-level alarm
To prevent over loading of cargo tanks high level alarms are required. There are two
separate floats that give the alarms, one is high-level alarm the other is high-high-
level alarm. The high-level alarm is activated when the cargo tank is nearly full,
normally at 95% filling. The high-high-level alarm is actuated at 98% or 99% filling.
Valves on the actual tank are closed and discharge pumps are automatically stopped
when liquid reaches the actual level. To open the valves and start the pump again
the 98%/ 99% circuit has to be reset and switched off.
• · Compressor room
• · Electric motor room
• · Cargo control room unless designated as gas-safe
• · Airlocks
• · Hold spaces for all cargo tanks except for independent tanks type C
• · Other areas in the cargo area where flammable mixtures may
accumulate
• · Sample points at ventilation inlets to the accommodation, in the
engine room and in the forecastle.
It is required that the detector must measure all sample points consecutively and not
exceeding 30 minutes intervals on the same sample point. Both audio and visual
alarms should be activated.
The next page illustrates a flow sheet for one type of gas detector. The pump sucks
continuously from all points, but only one point is measured at a time. When a point
is measured, a precise time purges the instrument before measuring the next point.
If the concentration at a measure-point exceeds 30% LEL, the alarm is released. An
indicator panel on the instrument indicates, at all times, what point is measured and
from where the alarm is released. If restrictions or similar in the suction-line take
place, a “flow-failure” is released.
The gas detector has a fixed connection for sample gas for calibration. Calibrating
and testing the equipment must be done regularly. This is normally a routine that is
executed once a week. It is of importance that calibrating and testing is logged.
The instrument should regularly be calibrated for the cargo carried onboard. This is
used to adjust the difference between the span gas and the cargo onboard.
7.1.6 Fixed gas detector
7.2 LNG CARRIERS AND VAPOR BOIL-OFF
A re-condensation plant for LNG is both complicated and expensive. It is
therefore more moderate to utilise the boil-off from the cargo as fuel.
The amount of boil-off from a LNG ship lies at about 0,25% per day and night. For an 85
000 m3 tanker this covers about 60% of the fuel need. For a large LNG carrier the boil off
covers a larger share of the fuel needed. The boil-off can be utilised as fuel in boilers,
dual-fuel engines and gas turbines.
Strict regulations are made for control and security when we use LNG as fuel, especially
regarding ventilation. Emergency shutdown and double shut-off valves are essential on
the vapour line. With a stop of the plant, the vapour line is flushed with nitrogen. Boilers
and engines are both made for oil and gas. It is required that at all times we must use
about 5% fuel oil on the pilot burner. This secures that all vapour in the pipe to the boiler
is continuously set on fire.
Example 1:
A loaded LNG carrier of 87 000 m3 has a heat transfer to the cargo tanks of 700kW.
The cargo temperature is -160 0C. How much vapour boils off per day at unaltered
cargo temperature?
The size of the heat transfer to the cargo tanks determines how much methane that
is boiled off. We find specific heat of vaporisation for methane in the heat technical
table to be 506,2 kJ/kg at -160 0C. This indicates that 506,2 kJ must be supplied to
evaporate one kg methane. The total amount that evaporates at a heat transfer of
700 kW is then:
The ship can during the existing condition consume 119,5 MT per day and night for
propulsion. This corresponds to 0,33% boil-off per day.
The ballast journey to the next load port must be planned thoroughly when we use
the boil-off as fuel on the boilers and machinery. The quantity needed of cargo for
propulsion and cooling of cargo tanks must be calculated before commence
discharging. The amount of boil-off from the cargo tanks is regulated with the spray
pumps.
7.3 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN GAS HAZARDIOUS AREAS
On shore one operates with different zones of explosive areas, as you found in the
following table:
7.3.1
Zone 2 Explosive gases are rarely present and occur only in short
periods.
If applying these criteria to ships, zone 0 includes cargo tanks with cargo handling
equipment, zone 1 includes the remaining part of a gas hazardous area and zone 2
includes the remaining part of the cargo area. Rooms containing cargo-handling
equipment, for example, cargo compressor rooms must also be treated as zone 1.
All vessels are issued with a drawing that indicates these areas. The drawing
normally named, “Hazardous Areas”, is posted around the vessel for the crew to
familiarise themselves with these hazardous areas.
The conditions onboard and around operation of gas carriers are special, and the
rules are more restrictive than ashore. The equipment onboard is exposed to hard
strains, the maintenance is often more complicated, and none the less, the
consequences of fire or explosion are very seriously. Ashore there are individual
national rules. For gas carriers and other ships the Flag State, Class Society and IMO
rules apply. Terminals and charterer also have individual rules that have to be
followed.
Special rules exist for pump room, compressor room, pipe tunnels, control room in
the cargo tank area, electric motor room and the area on the forecastle.
