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Fluid-Flow Basics:
• In analysing systems involving fluid flow, it is necessary to
divide flow regimes into laminar flow and turbulent flow,
according to the magnitude of the Reynolds number.
• If the Reynolds number is greater than about 3000 to 4000,
then the flow is turbulent.
• The flow is laminar if the Reynolds number is less than about
2000.
• In the laminar case, fluid flow occurs in streamlines with no
turbulence.
• Systems involving laminar flow may be represented by linear
differential equations.
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
Liquid-Level Systems:
• Industrial processes often involve flow of liquids through
connecting pipes and tanks.
• The flow in such processes is often turbulent and not laminar.
• Systems involving turbulent flow often have to be represented
by nonlinear differential equations.
• If the region of operation is limited, however, such nonlinear
differential equations can be linearized.
• We shall discuss such linearized mathematical models of liquid-
level systems in this section.
• Note that the introduction of concepts of resistance and
capacitance for such liquid-level systems enables us to describe
their dynamic characteristics in simple forms.
Process Instrumentation and Control (ICE 401)
Dr. S.Meenatchisundaram, MIT, Manipal, Aug – Nov 2015
Liquid-Level Systems:
Hydraulic Resistance:
• Figure shows liquid flow in a pipe, with a restricting device
(a valve) providing a hydraulic resistance (Rh) to the flow.
• Note that the walls of the pipe will also provide a small
amount of resistance to flow, depending on how rough they
are.
dh(t )
qi (t ) − q0 (t ) = A
dt
dh
Rh =
dq0
τ = ARh = 500s