PHYSICS
W 0 R k , P 0 W E R &
The aim of this feature is to prepare Class XI students for competition exams, like HT, AIEEE, NEET-UG, AIIMS, and
other State Level Engineering/Medical Exams.
Work
Ordinarily by the term work we mean any activity resulting
in muscular or mental exertion. However, in Physics/Me-
chanics, "work" is used for a specific purpose. Work is said
to be done by a force on a body when the body gains some
energy due to the action of that force.
Mathematically, work is measured by the dot product
of force and the displacement at the point of application of
force.
W = F.s = Fscos0, \ •;
where 0 is the angle between the direction of applied force
and the resulting displacement.
If force applied is not constant throughout, then
Work W = jF.ds
If force and displacement are in same direction then
W = Fs = JFi/S .
However, for motion in a plane/space,
W = | , . s = ( P j e i + P j r . y + F,js)
Positive and negative work : If 0 between p and s is
an acute angle then the work done by the force is positive.
Positive work means that the force (or its component) is
along the direction of displacement. On the other hand work
done is negative if 9 is an obtuse angle. Negative wori^means
that force (or its component) is opposite to the displacement.
As an illustration, when a person goes upstairs he is
doing positive work against the force of gravity but the work
done by the force of gravity on that person is negative.
Again when a body is pulled on a rough level surface,
the work done by the pulling force is positive but the work
done by frictional force is negative.
An interesting result : If value of 0 between, p and s be
exactly equal to 90°, then inspite of the fact that a force is
being applied and displacement is also taking place, the
work done is zero. Work done by a coolie while carrying a
load on a railway platform against gravity is zero. Again
for uniform circular motion work done by centripetal force
is zero because displacement is at right angle to the direction
of force. Similarly work done by Lorentz magnetic force on
a moving charged.particle, work done by a Coulombian
force on electron revolving in its orbit, 'work done by
gravitational force on motion of planets and satellites is
also zero.
Work depends on the frame of reference : With change
of frame of reference (assuming it to be an inertial frame)
force does not change. However, the displacement changes.
Consequently work done will be different in different frames.
Example. 1. Consider a man pushing a box inside a
moving train. In the frame train the work done is F.s
where S is displacement of box with respect to its initial
position in - train. However, in the frame of earth the work
done is F. (s + s0 ), where s0 is the displacement of the train
relative to ground during that time.
2. Consider a porter with luggage on his head moving
up a staircase. Work done by the lifting force relative to
porter is zero but relative to ground work done is finite and
positive.
Conservative and, non-conservative forces :
Conservative forces are the forces, work done by which are
independent of the path followed; The amount of work
simply depends on initial position and final position but is
independent of the actual path followed. Moreover, work
done by a conservative force for a closed path, where final
position is same as the initial position, is always zero.
Gravitational force, fqrce of gravity, electrostatic force are
examples of conservative forces.
Non-conservative forces are those for which work done
depends on the actual path followed. Force of friction,
viscous force due to fluids etc. are examples of non-
conservative forces.
Some special cases of work done :
(f) Work done against gravity : If a body of mass m is
raised to a vertical height h then work done against gravity
W = mgh, where F = mg is the. force applied against gravity.
(if) Work done against friction : If a vehicle is moving
then a frictional f o r c e d u e to kinetic friction is acting on it.
'Vehicle has to apply an equal force against friction and in
such a case, work done
W = Fs = / t s = (XtNs,
where N is the normal reaction.
(iff) If a gas is expanding, then for a small increase in
volume dV, the work done by the ga$ will be
dW = l>dy,
where P = pressure of the gas
FOUNDATION ÇOUKSE-XI
For a finite change, W'«JP.dV
(iv) Work done against elastic'springforce: If a spring of
fprce constant k is either elongated or compressed by a
distance then work doive for this is
W=-kx 2
2
(v) Work done front graph : If we plot a force-distance
curve, then area'under F-s curve gives the work done by
the force. Here area is to be calculated with proper algebraic
signs. ' .
For expansion of a gas if we draw an indicator diagram
(P-V diagram), then-area under this P-V curve will give
the total work done during that expansion.