Access to electric motor room and cargo control room occurs through an airlock.
These rooms must have a mechanical positive pressure system. The doors must be
equipped with alarms and if both doors are left open too long and the pressure drop,
the rooms automatically render “dead”. This is normally arranged by a DP-cell
(differential pressure cell) that measures the pressure difference inside the room and
the surroundings.
Compressor room, pipe tunnels and pump rooms must be equipped with explosion-
proof lights. Cargo control, monitoring and automation equipment must be
independently secure in a flameproof enclosure. The light arrangement disperses
over at least two switchers, and all switches and protection equipment must be
placed in a gas-safe area. Electrical cables are not allowed to be open exposed
throughout the room.
Explosion-proof and independently secured equipment are approved to be used in
gas hazardous areas on deck. Automation and communication equipment must on
the other hand be of independently secure enclosure.
THE FOLLOWING LIST GIVES A SUMMARY OF APPROVED ENCLOSURES
WITHIN THE SPECIFIED FLAMMABLE AREAS:
Pump room and compressor Electric motor and lighting fixture must
room be Ex d.
Flameproof equipment is tested and classified considering the different gases. The
gas ignition energy, spontaneous ignition temperature and explosion progress are
the primary factors.
For CLC-classes, the maximum surface temperature follows the spontaneous ignition
temperature of individual gas. The former West-German VDE-classes operate with
both a spontaneous ignition temperature and a maximum surface temperature of the
equipment. The surface temperature is stated a bit below the spontaneous ignition
temperature. As an example, a gas that falls under the temperature class G1 is
allowed a maximum surface temperature of 360oC.
From the European Standard, all electrical equipment in hazardous areas must be
marked, for example Eex d IIB T3 where:
Most classification companies require that equipment on open deck must have a
protection that corresponds to IP 56. As it may be difficult to obtain all electrical
equipment with this protection, exception for equipment used ashore is made. A
minimum protection of IP 44 is required. This equipment must be covered with, for
example, a tarpaulin when the vessel is sailing.
Seawater is utilised for the following purposes in the cargo tank area:
Seawater for the above-mentioned purpose is delivered from pumps in the machine
room. Dedicated pumps are normally used for the individual groups of utilisation
areas. LPG-pumps deliver water to heat exchangers in the cooling plant and cargo
equipment. All vessels have dedicated pumps for fire fighting.
The seawater wires to the users should be on deck. If these are placed in hold
space, the consequences of leakage may be expensive. Water from the cooling plant
is normally put out through hold space amid ship on both sides. The valve is
operable from deck over board.
When this happens, it is the management’s first duty to, as soon as possible, activate
the different teams in accordance with the fire instruction plan. Fire resistance
arrangements onboard the specific vessel should be utilised to the fullest extent.
If a fire should occur, the management will be confronted with a lot of problems that
all seem to be equal in importance. It is important to prioritise when dispersing the
tasks. This means that those tasks that seem to be most important must be
delegated to the most competent unit or team in the emergency squad. The squad
will have to do their best to solve the problems in a satisfactory way. In many cases,
the first decisions must be made based on few and uncertain pieces of information
about the situation. Any hesitation from the management about which approach to
use, will promote the feeling of fear and insecurity among the crew.
Since the crew has been trained in relevant practical skills, the management must
also be prepared and trained for the problems they are expected to solve. The ship’s
fire instructions must be considered as a tool. The benefit and effect that this tool
will give depends on how the management decides to utilise it.
There is nothing that can really replace the valuable experiences you will get by
managing extinguishing operations in real fire situations onboard. As this, of course,
is practically impossible to accomplish as part of a training programme, other
methods have to be tried out. Typically the standby crew (e.g. fire brigade, first aid
teams, civil defence) will need to make quick decisions and judgements of the
situation.
This type of responsibility requires special training. Imagine a situation and try to
picture the conditions and based on that try to find out how you can, as best as
possible, use the resources you have available. This is one way to manage a
situation. However, you have to be aware that in a real situation, the approach to
the problem cannot be changed to fit your own perception.
By using similar methods onboard, consider imagined fire situations and at leisure
find out how to handle the situations, so that the management of the ship can
prepare their fire fighting duties. Even though you have worked through a lot of
imagined situations, and one day there is a fire, there will never be a situation similar
in detail to one of the imagined situations. On the other hand there will most likely
be a situation similar to something you had been through before. In any case you
will be better prepared, at least mentally, to manage the situation.
8.2.3 Plans of Action
The more people know the main guidelines for fire fighting situations onboard each
particular ship, the better the chance for a successful response. Therefore it is of
urgent importance that the management group (The Captain, The Chief Engineer
and The Chief Officer) is fully aware of the existing plans. When considering these
imagined situations where you find the best solutions, several point of views will
improve the plans.
