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Density of soil
Bulk density -The oven dry weight of a unit volume of soil inclusive of pore spaces is
called bulk density. The bulk density of a soil is always smaller than its particle density.
The bulk density of sandy soil is about 1.6 g / cm3, whereas that of organic matter is
about 0.5. Bulk density normally decreases, as mineral soils become finer in texture. The
bulk density varies indirectly with the total pore space present in the soil and gives a good
estimate of the porosity of the soil. Bulk density is of greater importance than particle
density in understanding the physical behavior of the soil. Generally soils with low bulk
densities have favorable physical conditions.
Particle density-The weight per unit volume of the solid portion of soil is called particle
density. Generally particle density of normal soils is 2.65 grams per cubic centimeter.
The particle density is higher if large amount of heavy minerals such as magnetite;
limonite and hematite are present in the soil. With increase in organic matter of the soil
the particle density decreases. Particle density is also termed as true density
Moisture content-
is the quantity of water contained in a material, such as soil (called soil moisture),
rock, ceramics, crops, or wood.
Soil compaction –
Specific gravity of the soil particles – which may vary from 2.0- 3.3 but usually is
between 2.5 and 2.8.
Particle size of distribution of the soil – a mass composed entirely of spheres of one size
in the densest possible condition will contain 75% solid and 25% voids.
Grain shape of soil particles - sharp angular particles will resist shifting from a loose to
a compacted state.
Methods of compaction
Static - a large stress is slowly applied to the soil and then released.
Impact - the stress is applied by dropping a large mass onto the surface of the soil.
Vibrating - a stress is applied repeatedly and rapidly via a mechanically driven plate or
hammer. Often combined with rolling compaction (see below).
Gyrating - a static stress is applied and maintained in one direction while the soil is a
subjected to a gyratory motion about the axis of static loading. Limited to laboratory
applications.
Rolling - a heavy cylinder is rolled over the surface of the soil. Commonly used on sports
pitches. Roller-compactors are often fitted with vibratory devices to enhance their
effectiveness.