Periodicity HL

Mr. Steiner
We Are Here

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 Transition Metal Complexes
-Introduction

● Objectives:

● Describe the properties of transition metals

● Understand the term ligands

● Understand and explain the formation of transition metal complexes

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 Transition Elements
The d-block elements are found in the central block of the periodic table

The transition elements are a subset of these and Zn not a part of the family.

Transition elements have a partially filled d-sublevel in one of its common oxidation
states.

● Properties of the transition metals include:

● Variable oxidation states (for example iron: Fe2+, Fe3+)
● Formation of coloured compounds
● Catalytic properties
● Formation of complex ions
● Fe, Co and Ni are ferromagnetic.

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Variable Oxidation Number
Elements Outer electronic Oxidation states
configuration Common
Sc 3d14s2 +2, +3
Ti 3d24s2 +2, +3, +4
V 3d34s2 +2, +3, +4, +5
Cr 3d54s1 +2, +3, +4, +5, +6
Mn 3d54s2 +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7
Fe 3d64s2 +2, +3, +4, +5, +6
Co 3d74s2 +2, +3, +4, +5
Ni 3d84s2 +2, +3, +4
Cu 3d104s1 +1, +2 , +3
Zn 3d104s2 +2
 Variable Oxidation States

● 3d and 4s electrons have very similar energies.

● There is no sudden increase in successive IEs in the d-block, as

there is with s-block elements.

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Colors of Ions

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Breathalyser uses
Chromium ions

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 Ligands
● A ligand is a species with a lone pair
that can donate a lone pair to a
central metal ion.

● They can be negative ions or neutral

atoms.

● Common ligands include:

● Water, H2O
● Ammonia, NH3
● Chloride, Cl-
● Hydroxide, OH-
● Cyanide, CN-
● Thiocyanate, SCN-

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 Transition Metal Complexes
● The lone pair on a ligand can form a dative covalent bond to a metal ion to form a transition metal complex.

● [Fe(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(CN)6]3-

● [Cu(Cl)4]2- [Ag(NH3)2]+

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 Ligand Exchange
● v

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 4-
EDTA
(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)

● m

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 Catalysts
● Heterogenous catalyst – Catalysts in a different state from the
reactants.
● E.g. Iron in the Haber process

● N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

● Palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) in catalytic convertors

● 2CO + 2NO → 2CO2 + N2

● MnO2 in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

● 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

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 Homogenous Catalyst
● These are in the same state as the reactants.
● Iron (Fe2+) in heme
● oxygen binds to Fe2+

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 Homogenous Catalyst
● Cobalt (Co3+) in vitamin B12
● Vitamin B12 is needed for the
production of red blood cells and for
a healthy nervous system.

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 Colors of Complexes

Affected by:
● The identity of the metal ions

● The identity of the ligand

● The oxidation state of the complex

● (How many ligands are attached to the complex)

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 Colors of complex ions

● As the isolated atom, all of the d-orbitals have exactly the same energy but
if the atom or ion is surrounded by charged ions or polar molecules a
change occurs.

● D-orbitals are usually split into 2 groups – 3 lower energy orbitals and 2
higher energy orbitals.

● The difference in energy between the 2 groups depend on the ligand the
metal ion is attached to.

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Complementary Colors

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Colors and Wavelengths

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● When white light passes through the complex some energy is
absorbed.

● This energy is used to promote electrons from the lower to the

higher d-sublevel.

● The compound appears colored as some frequencies have been

absorbed.

● For Cu(II) compounds, orange light is absorbed so the compounds

appear blue-green.

● The higher the attraction between the ligand and metal ion the more of
a split in the d subshells and thus a higher amount of energy will be
absorbed.

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The Color Wheel

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 Charge Density
● Ligands can be arranged in a spectrochemical series according to the
energy difference they produce between the two sets of d-orbitals in an
octahedral complex.

● The spectrochemical series is given in section 15 of the IB Data booklet.

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Coordination Complexes

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The visible spectrum ranges from 400 nm to about 700 nm. The color we see depends on wavelength.
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 Magnetic Property
● Each spinning electron acts as magnetic
 Magnetic Property
● Diamagnetic: contain only paired electrons
● Not attracted, even weakly repelled by external
magnetic field

● Zinc: Diamagnetic
 Magnetic Property
● Paramagnetic: contain unpaired electrons
● Slightly attracted by external magnetic field
● Do not retain magnetic property when external
magnetic field removed
 Magnetic Property
● Ferromagnetic: contain
unpaired electrons
● Iron, cobalt and nickel
● Strongly attracted by
external magnetic field,
strongest magnetic
property
● Domains remain align
even when external
magnetic field is
removed
 Paramagnetism and
Diamagnetism
● ,

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 Key Points
Transition metals form ions with partially filled d-orbitals.

● Ligands are species that can donate a lone pair to the central metal ion e.g. water and
cyanide ions.

● Ligands will form dative covalent bonds with transition metals forming complex ions. The
formation of complexes causes d-orbitals to split into two energy levels.

● Electron transitioning between these energy levels give rise to their color.

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 Key Points
● Some transition metals have magnetic properties.

● Most can act as catalysts and are very important in industrial chemistry
e.g. manufacture of sulfuric acid.

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