The management group together should work out the plans for the actions for
different kinds of fire situations. Therefore, the managers will be informed about the
plans, which will make it easier for them to manage accordingly.
In hectic situations, as a fire, it will be easier to change an existing plan rather than
making a new plan from scratch. The plan will be easier to execute, if more people
know about its contents.
If training is arranged according to appointed plans, the crew will get familiar with
the plans in addition to variations in training. Realistic and well-planned training
exercises are good practice, as well as, it is interesting and instructive. Successful
fire fighting is a result of good planning, good leadership and a well-trained standby
crew.
8.2.4 Tactics
By tactics we really mean line of action. It is a calculated way to act out a plan of
action where we want to use the crew available, in such a way that maximises the
effect achieved.
The intention with tactics is to reach the goal you have set. You have to be aware of
what you want, what is the result you aim for. In a fire situation, it should be easy to
conclude that you want to extinguish the fire, as soon as possible, with as little mess
as possible, without any risks to the fire fighters.
8.2.5 Select an Action
When planning a line of action, choose tactics, try to clarify the situation first
(reconnoitre). The more details you know about the situation, the easier it is to
evaluate the situation. In a critical situation, decisions have to be made quickly. The
next step in the planning process will be the evaluation of the situation. Based on the
information known, you have to try to determine how the fire will grow. Here it is
important to prioritise, as there could be parts of the fire that has to be stopped no
matter what. Meanwhile, other things have to be held off, as long as possible. There
are may be some parts that can be temporarily disregarded.
With the evaluation of the situation as a basis the disposals of resources are being
made. The extents of the contribution depends on how important the effort is, how
demanding the work to be done is, and how quickly it has to be effectuated. You
should always be prepared to change tactics if unforeseen difficulties occur. Well-
prepared tactics considers all known factors whether there are only a few, or many
and detailed at any stage.
A crew organised in fire protection and with sufficient and adequate equipment forms
the force. To be able to perform their duties, the force has to master the necessary
skills. Technique is to use the equipment in such a way that a maximum effect is
achieved. Extinguishing technique covers the correct use and handling of the
particular parts of the extinguisher equipment and the fire technical installations. This
also includes practical skills, methods of practice and routines, knowledge of how the
particular equipment works, effect, capacity and limitations.
8.2.7 Extinguishing Tactics
Extinguishing tactics make use of resources available so that maximum effect in an
action is achieved. It also makes a sufficient effort at the right place at the critical
moment. Offensive tactics is a well-known expression, it means that you will use all
resources in the fight to win back the terrain and to get the situation under control.
Defence tactics are when you use the whole force to last as long as possible to
prevent being forced to back out, avoid loss of terrain, try to hold the position, as
long as possible, while waiting for backup. In the following, you will find some
situations listed where you will have to consider the influence these situations have
on the actions to be taken.
8.2.11 Mobility
A well-trained force, which can quickly attack the fire, has a greater chance for
success.
8.2.12 Communication
It is very important to have a good communication because it will make it easier to
manage the operation. The force can easily be re-directed and there is a quicker
determination of how the situation is developing.
All instructions must overlap one another so that all conditions are covered. The
purpose with the instructions is to eliminate doubts of who does what. At the same
time secure that what is being done is rational and in right time.
One can compare the fire protection organisation to machinery with many wheels
that all must overlap one another in such a way that the machinery is functioning.
The instructions are the force that will run the machinery.
The symbol for teamwork characterises a well drilled fire crew.
The individual links in the fire protection organisation approach by the instructions on
board. This is regarded to the captain, extinguishing leader, extinguishing team,
technical team, engine room team, instruction for engineer on duty, bridge
instruction, instruction for navigator on duty, radio station, security team, first aid
team, life boat team, evacuation team, instruction for officer on duty in port.
In addition to instructions for the individual fire protection organisation, there are
also instructions for special situations. It is important for all those who will operate a
CO2 plant that they follow the instructions clearly and categorically, because before
triggering of the plant can take place, it must be ascertained that no one is in the
area that the plant covers. Get to know the fire alarm on board and follow your
instructions when this sounds, and get to know the CO2 alarm and follow the
instructions. If the CO2 alarm sounds, one should act as though the fire alarm has
sounded, even before the fire alarm.
We will pay particular attention to the advice upon fire discovery, which gives all
of the crew practical advice and directions of how to react if you are the person
discovering the fire. The principal points, in such an instruction, are:
Alarm instruction layout, crew distribution, layout and content of the special
instructions will vary by the type and size of the ship, the number of crew members,
extent of equipment, plus other relevant conditions. Common for all alarm
instructions is the desire to, as much as possible, have a flexible preparedness plan
that gives the possibility for all to contribute his best in the management of a
number of different situations.