(vi) If a number of forces F„F2,F3 etc. aré acting on
a body then net work done
W = jÊ,.ds + |F2.ds + JF3 M +....
=
J^resullanf^®-
An important point : Work done by a force depends
on magnitude of force, magnitude of displacement and the
angle 9 between directions of F and s, but the work does
not depend on the time t during which that displacement
has taken place.
Units of work : SI unit of work is 1 joule (1 J) where 1
J= lN-m.
C.G.S. unit of work done is 1 erg, where 1 erg - 10~7 J
In atomic and subatomic physics we use a unit electron
volt (1 eV) for work, where 1 éV » 1.6 * 1(H9 J.
Energy
Energy of a body is its capability! of doing work and is
measured by total amount of work which the body can do
. in all. Alternately, energy acquired by a body is equal to
the total amount of work done on it.
Energy is a scalar and its units and dimensions are
same as that of work.
Some other commonly Used units of energy are :
1 kilo Watt hour (1 kWh) = 3.6 x 106 J •
1 Calorie = 4.186 J — 4.2 J
Energy appeals in many forms such as mechanical,
i electrical, chemical, thermal, optical, acoustical, molecular,
atomic, nucjear, etc. and may change from one form to
another. According to Einstein's mass energy equivalence,
even mass is a form of energy and the two are correlated as
E = mc2.
Kinetic Energy
It is the energy associated with state of motion of an
object. Motion may be of any sort : translational or
rotational. A body of mass m moving with velocity v has
kinetic energy given by
K = -mv2
2 In case of a conservative force, change in potential
Regarding kinetic energy we must remember that :
(;) Kinetic energy is a scalar and is always positive.
Negative value of kinetic energy is not possible.
(if) The yalùe of kinetic energy of an object depends
on the choice of frame of reference. Kinetic energy of a
' person of mass m sitting in a bus/train moving with speed
1 2
p is zero in the frame of bus/train but is in the frame
of ground.
(iff) By definition, kinetic energy of a body K = - mv2
and momentum of the body p = mv.
... K = — or p = y/2mK
2m
The relation shows that no object can have kinetic
energy without having momentum and vice versa.
Work-energy Theorem
We can correlate the work done by all the forces acting
on a body (or system) to the change in kinetic energy of the
body (or system). The forces acting on the body may be
conservative or nonconservative or pseudo force or of any
other type. Thus, we have
Total work done on a body by all the forces acting on
it (W) = Increase in the kinetic energy of the body (AK)
The result is universally true. ' "
If work done on a b j d y is positive, i.e.,.body moves in
the direction of force, its kinetic energy increases, i.e., AK is
+ve. However, if work done on a body is negative i.e., body
moves in a direction opposite to the force then its kinetic
energy decreases, i.e., AK is -ve. As an example when a
body moves vertically upwards, work done by force of
gravity on it is -ve and hence kinetic energy of the body
decreases. Again for a body moving on a rough surface,
work done by frictional force is negative. As a result kinetic
energy of moving body decreases.
Potential energy
The potential energy of a body (or system) is the energy
stored in it by virtue of its position or its configuration.
Let a body be located in a conservative force field i.e.,
it is acted upon by a force p which depends on its position.
Suppose now an external force Fext is applied so that the
body is slowly moved from its initial position through a
displacement dr, then wôrk done by the external force
(against the conservative force F ) is ,
dW = ¥extJr=-¥Jr
This work is stored as 'potential energy' (or rather gain
in potential energy) of the body, i.e.
dV = -tJf ..
