1 AVO，Reflection coefficient formulas of Normal incidence and

non-normal incidence

S1 S2 S3 Offset x R2 R3
R1

When θ=≠0°,
Non-normal incidence
H
When θ=0°, normal incidence
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = /𝐻 θ
2 R=f(Z1, Z2)
当 𝒙 近似等于H时，θ大约为26.5度。
Reflection coefficient has nothing to do with θ

R 𝜽 = 𝒇 𝜽, 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 , θ-angle of incidence；x, The defects of stacking method：

 Lost S-wave velocity information
y, z-three of 10 independent elastic  叠加损失了高频成分，导致分辨率降低。
properties.
R 𝜽𝟏 =𝒇 𝜽𝟏, 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛
R 𝜽𝟐 =𝒇 𝜽𝟐, 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛
R 𝜽𝟑 =𝒇 𝜽𝟑, 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛
AVO meaning：Amplitude Variation with R 𝜽𝟒 =𝒇 𝜽𝟒, 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛
Offset .
.
.

1
1 Traditional AVO attribute analysis (AVO two-term)

R=f(θ, x, y) 𝐑𝒑𝒑(𝜽) = 𝑷 + 𝑮 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜽

𝑷 + 𝐆, Equivalent to Shuey’s equation A+B, approximate

Poisson's ratio What is bright-spot?
𝑷−𝑮

𝑷∗𝐆
Fluid factor

Near angle stacks

Far angle stacks

2
2 Seismic amplitude attribute analysis
 Amplitude behavior of clastic rock
--------------
The key factors which are closely related to： - Z- 1-=ρ-1ν-1 - - - - - - - - -
--------------
①lithology；②strata age；③depth
Surface
Z2=ρ2ν2
--------------
Amplitude behavior of sand --------------
In some cases, AI of shale is smaller than that of sand,
𝒁𝟐−𝒁𝟏
reflection coefficient is strong, strong amplitude indicates R=
sand, this is basis of seismic amplitude analysis. 𝒁𝟐+𝒁𝟏
The prerequisite：big AI difference between shale and sand

Amplitude behavior of Calcareous shale

Calcareous shale contains calcareous minerals, which usually
leads to high velocity and high density (high AI), and the
reflection coefficient is strong. But in this case, high
amplitude does not indicate exist of sandstone.

3
2 Amplitude response of shale, sand and carbonate
 Amplitude behavior of carbonate
--------------
Amplitude behavior of carbonate is complicated. --------------
-------------- Surface
Z1=ρ1ν1
Z2=ρ2ν2

𝒁𝟐−𝒁𝟏
R=
𝒁𝟐+𝒁𝟏

Top reef

4
3 Why Elastic Inversion Prediction?

shale, high amplitude

sand, high amplitude sand, low amplitude
sand, low amplitude

Data from China

Gas-bearing
carbonate

Low amplitude Low amplitude

High amplitude

Data from Malaysia

Data from Middle-Asia

It is dangerous to predict reservoir or

hydrocarbon based on traditional
Not sand stacked seismic amplitude technique
as well as even traditional AVO
Shale, high amplitude
analysis.
5
3 Why Elastic Inversion Prediction?
“Bright-Spot” caused by non reservoir in South China Sea
CC26-1-1井弹性参数曲线
CC26-1-1井弹性参数曲线
CC26-1-1井弹性参数曲线
CC26-1-1井弹性参数曲线
CC26-1-1井弹性参数曲线
2 90 0 2 90 0 2 90 0 2 90 0 2 90 0

Stacked Synthetic seismic

Fm
GR
Fm
GR
Lithology
Fm
DepthGR Por
Lithology Fm
Depth GR
SH
Por
Lithology Fm
Depth GRGR
SH
Por
Logging
Lithology
Depth SH DEN
Logging
Lithology
Por
Depth LoggingPOIS
DEN
Por
SH
DEN Vp
POIS
DEN
SH
Vp
Logging POIS
Vp
Vs DEN
Logging AI
Vs
Vp
AIDEN
POIS AI
VsPOIS
Vp
interpretation interpretationinterpretation interpretation interpretation
Well C1 (m) 0 180 (m) (m) 1 (m) 1 (m)

seismic
60 180 60 180 60 0.3 6000 180
0.3
1 60 0 0 1800.3 0 2.1 0 2.6
0.3 2.1
0.15
0 2.6
0.4
0.3
1 0.15
2.1
2000
0 3000
2.6
0.4
1 0.15
2000
1000 2.1 3000
1800
0.4 2.6
2000
1000
4000
2.1
0.151800
3000
8000 2.6
0.4
4000
10000.15
2000
1800
8000 3
0

3.6
Synthetic AI log Density of shale
s
seismic
2 95 0 2 95 0
> 2.300g/cc
2 95 0 2 95 0 2 95 0

Shale: low density

and low velocity 3 00 0 3 00 0 3 00 0 3 00 0 3 00 0

s s s s s

Bright-spot 3 05 0 3 05 0 3 05 0 3 05 0 3 05 0

Not sand

Bright-spot

3 10 0 3 10 0 3 10 0 3 10 0 3 10 0

Shale: low
density and
low velocity shaly sand
3 15 0 3 15 0 3 15 0 3 15 0 3 15 0

6 3 20 0 3 20 0 3 20 0 3 20 0 3 20 0
3 Why Elastic Inversion Prediction?
“Bright Spot” caused by non-reservoir in Mahanadi basin (India)