When onboard during fire, it is similar to being “on the roof of the burning building”.
The escape routes are limited and few. Because of the extraordinary conditions on
board, limited retreat possibilities and the great chance of blocking off the rescue
units in a fire situation, it is natural that retreat route security and clarification of
these routes has high priority.
As the conditions on board are extremely special compared to ashore, the manager
must treat the retreat as a very important point in his procedural duty. Further the
fire control officer must observe the four following main tasks:
1. 1. - Rescuing life.
2. 2. - Extinguishing fire.
3. 3. - Restriction of fire.
4. 4. - Executing the retreat.
5.1 8.4 FIXED FIRE FIGHTING PLANS & FIRE FIGHTING REMEDY
8.4.1 Manual call point plant
Fixed fire detection’s plants, discovery and alarm equipment should be installed on
vessels that are regulated by SOLAS. Approval type for these detection’s plants takes
place according to a determined procedure by posting the plant’s documentation.
This documentation should contain user instructions, procedures for routine testing
on board, fault location procedures, power supply information, connection of
detector loop, alarm organs, fan failure, door magnet, assembly work, function
description, accordingly all requirements in accordance to the documentation claim.
The plant is tested to determine if it fulfils the regulations required. The manual call
point plant should at all times be according to the regulations in force. Some of the
criteria follow:
8.4.5 Main fire extinguishing plants (For gas and chemical carriers)
Dry powder systems utilise N2 (Nitrogen) or CO2 (carbon dioxide) as propellant gas.
The gas is kept in pressure cylinders. A gas pressure regulator reduces N2 –gas or
CO2 – gas (200kg/cm2) to 20 kg/cm2 before it goes via the riser in to the powder
aggregate. The riser’s gas taps are very important, as the powder together with the
propellant gas must be able to “float” as a liquid through the pipe system and the
powder jet.
8.4.17 Water
Water must be in direct contact with the fire to gain an extinguishing effect. The
effect emerges when water changes to vapour. Water takes heat from the fire via
evaporation; the vapour displaces air and consequently the oxygen. Since water
does not evaporate, it can add to the object’s damage. To obtain maximal
evaporation, the water must have as large surface as possible when hitting the heat
zone. A scattered jet obtains this, the water comes in shape of drops, the smaller the
drop, the larger the surface. Drops with 1 mm diameter have a surface of 0.126 cm2,
the same water amount in drops of 0,1 mm in diameter have a 1,26 cm2 surface.
The smaller the drops are, the shorter the air throw is needed. With a drop size of
0,2 – 0,3 mm, the most practical proportion between air throw and surface is
obtained. By throwing, as much as possible, atomised water into the warmest part of
the fire zone, the largest effect is obtained.
8.4.18 Powder
To have any effect, the powder must be lead down to the fire object. To obtain an
extinguishing effect, one must reach a position from where the powder can reach the
fire itself. The powder works partly by suffocating and partly by poisoning the flame,
it also has a little bit of a cooling effect. Danger of re-ignition is therefore large until
the temperature is brought down below the self-ignition temperature.
The powder has no direct damaging effect on the object. In sensitivity instruments
and in electronic equipment, powder has a disturbing effect on the functions.
8.4.20 Foam
Foam has both a cooling and suffocating effect. Light foam contains less water than
heavy foam, and thereby the extinguishing agent causes less damage. One can
utilise light foam to cover larger areas and thereby suffocate the fire. One can also
utilise foam as secondary remedy to prevent re-ignition, or prevent ignition from oil
leakage, etc.
When selecting an extinguishing agent, one must consider the type of fire:
· only a glow, or glow and flames, (fire in solid material), where the
fire core has high temperature.
· only flames (fire in liquids) where gas vaporised from the surface is
on fire, relatively low temperature in the liquid itself.
· fire in alive, electrical components (glow/flame fire in isolation
materials, painting, lubricating oil etc.).
One must also consider the surroundings (as little extinguishing damage as possible),
special circumstances (alive plants), danger of re-ignition (need of cooling), special
material (chemicals, explosives, dangerous goods, swelling), protection of the fire
squad (protect the users).
One must also evaluate the practicality of utilising a combination of mutual
extinguishing remedies. For example, at first extinguish the flames with powder,
thereby cooling with water, and possibly cover with foam to prevent spontaneous
ignition.
WATER
Normally there are 10 litre apparatus placed in different locations onboard. 10 litres
is a very limited amount, and has a period of use lasting approximately 60 seconds.
Some types have a united jet, while others alternate between united and spread jets.