Uj
and f i U ' = - f F.dr
i.e., U2 - U, =-j*fxlr
energy is equal to rfegative of the work done by the,
conservative force acting on it in displacing the body from
some reference position to given position. If the body moves
 WORK^ POWER & ENERGY
opposite fo a conservativè force, work'done by the force planet.
will be negative and so change in potential energy will be Conservation of mechanical energy : Let us apply
positive, i.e., potential energy will increase. work-energy theorem to a system on which only
Regarding potential energy U, we must remember that : conservative forces are acting. Then, by definition change
(i) Potential energy can be defined only for in kinetic energy
conservative forces. It doe's not exist for non-conservative Kj - K , = Wj= jF.rff ...(f)
forces. and change in potential energy
(ii) Potential energy, may be positive or negative,
(ffi) Potential energy depends cm frame of reference. . U2-U,=-jF.dr ...(ii)
Types of potential energy : In Physics, we usually come => (K 2 -K,) + (U 2 -U 1 ) = 0
across following types of potential energies or K, + U2 = K, + U,
(f) Gravitational potential energy: It is the usual form or K + U - Constant = E •
of potential energy and is the energy associated with the Thus, ior an isolated system in the presence of .
state of separation between bodies that interact via conservative forces, the sum of kinetic and potential
gravitational'force. If two particles of masses m, arid m2 are energies at any point remains constant throughout the
separated by a distance r, then their potential energy is motion. In other words,
; A(K + U) = AE = 0,
U= - G » because E remains constant in a conservative field
r ' . 1
AK + AU = 0
For a body of mass m at height h relative to the surface
of earth (of radius R) the above relation is reduced to It means that if the kinetic energy of the body increases
M H
its potential energy must decrease by an equal amount and
TT _ 8
vice versa.
Conservation Law of Energy
• W - When both conservative as well as non-conservative
' If ft « R then U= mgh. Gravitational potential energy forces are acting on an isolated system, it is not the
may be positive or negative. mechanical energy alone which is conserved, but it leads
(ii) Elastic potential energy : It is the energy associated to conservation of total energy. Thus, we conclude that
with state of compression or expansion of an elastic spring energy may beT transformed from one kind to another but
(or springlike object) and is given by
'l * it can not be created or destroyed. The total energy of a
U = -JtAL 2 , ' • • • ( - _ system remains constant.
2
where k is force constant and AL is the elongation or
compression. Elastic potential energy is always positive.
(iff) Electric potential energy : It is associated with state
of separation between charged particles interacting via
electric force.
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy (E) of a body or system is defined
as the sum of its kinetic energy (K) and potential energy
(U),i.e. .
E = K+U
Regarding mechanical energy E, we must remember that
(f) • it depends; on the frame of reference.
(ii) a body may have mechanical energy without
haying either kinetic energy or potential energy. However,
if both K and U are zero then the mechanical energy will
also be zero.
(iff) 'as E = K + U and K is always +ve, hence E > U.
(iv) If U is +ve, E must be positive.
(v) If U is -ve and IUI < K, then mechanical energy E
willbe+iœ.
(vi) If U is -ve and IUI > K, then E = -ve.
Thus, a body can have negative mechanical energy if its
potential energy U is negative and in magnitude it is more
than kinetic energy K. Such a state is called the bound state
e.g., an electron in an atom or a satellite revolving around a
FOUNDATION COURSE-XI
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. A chain is held on a frictionless. table with one third of 17
(a) -mg (b) g"*
its length hanging over the edge. If the chain has a
length L and mass M, how much work is required to
pull the hanging part back on the table ? (c) - mg (d) %rng
(a) MgL (b) - M g L 8. A particlè, which is constrained to move along x-axis,
is subjected to a force in the saine direction which varies
(c) ^MgL (d) ^MgL with the distance x of the particle from the origin as
F(x) = -kx + ax3. Here k and a are positive constants. For
2. A stone tied to a string of length L is whirled in a x > 0, the functional form of the potential energy U(x)
vertical circle with the other and of the string at the of the particle is J

centre. At a certain instant of time, the stone is at its

lowest position and has a speed u. The magnitude of (a)
the change in its velocity âs it reaches à position, where
• *
the string is horizontal, is .
