Mekanika Fluida Dan Hidrolika

Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika
(TSP – 619215)
© Ngakan Putu Purnaditya - FT Untirta
Oleh:
Ngakan Putu Purnaditya, M.T.
Jurusan Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa
V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika
Preface
• List of Subjects.
• Prerequisites.
• Literatures.
• Term and Condition of Final Score Consideration.

List of Subjects
The following subjects will be presented along this semester
Basic considerations.
Static of fluids.
Kinematic of fluids.
The integral of fundamental laws.

The differential of fundamental laws.
The internal flow.
The flow in the piping system.
Open-channel flow.

Prerequisites
To obtain the great achievement in this course, students must have the
following prerequisites
Basic physics.
Mathematics.

Literatures Refered to
1. M. Potter, D. Wiggert, and B. Ramadan, Mechanics of Fluids, 4th ed.
Boston: Cengage Learning, 2012.
2. B. Triatmodjo, Hidraulika I. Yogyakarta: Beta Offset, 1991.
3. Y. A. Cengel and J. M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Applications, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.
4. V. L. Streeter and B. Wylie, Fluid Mechanics, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-
Hill, 1975.
5. B. Triatmodjo, Hidraulika II. Yogyakarta: Beta Offset, 1993.
6. P. Swamee and A. Sharma, Design of Water Supply Pipe Networks. New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
7. V. Te Chow, Open Channel Hydraulics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.
8. Another refeference which related to.
Terms and Condition of Final Score
The final score will considered based on the condition follows:
Mid-term exam (UTS) : 35%
Final exam (UAS) : 35%
Assignement : 30%
Percentages of attendances (PA) : 75%
“If PA < 75% with the minimum final score is B  the final score will be
two steps downgraded”.

Basic Considerations
• Units and Dimensions.

• Basic Properties of Plane Surface.
• Continuum Consideration.
• Pressure Scales.
• Physical Properties of Fluids.
• The Fundamental Laws of Mechanics of Fluids.
• Thermodynamics.

Units, Dimensions and Physical
Quantities
The physical quantities (i.e force, mass, etc)  stated as unit and
dimension terminology.
SI Units
English Units
Units
Fundamental Units
Derived Units



Basic Properties of Plane Surface
The general plane surface in mechanics of fluids are follows
Rectangular.
Triangular.
Circular.

Rectangular Section
o o h 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏
1
h/2 𝑦𝑦𝑜𝑜 = ℎ
2
1
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 𝑏𝑏ℎ3
12

Triangular Section
1
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏
o o h 2
1
h/3 𝑦𝑦𝑜𝑜 = ℎ
3
1
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 𝑏𝑏ℎ3
b 36
Circular Section
o o 1
𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2
4
1
𝑦𝑦𝑜𝑜 = 𝐷𝐷
2
1
D 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷4
64
Continuum Consideration
In analytical and mathematical approach to fluid mechanics analysis, the
basic assumption is necessary.
The basic assumption  the molecular structure actually is replaced by

the continuous media hypothetically.
That assumption is known as continuum approach. Therefore the

continuum is gases or fluids distribution along its region continuously.

Pressure Scales
In fluid mechanics  pressure defined as force acts on an area or
mathematically stated as
∆𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛
𝑝𝑝 = lim
∆𝐴𝐴→0 ∆𝐴𝐴
Pressure are distinguished into two main terms

Absolute pressure
Gage pressure


The relationship between absolute pressure and gage pressure
illustrated as equation below
𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔


Physical Quantities of Fluids
Fluid Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity.
Fluid density 𝜌𝜌  the ratio of mass of fluids to volume of fluids and written
simply as
𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝜌 =
∀
In SI unit:
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
Fluid density, 𝜌𝜌 𝑚𝑚 3
Mass, 𝑚𝑚 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
Volume, ∀ 𝑚𝑚3

Specific weight 𝛾𝛾  the ratio of weight of fluid to volume of fluid.
Consider that the term of weight is
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Hence, the specific weight can be translated into the equation below.
𝑊𝑊 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝛾𝛾 = = = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
∀ ∀
𝑁𝑁
Remember that in SI unit  𝑊𝑊 𝑚𝑚3

And the finally, specific gravity 𝑆𝑆 is defined as the rato of either fluid
(substance) density and specific weight to WATER density and specific
weight.
𝜌𝜌 𝛾𝛾
𝑆𝑆 = =
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤
The subscript w denotes the water.
Viscosity
Viscosity  the internal stickiness of a fluid.

Viscosity accompanied to gradient of velocity generally results the shear
stress of fluid.
Their relationship can be written as general equation of shear stress

below
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜏𝜏 = 𝜇𝜇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝜇𝜇 𝑚𝑚2
is known as dynamic viscosity.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
is the gradient of velocity or strain rate.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑁𝑁
𝜏𝜏 𝑚𝑚2
is the shear stress.
Another side of viscosity terminology is kinematic viscosity 𝜈𝜈 which is

formulated as the equation below
𝜇𝜇
𝜈𝜈 =
𝜌𝜌

The concept of viscosity can be applied to fluid in the gap of two
cylinders.
The outer cylinder on steady

position, while the inner cylinder is
rotating.
The velocity is stated as 𝜔𝜔𝑅𝑅 and it will be fluctuated along h, therefore
the gradient velocity become
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ℎ
In this condition, we can relate the torque moment, T to viscosity through

the equation
𝑇𝑇 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑇𝑇 = 𝜇𝜇 𝑥𝑥 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑅
ℎ
2𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅3 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑇𝑇 =
ℎ
The relationship between the gradient of velocity and viscosity results the
type of fluid.