Powder
There are mostly 12 kg powder apparatus onboard, except for where something else
ahs been determined, for example 25 kg, 50 kg or 6 kg. This is clearly found in the
“safety plan” onboard. A 12 kg powder apparatus has a period of use lasting
approximately 20 seconds; a 50 kg apparatus has a period of use of approximately
60 seconds. The apparatus has good air throw, and will provide the user good
protection. To utilise powder extinguishing equipment at full effect, a well-drilled
technique is demanded. Add this to the training exercises onboard.
Carbon dioxide
There are carbonic acid apparatus of 6 kg stationed on board. These apparatus have
a very limited capacity and no air throw. The protection for the user is poor. The
period of use is approximately 20 seconds. These apparatus are suited for spot
extinguishing of relatively small fires.
One should have high goals regarding knowledge in utilizing, of function and capacity
of the fire extinguishing apparatus on board your vessel.
8.5 PERSONAL SAFETY EQUIPMENT
The requirement onboard oil tankers, as well as onboard gas tankers less than 5000
m3, are 4 sets of fire fighter equipment. Onboard gas carriers of more than 5000
m3, a minimum of 5 sets of fire fighter equipment is required. Each set consists of:
· One breathing apparatus (BA) with an air capacity of minimum 1200 litres.
· Protection suit including boots and gloves.
· Fire resistance safety line with belt.
· Safety lamp.
· Fireman’s axe.
The equipment is specified in SOLAS, chapter 11-2, rule 17. National, and
classification companies requirements may come in addition. This is of course
considered for each vessel and the equipment is at all times in accordance to existing
requirement and rules.
The breathing apparatus onboard must be of an accepted type, and must fulfil the
requirements in accordance to the regulations. Frequent training exercises on board
will familiarise you with the apparatus and use of a breathing apparatus.
The requirement for the air content in bottles is minimum 1200 litre clean air. Spare
bottles are required for each apparatus, so that each apparatus has a period of use
of 2 hours minimum. If a consumption of 60 litre air pr. minute (equivalent to hard
work) is assumed, one obtains, as follows:
A compressor is also required to fill up the breathing bottles after use. The period of
use for the apparatus is dependent upon the consumption of air pr. time unit, for
light or heavy work and the bottle size.
EXAMPLE
An air bottle of 7 litres and a pressure of 200 bar give (7 x 200) = 1400 litres clean
air. Assume that heavy work is to be carried out with a consumption of 60 litres pr.
minute. Disposal time will then be (7 x 200): 60 = 23,3 minutes.
The apparatus has an audio signal that alerts the user that it’s time to abandon the
area. This audio signal is released at approximately 40 bars, and leaves us with
(40x7) = 280 litres air for retreat. The time for retreat is (280: 60) = 4,66 minutes.
We then have 4,5 minutes to abandon the area.
It is recommended to train in the use of the apparatus in order to learn the special
breathing technique for such an apparatus. The definition of breathing technique is a
rational way of utilising the air to obtain a maximum safe user time.
The user is dependent upon the state of the apparatus when residing in smoke or
gas filled rooms. Before entering such rooms, the user himself must control the
apparatus.
After strapping the bottle on his back, a special routine must be followed regardless
of the duration and regardless of others. The procedure varies with each apparatus.
It is of great importance to knowledge of the apparatus onboard your vessel. The
control will mainly be, as follows:
1. Bottle pressure: Open the bottle valve 2-3 shifts and read the manometer
pressure. Then put on the mask, the panorama mask is put on with all straps
extended. Set the chin in the mask and lead the straps behind the head. Tighten the
lower strap, then the upper straps and finally the top strap.
2. Retreat signal: Shut the bottle valve and breath carefully until the retreat
signal appears. The manometer indicates approximately 40 bars when the signal
appears. If there is a change over valve on the apparatus, ensure that this is in the
right position. The change over valve is activated when the retreat signal appears
and has an opening effect for spare air to release.
3. Mask’s seal ability: Suck the mask empty of air. The mask will then be
pressed against the face, if not, tighten the head straps. If it is airtight, open for air
again.
4. Pneumonic automatic: The bottle valve is set fully open, breath a few times to
make sure that the pneumonic automatic unit is working.
5. Flushing button: The button on the pneumonic automatic unit is activated and
air will flow into the mask. Sometimes extra air in the mask is needed.
6. Bottle pressure: Control again the pressure manometer to make sure that the
bottle is full. Place the manometer back in the clip.
All tests must be repeated for each exercise, or change of bottle, to make sure of
satisfactory operation at all times.
The fire stations are marked on the safety plan, and also the content of all required
equipment at the stations. In addition to mentioned fire fighting equipment, the
content must include personal protective equipment, fire hoses, jet nozzles that can
switched from jet to fog dispersement, keys to hose coupling and an extra fire axe.
