Nanoscience and nanotechnology involve the ability to see and to control individual atoms and

molecules. Everything on Earth is made up of atoms—the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the
buildings and houses we live in, and our own bodies.

But something as small as an atom is impossible to see with the naked eye. In fact, it’s impossible to see
with the microscopes typically used in a high school science classes. The microscopes needed to see
things at the nanoscale were invented relatively recently—about 30 years ago.

Once scientists had the right tools, such as the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the atomic
force microscope (AFM), the age of nanotechnology was born.

Although modern nanoscience and nanotechnology are quite new, nanoscale materials were used for
centuries. Alternate-sized gold and silver particles created colors in the stained glass windows of
medieval churches hundreds of years ago. The artists back then just didn’t know that the process they
used to create these beautiful works of art actually led to changes in the composition of the materials
they were working with.

Today's scientists and engineers are finding a wide variety of ways to deliberately make materials at the
nanoscale to take advantage of their enhanced properties such as higher strength, lighter
weight, increased control of light spectrum, and greater chemical reactivity than their larger-scale
counterparts.

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to
100 nanometers.

Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be
used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and
engineering.
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at the nanometer scale, where unique
phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology,
nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.
Nanotechnologies involve the design, characterization, production, and application of nanoscale structures,
devices, and systems that produces structures, devices, and systems with at least one novel/superior
characteristic or property.

What is Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is a field of research and innovation concerned with building 'things' - generally,
materials and devices - on the scale of atoms and molecules. A nanometre is one-billionth of a metre:
ten times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. The diameter of a human hair is, on average, 80,000
nanometres. At such scales, the ordinary rules of physics and chemistry no longer apply. For instance,
materials' characteristics, such as their colour, strength, conductivity and reactivity, can differ
substantially between the nanoscale and the macro. Carbon 'nanotubes' are 100 times stronger than
steel but six times lighter.

HOW IT STARTED

The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started with a talk entitled “There’s
Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at
the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959, long before the term
nanotechnology was used.

In his talk, Feynman described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control
individual atoms and molecules.

Over a decade later, in his explorations of ultraprecision machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined
the term nanotechnology. It wasn't until 1981, with the development of the scanning tunneling
microscope that could "see" individual atoms that modern nanotechnology began.

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

In order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology, we need to get an idea of the units of
measure involved. A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter, a millimeter is one-thousandth of a meter,
and a micrometer is one-millionth of a meter, but all of these are still huge compared to the nanoscale.
A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter, smaller than the wavelength of visible light and a
hundred-thousandth the width of a human hair [source: Berkeley Lab].

As small as a nanometer is, it's still large compared to the atomic scale. An atom has a diameter of about
0.1 nm. An atom's nucleus is much smaller -- about 0.00001 nm. Atoms are the building blocks for all
matter in our universe. You and everything around you are made of atoms. Nature has perfected the
science of manufacturing matter molecularly. For instance, our bodies are assembled in a specific
manner from millions of living cells. Cells are nature's nanomachines. At the atomic scale, elements are
at their most basic level. On the nanoscale, we can potentially put these atoms together to make almost
anything.

It’s hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology is. One nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-
9 of a meter. Here are a few illustrative examples:

 There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch

 A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nanometers thick
 On a comparative scale, if a marble were a nanometer, then one meter would be the size of the
Earth

What Can Nanotechnology Do?

Nanotechnology is hailed as having the potential to increase the efficiency of energy consumption, help
clean the environment, and solve major health problems. It is said to be able to massively increase
manufacturing production at significantly reduced costs. Products of nanotechnology will be smaller,
cheaper, lighter yet more functional and require less energy and fewer raw materials to manufacture,
claim nanotech advocates.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s almost all industrialized nations created nanotechnology initiatives,
leading to a worldwide proliferation of nanotechnology activities.

Effects of Nanotechnology on Health and Sanitation

Nanotechnology is already useful as a tool in health care research. In January 2005, researchers at the
US Massachusetts Institute of Technology used 'optical tweezers' - pairs of tiny glass beads are brought
together or moved apart using laser beams - to study the elasticity of red blood cells that are infected
with the malaria parasite. The technique is helping researchers to better understand how malaria
spreads through the body.

Nanotechnology Applications in:

Medicine

Researchers are developing customized nanoparticles the size of molecules that can deliver drugs
directly to diseased cells in your body. When it's perfected, this method should greatly reduce the
damage treatment such as chemotherapy does to a patient's healthy cells.

Electronics

Nanotechnology holds some answers for how we might increase the capabilities of electronics devices
while we reduce their weight and power consumption.

Food

Nanotechnology is having an impact on several aspects of food science, from how food is grown to how
it is packaged. Companies are developing nanomaterials that will make a difference not only in the taste
of food, but also in food safety, and the health benefits that food delivers.

Fuel Cells

Nanotechnology is being used to reduce the cost of catalysts used in fuel cells to produce hydrogen ions
from fuel such as methanol and to improve the efficiency of membranes used in fuel cells to separate
hydrogen ions from other gases such as oxygen.

Solar Cells

Companies have developed nanotech solar cells that can be manufactured at significantly lower cost
than conventional solar cells.

Batteries

Companies are currently developing batteries using nanomaterials. One such battery will be a good as
new after sitting on the shelf for decades. Another battery can be recharged significantly faster than
conventional batteries.

Space

Nanotechnology may hold the key to making space-flight more practical. Advancements in
nanomaterials make lightweight spacecraft and a cable for the space elevator possible. By significantly
reducing the amount of rocket fuel required, these advances could lower the cost of reaching orbit and
traveling in space.

Fuels

Nanotechnology can address the shortage of fossil fuels such as diesel and gasoline by making the
production of fuels from low grade raw materials economical, increasing the mileage of engines, and
making the production of fuels from normal raw materials more efficient.

Better Air Quality

Nanotechnology can improve the performance of catalysts used to transform vapors escaping from cars
or industrial plants into harmless gasses. That's because catalysts made from nanoparticles have a
greater surface area to interact with the reacting chemicals than catalysts made from larger particles.
The larger surface area allows more chemicals to interact with the catalyst simultaneously, which makes
the catalyst more effective.

Cleaner Water

Nanotechnology is being used to develop solutions to three very different problems in water quality.
One challenge is the removal of industrial wastes, such as a cleaning solvent called TCE, from
groundwater. Nanoparticles can be used to convert the contaminating chemical through a chemical
reaction to make it harmless. Studies have shown that this method can be used successfully to reach
contaminates dispersed in underground ponds and at much lower cost than methods which require
pumping the water out of the ground for treatment.

Chemical Sensors

Nanotechnology can enable sensors to detect very small amounts of chemical vapors. Various types of
detecting elements, such as carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide nanowires or palladium nanoparticles can be
used in nanotechnology-based sensors. Because of the small size of nanotubes, nanowires, or
nanoparticles, a few gas molecules are sufficient to change the electrical properties of the sensing
elements. This allows the detection of a very low concentration of chemical vapors.

Sporting Goods

If you're a tennis or golf fan, you'll be glad to hear that even sporting goods has wandered into the nano
realm. Current nanotechnology applications in the sports arena include increasing the strength of tennis
racquets, filling any imperfections in club shaft materials and reducing the rate at which air leaks from
tennis balls.

Fabric

Making composite fabric with nano-sized particles or fibers allows improvement of fabric properties
without a significant increase in weight, thickness, or stiffness as might have been the case with
previously-used techniques.
In a nutshell: the mechanical rules that govern the nanoworld are quite different from our everyday,
macroworld experience. This allows the fabrication of novel materials and applications that otherwise would
not be possible.
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