7
3 Why Elastic Inversion Prediction?
“Bright Spot” caused by brine (South China Sea)

Sand1 gas
Bright spot

Sand with brine

Bright spot

CRP gather at well A4

Gas Gas Brine Gas
Sand with brine Bright spot

Bright spot
Bright spot Wet sand
Bright spot Class III AVO

Two brine-bearing sands exhibit amplitude “bright spot”

behavior.
（Zhang Weiwei, 2012, China offshore oil and gas）
8
3 Why Elastic Inversion Prediction?
“Bright Spot” caused by brine and low gas-saturation (GOM)

(Quote from Roderick et al., 2001, Deep wells in deep water: GOM )

The frequency of unexpected AVO responses for brine sands is 62%. Class IV AVO
responses of brine sand is much more than that of gas sand.
9
 4 Common elastic properties
Common elastic properties
Name Elastic property Lithology? Fluid? Sw?
Vp P_wave velocity √ √
Vs S_wave velocity √
ρ Bulk density √ √
σ Poission's ratio √ √ √
Vp/Vs √ √
K Bulk modulus √ √
Ip(AI) P_wave impedance √ √
Is S_wave impedance √
EI(30) elastic impedance √ √
λ Lamémodulus √ √ √
μ Shear modulus √
λ/μ √ √
λρ Lambda-Rho √ √ √
μρ Mu-Rho √ √
E Young's modulus √

10
 4 AVO three-term equation

R=f(θ, x, y, z)
Aki & Rechards公式（1980）, ，直接求解纵波速度Vp、
横波速度Vs和密度ρ
2

Rpp   
1

sec2 
Vp
Vp
 Vs 
 4  sin 2 
Vs

1  Vs 2  
1  4 2 sin 2  
  
2 Vp  Vs 2  Vp 

Shuey公式（1980）, ，求解A、B、C，也称ABC反演

   1 Vp Vs 
2
1  Vp Vs   
R PP ( )      •  2  •  2  • sin 2 
2  Vp    2 Vp Vp    Vs 
 
A

1 Vp
2 Vp

• tan 2   sin 2   B

11
 4 AVO three-term equation
✓ Robust and anti-noise elastic inversion method
Gray F.D. equation（1999）， direct inversion of K, Rho, Lambda, Mu
2
 1 1 Vs 2    Vs   1 2    1 1 2  
Rpp     
2 
• 
sec 2

    •  sec   2 sin 2  
  Vp   2
   sec  
 4 2 Vp    2 4  

2
 1 1 Vs 2  k  Vs   1 2 2    1 1 2  
Rpp     2
 • 
sec 2

    • 
k  Vp   3
sec   2 sin      sec  
 4 3 Vp    2 4  

Zong Zhaoyun equation (2012)，direct inversion of Young’s Modulus: E

1 Vs 2  E
R pp    
4 sec 2
  2 sin 2  
 •
 Vp 2
 E
1
  sec2 
  
2k 2  3 • 2k 2  1   2k 2 sin 2  •
1  2k 2 
 • 
4


4k 2  3 • k 2  3  4k 2 


1 1   Vs 2
k  2
 2  4 sec  
   • 
2
Vp
 
Shuey equation ()，direct inversion of A, B, C
   1 Vp Vs 
2
1  Vp Vs   
R PP ( )      •  2  •  2  • sin 2 
2  Vp    2 Vp Vp    Vs 
 
A

1 Vp
2 Vp

• tan 2   sin 2   B

Ten independent elastic properties can be

solved using different equation.
12
 5 El, YES! AI, NO!

Shear wave
2.60s
velocity
inverted
2.65s

Stacked
seismic
2.60s

2.65s

DEN EI(30)

13 Vs AI
 5 El, YES! AI, NO!
Quantitative elastic prediction is the effective method to differentiate gas-bearing
carbonate from tight carbonate when AI does not work

Gas-bearing
carbonate

gas
fizz
water
water
target

gas
target

DEN AI
14
 www.elsiwave.com
A Reliable Elastic Prediction
 4 各种弹性参数之间的关系

弹性参数之间的关系

16
 讲义提纲
AVO

垂直入射反射系数表达式：R=f(Z1, Z2)

非垂直入射反射系数表达式：R=f(θ, x, y, z), 其中θ为入射角；x, y, z为10个独立弹性参数中

的3个。

各种岩性、储层、流体偏移地震振幅反射特征（预测能力）

两参数（two-terms）AVO属性反演及传统AVO属性，R=f(θ, x, y)，𝐑𝒑𝒑(𝜽) = 𝑷 + 𝑮 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜽

叠后振幅及传统AVO及属性的局限性

弹性预测的力量-10个独立弹性参数及扩展弹性参数的物理意义及在弹性预测中的作用

三参数（three-terms）定量弹性反演

如何提高弹性预测的精度

17
2 Amplitude response of shale, sand and carbonate
 火山岩岩性的叠加振幅反射特征
一般情形，火山岩的速度较碎屑岩的速度大，因此波阻抗也较大， --------------
所以火山岩顶的反射系数较大。一般地，火山岩顶具有较强的叠加
--------------
-------------- Surface
振幅特征。 Z1=ρ1ν1
Z2=ρ2ν2

𝒁𝟐−𝒁𝟏
R=
𝒁𝟐+𝒁𝟏

18