Other equipment included is an electrical drill with 5/8” drill steel together with an
extension cord. It is smart to obtain a smaller drill steel to drill a pilot hole, if this is a
matter of necessity. A portable oxyacetylene torch that renders it possible to make a
quick carving of a manhole or other openings to ease access is also included. This
equipment is marked on the safety plan, where it is placed onboard and at the right
number according to type and size of vessel.
Everyone is encouraged to know the seriousness of exercises onboard, being
prepared in a realistic and objective way can be, as a matter of fact, very interesting
and informative.
Anxiety is relieved because confidence leads to safety.
SOLAS chapter II-2, rule 19, deals with the international “land coupling” that is
required onboard all vessels in accordance to this rule’s specification. The existence
of this is shown in the safety plan. It must be readily available during harbour stay.
It is used as connection between the vessel and harbours equipment, in case of fire
during the stay.
Familiarise yourself with the escape and protection equipment onboard the gas
tanker/chemical tanker, masks with filter for all onboard, appropriate protection
equipment placed for easy availability. This protection equipment contains large
aprons, special gloves with long cuffs, appropriate footwear, coveralls made of
chemical resistant material, tightened glasses or face shields. Clothes and
equipment must protect all body parts.
An escape apparatus with oxygen mask that makes the carrier independent of the
oxygen in the air at a minimum of 15 minutes must be available on all vessels. This
is only for use of escape. Specifications state how much of this equipment exists
onboard. The safety plan informs where it is located.
Before boarding tanks and closed spaces, one must take measurements, make sure
that dangerous gas is non-existent and that the oxygen content is satisfactory. After
tank ventilation, take great care in the measuring and the certainty of the
atmosphere before entering. Ensure that the pump room is well ventilated by
running the fans for awhile before entering. There is monitor supervision of the
pump room atmosphere onboard many vessels today. This takes place by
automatically testing the pump room atmosphere at different sampling points. Then
it is analysed and indicated on the control room monitor. This is also equipment you
need to be familiar with.
When entering tanks, it is very important to prepare equipment and make it easily
available in case of emergency. Preparation includes a complete set of fire fighting
equipment (also an extra fresh air mask in case it is needed for a rescue action),
lines, communication, and crew on deck for supervising. The knowledge of the
number and names of crew in the tank at all times is very important in order to be as
prepared as possible for any rescue action.
8.6 IN GENERAL
What is health? In short, it is when the physical is in balance with the non-physical,
and the harmonisation here has a natural function. The result is good health. To
maintain this, knowledge about harmonisation is the vital factor in health. Health is
different for each one of us based on individual tendencies and external/internal
influences that mark (or chooses to mark) our life.
All crewmembers that sign on a vessel should have been through a medical check in
order to have a regular status of his/her health condition. Life at sea is a special
place to work, it is important that the general health condition at all times is good.
What can be done to maintain a good general health condition on board? The
answer is built into the safety and protection of personnel on board. You can also
take care of one another in a good manor by being aware of the risks that may have
direct and external effect on health, regarding the special cargoes carried onboard
your vessel.
Primarily, you can take good care of your own machine, the body, by paying
attention to the “fuel”, which contains the nutrients the body needs. It is very
important that the “chef” onboard has basic knowledge about anatomy/physiology,
in order to assemble the right raw material into the right article of food, in the form
of nutrient rich meals. Together with good cleanliness and comfortable surroundings
in the galley, the best basis is given. If the meals are “spiced-up” with a nice
atmosphere, in addition to existence of an inter-human working environment and
well-being, the result is solidarity, well-being at work, increased efficiency, less
sickness absence and saved costs.
A positive mental attitude toward life is also important and, at the same time,
improves or maintains health. This is an important factor of the human’s total health.
For example, one can turn a “I will not, cannot” behaviour pattern into a “I can, I
will” attitude. This will increase co-operation between the people onboard. With an
attitude change based on positive thinking, the result is noticeable onboard, due to
well being, solidarity, better performance, and a healthier atmosphere for the whole
crew. The human resource is the only resource.
The doctrine of how the body is built is called anatomy. The doctrine of the body’s
function is called physiology. This will be roughly illustrated to achieve a synopsis of
how the “machine” functions.
8.5.2 The cell
This is the smallest, independent unit of the body and the basis for all living
organisms. All the processes in the body are caused by the chemical reactions that
take place in the cells. Cells in different tissue and organisms co-operate in their
duties. The cell has a water content of approximately 70% in addition to proteins,
carbohydrates, fat and inorganic material. All the cells have the same basic structure
and a number of mutually basic qualities. Simultaneously each part of the cell has its
function. We all utilise nutrients both to achieve energy and as “building stones”. In
new cell components, glucose (grape sugar) is the most important energy source. It
is important to have nutrient rich and varying diet.