Compressibility
In another the point of view, the shear stress effect can make fluid
deformation.
Not only shear stress effect, but also the changes of pressure can make
fluid deformation.
If pressure ↑ , then the volume ↓ or fluid density ↑  in compress

condition.
To describe the compressibility of fluid, the Bulk Modulus can be applied.

The Bulk Modulus of elasticity is the ratio between the changes of
pressure to relative the changes of volume or density. The following
equation describes the Bulk Modulus of elasticity
∆𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑝𝑝
𝐵𝐵 = lim − = lim
∆∀→0 ∆∀� ∆𝜌𝜌→0 ∆𝜌𝜌
�𝜌𝜌
∀
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐵𝐵 = −∀ = 𝜌𝜌
𝜕𝜕∀ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
The Bulk Modulus of Elasticity also called as coefficient of compressibility

Surface Tension
Surface tension  the fluid property that result from the attractive force
between molecules.
There are two interfaces of surface to describe the surface tension. They
are droplet interface and bubble interface.

Based on that illustration, the force pressure will equal to surface tension
acts the circumstance of droplet and bubble.
On the droplet surface

𝑝𝑝𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅2 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
2𝜎𝜎
𝑝𝑝 =
𝑅𝑅
On the bubble surface

𝑝𝑝𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅2 = 4𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
4𝜎𝜎
𝑝𝑝 =
𝑅𝑅

The surface tension terminology can be used in some cases, i.e capillarity
tube on the picture below.

The force equilibrium on the capillarity tube can be formed as
𝑊𝑊 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 cos 𝛽𝛽
1
Since 𝑊𝑊 = 𝛾𝛾∀= 𝛾𝛾 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2 ℎ , then the force equilibrium become
4
1
𝛾𝛾 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2 ℎ = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 cos 𝛽𝛽
4
Or
4𝜎𝜎 cos 𝛽𝛽
ℎ=
𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾

The Fundamental Laws of
Mechanics of Fluids
In entire of mechanics of fluid courses, we only discuss about the
application of the following fundamental laws
Mass conservation law.

Energy conservation law.

Momentum conservation law.

Thermodynamic
Ideal Gas Law
The ideal gas law is stated as
𝑝𝑝 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
Where,
𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝  absolute pressure.

𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝜌𝜌 𝑚𝑚3
 density.
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑅𝑅 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾.𝐾𝐾
 gas constant.
𝑇𝑇 𝐾𝐾  absolute temperature.

The gas constant related to universal gas constant 𝑅𝑅𝑢𝑢 by the relationship
𝑅𝑅𝑢𝑢
𝑅𝑅 =
𝑀𝑀
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑅𝑅𝑢𝑢 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘.𝐾𝐾
 universal gas constant, 𝑅𝑅𝑢𝑢 = 8,314 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘.𝐾𝐾 .
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑀𝑀 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
 molar mass.
Another form of ideal gas law is written as
𝑝𝑝∀= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Since m/M is number of moles, n, then
𝑝𝑝∀= 𝑛𝑛𝑅𝑅𝑢𝑢 𝑇𝑇
The First Law Thermodynamics

The first law thermodynamics states that when a system which is a fix
quantity of fluid, changes from state 1 to state 2, its energy content

changes from E1 to E2 by energy exchanges with its surroundings.
𝑄𝑄1−2 − 𝑊𝑊1−2 = 𝐸𝐸1 − 𝐸𝐸2

The terminology of energy, E represent the total energy, which consist
1
Kinetic energy, 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 = 𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉 2
2
Potential energy, 𝐸𝐸𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Internal energy, 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼 = 𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑢�
Hence,
𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 + 𝐸𝐸𝑝𝑝 + 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼

1 2
𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉 + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 + 𝑢𝑢�
2

The work, W resulted by the force acts along the system boundary, l.
𝑙𝑙2
𝑊𝑊1−2 = � 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝑙𝑙1
𝑙𝑙2
𝑊𝑊1−2 = � 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑙𝑙1
∀2
𝑊𝑊1−2 = � 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝∀
∀1

Static of FLuids
• Pressure at Point.
• Pressure Variation.
• Fluids at Rest.
• Fluids at Relative Equilibrium.

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V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

The integral of fundamental laws.

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

Percentages of attendances (PA) : 75%

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

• Units and Dimensions.

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

The basic assumption  the molecular structure actually is replaced by

the continuous media hypothetically.

That assumption is known as continuum approach. Therefore the

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

Pressure are distinguished into two main terms

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

The subscript w denotes the water.

Viscosity  the internal stickiness of a fluid.

Their relationship can be written as general equation of shear stress

Another side of viscosity terminology is kinematic viscosity 𝜈𝜈 which is

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

The outer cylinder on steady

In this condition, we can relate the torque moment, T to viscosity through

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

If pressure ↑ , then the volume ↓ or fluid density ↑  in compress

To describe the compressibility of fluid, the Bulk Modulus can be applied.

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

The Bulk Modulus of Elasticity also called as coefficient of compressibility

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

On the droplet surface

On the bubble surface

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

Mass conservation law.

Energy conservation law.

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝  absolute pressure.

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

Another form of ideal gas law is written as

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

The First Law Thermodynamics

quantity of fluid, changes from state 1 to state 2, its energy content

𝑄𝑄1−2 − 𝑊𝑊1−2 = 𝐸𝐸1 − 𝐸𝐸2

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 + 𝐸𝐸𝑝𝑝 + 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

V.8.2019 Mekanika Fluida dan Hidraulika

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