8.6.3 TISSUE
Cells that look alike remain lying to form tissue. All surfaces of the body are covered
with epithelial tissue (type of tissue that mainly covers all surfaces, the cavity and
channels of the body). Connective tissue and support tissue forms the tissue network
in the body and keeps tissue and organs together. There is an innumerable of
tissues, for example osseous tissue, muscular tissue and nerve tissue. The cell co-
operation is controlled by chemical signals. These signals consist of two types, nerve
signals and hormone signals. These two systems co-operate for an appropriate
reaction. This is fully necessary for our survival. The hormone system controls the
activity of many internal organs, the nerve system controls muscles and glands.
Several organ systems co-operate to keep the composition of tissue fluid constant.
The blood renews this tissue fluid. The blood must circulate the whole time. The duty
of the lymph artery is to drain excess tissue fluid.
These demolish and absorb nutrient material. It is very important that the nutrient
content satisfies the body’s need.
These absorb oxygen and partly carbon dioxide. Respiration is an exchange of gases
between the blood arteries and the air in the lungs. The blood absorbs oxygen into
the body’s cells and partly the excess carbon dioxide that arises. The respiratory
organs consist of the bronchia and the lungs. Gas exchange between blood and air
takes place in the lungs.
These regulate the composition of the tissue fluid. The urinary organs consist of the
kidneys, urinary tract, bladder and the urethra. The kidneys' most distinct duty is to
separate water from waste. The resultant urine is processed in the urinary tract and
bladder then empties via the urethra.
The blood circulation carries materials between the organs in the body. The tissue
fluid is constantly renewed from the blood in the capillaries. The heart is a pump that
makes blood circulate. “Heart valves” help the blood run in the right direction. The
heart musculature sends blood through the coronary artery (the heart’s arteries).
The heart is the most persevering muscle in the body. The blood flows from high
pressure to lower pressure. The pulse is thereby a regulator in the blood. The blood
pressure is the pressure inside the artery, which is part of the blood circulation. The
blood acts, as a sort of, transportation system. Blood sends tissue circulating through
the artery system. This contains blood cells floating in a protein rich fluid – blood
plasma – with two main types of cells, red and white. The red cells are important for
transportation of oxygen from the lungs to the different body tissues, while the
white, in different ways, participates in the body’s defence against disease. It is
important to remember that one cannot mix different blood types. Blood cells are
formed in the bone marrow.
Our senses tell us about the surroundings. The main senses are sight, hearing,
touch, smell and taste. There are also important senses in the muscles, the joints
and the equilibrium organ in the inner ear. Each sensory organ has its best reaction
to a certain type of stimulation, but has a different reaction to long lasting
stimulation.
The skin forms an essential boundary to the surroundings, and is the body’s largest
“breathing organ”. The skin consists of different tissue with different qualities and
covers the body surface, like an almost impenetrable protective film. The skin is an
important sensory organ with large adaptability.
This system protects the body and consists of several parts. There is no possibility of
living a normal life without this defence, as its duty is to render harmless infective
agents or other strange material. In addition to combating infection from outside,
this defence system also fights against any internal cell changes.
This consists of skeleton and muscles. The skeleton is the body’s framework,
consisting of almost 200 large and small bones tied together by link and ties. The
muscles can move the bones by shortening (contracting) using an impulse from the
nervous system.
This was a short description of the “human machine”. When experiencing something
exciting, frightening, unexpected, stressing, surprising or likewise, energy runs
through us like an electrical blow. In such situations, one experiences the effect of
endocrine hormones.
The part of us that consists of feelings, thoughts, vibrations, intuition, ergo not
physical parts of us, are also an important part of us (in many cases a decisive part).
It is very important to provide stimulation and nutrients to these parts, as discussed
below.
Positive thoughts and attitudes together with a healthy diet form the basis for good
health. We can do a lot ourselves by choosing the right things, as we are free to
choose.
We now take a look at your work place, onboard a vessel, and the influence this has
on your health. We will also discuss what external influences can be found in the
atmosphere and the injuries/incidents that may occur on board.
Onboard different types of vessels carrying different types of cargo, danger to health
from external influences are considered regarding the vessel’s protective equipment
and routines. This protective equipment is placed practically and can be utilised, as
necessary. Familiarise yourself with the equipment onboard your vessel and use it!
With a sudden injury or illness on board, medical advice and guidance can be
gathered from Radio Medico – the radio medical service for vessels at sea. It is
important to have all the important information when help is needed for a serious
condition onboard, such as:
· Age
· Sex
· Weight
· Duration of the illness
· Extent of the injury
· Symptoms
· Patient's comments (complaints)
· Clinical findings (sign of a specific illness)
· How the injury happened
· Character of the pain (grumbling, stabbing, squeezing)
· Whereabouts of the pain
· Face colour, limpness, drowsiness, temperature, pulse, breathing trouble,
nausea, blood, mucus, urination, etc.
First aid is used with sudden unconsciousness, stopped breathing and lack of air.
(Call for help, but do not abandon the patient, immediately start helping.)
A Air: Try to free the air flow, lie the patient on a flat surface, bend the head
backwards, remove any dentures, vomit, etc.
B Breathing: If the patient is not breathing, start resuscitation with 3-5
breaths/insufflations. Use the “Pocket Mask” as an option. Hold the head curved
backward, check the pulse on the neck. If pulse is felt, continue with 12 respiration’s
per minute
C Circulation: With deadly paleness and no pulse, give 2-3 powerful knocks over the
heart. If this has no effect, start external heart compression once per second.
8.6.14 ONE RESCUER
One respiration for each heart compression. When compressing; press the
breastbone down 4-5cm.
8.6.16 ABC
Heart problems can be suspected if sudden, strong pain behind the breastbone is
experienced. For cardiac arrest, use the ABC.
Description of shock is acute circular failure. This may be caused by reduced blood
volume from bleeding, shock by drop of blood pressure or reduced pump functions
from a cardiac infarction. If a big incident occurs, shock must be calculated. The
symptoms are fast pulse, coldness, pail and difficulty in breathing. Supply oxygen,
warm blankets and fluids.
All knocks against the head must be taken seriously. The symptoms are headache,
nausea and dizziness. Flat bed rest for 2-3 days. Limited fluid intake and be sure to
supervise.
Refer to the IMCO’s book “Medical First Aid and Guide for use in accidents involving
dangerous goods”. This refers to the data sheets on the different cargo onboard.
(This is illustrated later on in this part). Poisoning and etch injuries appear in
connection with cargo contact, as air absorption, swallowing or skin absorption (skin
contact). The symptoms are pink coloured skin, smell of almonds on the breath,
headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Remember that in connection with cargo
contact, the emergency squad should efficiently use protective equipment, gloves
etc. Supply oxygen and follow the instructions on the data sheet for the cargo in
question.
8.6.21 FIRE INJURIES
In fire injuries, ensure a stabile lateral position for the patient, if possible. Supply
oxygen and fluid. With fire injuries, quick help is double the help. Quickly cool for at
least 20 minutes. Estimate the extent of the injury. The patient mustn’t freeze.
Provide warm blankets and abundant fluid. The patient should rest, be under
supervision, and have their pulse checked. Check the medical box for proper use of
medication and bandages.
Localised frost injuries on the skin’s top layer begins with a prickling feeling, then
ascends to white spots on the skin. Careless handling of pipeline and cranes
onboard vessels, which carry strongly cooled gases, can lead to localised frost
injuries. Important: Frozen hands and feet must not be warmed up actively with
warm water. Cover frozen skin parts with a soft woollen garment. Do not massage
or rub. It helps a lot to warm up frozen skin with warm skin
A lot of injuries are sprains, fracture and soft part injuries. Use the ICE method, as
the proper first aid, in such injuries. ICE means ice, compression and bandage, and
elevation.
I – stands for ice. Ice the injury in order to lower the injured spot’s temperature. By
doing so, the bleeding is reduced in the underlying tissue. Swelling and pain will also
be reduced.
8.6.24 INFECTIONS
Poisonous materials can be taken in by inhaling (gas, dust), skin penetration, skin
absorption (gas and liquid) and swallowing (gas and fluid). If any of this occurs,
different reactions will occur depending on the kind of material, how much, etc.
Refer to the material’s data sheet regarding treatment. Blood is most important,
since it is the higher brain centre that is first affected from lack of oxygen.
A poisonous material emerges quickly to the brain cells and deprives them of oxygen.
This may cause unconsciousness, at worst death. By inhaling small concentrations,
we are exposed to localised effects (nasal, throat, and lung) or poisonous gas
absorption into the blood.
Through skin penetration, gases and fluids are quickly absorbed into the blood and
the effects depend on the characteristic of the material, the velocity of the
penetration and poisonous elements. If material is swallowed, this is easily absorbed
by the mucous membrane in the mouth.
The eyes are very exposed to any spill or contact to cargo. There is normally
irritation, burns and tears from harmful exposure. It is of utmost importance with a
very fast first aid and abundant rinsing with water.
With all injuries and illness it is of the utmost importance to administer first aid and
contact competent medical help if any doubt of the outcome exists.
Enclosed is a data sheet for Propane, which illustrates the layout and the content of
information. There are such sheets for all types of dangerous cargo, which are made
readily available and visible onboard.
The data sheets tell us about the cargo’s character, the emergency procedure for a
cargo fire or cargo spill. There is also information about health hazards, fire,
explosion, chemical data, reaction data, physical data and the condition of the
material in freight. Information regarding the quality of material is required with the
freight of the material.