(a) ,Ju2 -2gL (b) V^L
(c) u,
(c) J u ' - g L (d) y]2(u2 - L )
3. A ball, whose K.E. is E, is projected at'an angle of 45° •X
to the horizontal. The kinetic energy of the ball at the
highest point of its flight will be
9. If momentum of a certain body is increased by 50%,
(a) E _ (b) ^ then increase in the kinetic energy of the body will be
(a) 25% ' (b) 50%
E
(c) (d) Zero (c) 100%. (d) 125%
10. A particle is released from a height h. At a certain height
4. A 0,5 kg ball is thrown up with an initial speed 14 ms_1 its K.E. is two times its P.E. Height and speed of the
and reaches a maximum height of 8m. How much particle at that instant are
energy is dissipated by air drag acting on thé ball
during the ascent ? h fâh
(*) 3 W' i - fe)
(a) 19.6 J. (b) 4.9J. ,
2 h \2gh-
(c) 10 J. ' (d) 9.8 J. (c) - J ^ - f - (d)
A car moving with a velocity of 50 km/h can be stopped
11. The effective length of a simple pendulum is 1.0 m and
by brakes after at least 6m. If the same car is moving at • the mass of its bob is, 40 g. The bob is displaced through
a speed of 100 km/h, the minimum stopping distance an angle of 60° and released. Find the kinetic ehergy
is . : ' ' when the string makes an angle of 30° with the vertical,
(a) 12 m. _ " (b) 18 m. (a) 0.14 J. '(b) 1.4 x 10-» J.
(c) 24 m. ' (d) 6 m v ; (ç) 5.2 x J. (d) Zero.
6. A bucket tied to a string is lowered at a constant 12. 250 N force is required to raise 75 kg mass using a
acceleration of g/4. If the mass of the bucket is m and is pulley. If rope is pulled 12 m, the load is lifted by 3 m.
lowered by a distance y, the work done by the string The efficiency of the pulley system will be
will be (assuming the string to be massless) (a) 25% ' (b) 33.3%
(c) 75% (d) 90%
(a) ~mgy (b) : mgy 13. The kinetic energy of a particle continuously increases
with time. Which of the following statements is/are
(c) ;mgy (d) ~mgy correct?
(a) The resultant force on the particle must be paral-
7. A small sphere of radius r rolls without FÂ lel to the velocity at all instants.
slipping inside a large hemispherical bowl (b) The resultant force on the particle must be at an
B
of radius R as shown in the Fig. If the sphere angle less than 90° all the time.
starts from rest at the top point of the hemisphere, find (c) Its height above the ground level must continu-
the normal force exerted hy the small sphere on the ously decrease.
hemisphere when it is at the bottom B of thé (d) The magnitude of its linear momentum is increas-
hemisphere. ing continuously.
 WORK^ POWER & ENERGY
14. A block of mass M is hanging over a smooth and light 20. According to observer II the potential energy of the
pulley through a light string. The other end of the string spring increases due to
is pulled by a constant force p. The kinetic energy of (a) positive work done by pseudo force.
the block increases by 20 J in Is. (b) positive work done by normal reaction.
(a) The tension in the string is Mg. -, (c) decrease in kinetic energy of the block.
(b) Thè tension in the string is F. (d) collision of block with it.
(c) The work done by the tension on the block is 20J
21. Match the columns
in the above Is. ,
(d) The work done by the force of gravity is -20 J in Column I Column II
the above Is. I. Work done by (A) zero work done
15. À simple pendulum of length I and mass m is oscillat- pseudo force
ing in a plane about a vertical with an angular ampli- •II. Uniform circular (B) constant kinetic
tude <{>. For an angular displacement 0 (where 0 < <j>) motion energy
the tension in the string is T and v is velocity of pendu- III. Work done by (C) change in kinetic
lum body. Under the above conditions wliich of the frictional forces , energy
following relations hold true ? IV. Force at obtuse (D) Negative work
(a) T c o s 0 = mg. (b) T-mg cos Q = mv1/l angle with dis-
(c) Tangential acceleration = -g sin 0 placement
(d) T = mg cos 0 Codes :
16. When a body is moving vertically upward with a con- (a) I-C, II-A,B, III-C,D, IV-D
stant speed, work done by (bj I-A,B, II-Â,C, III-C, IV-D
(a) lifting force is positive. (c) I-C, II-B, III-D, IV-C
(b) lifting force is negative. (d) I-A, II-C,B, III-D, IV-C,D '
(c) force of gravity is positive, 22. Assertion (A): The graph plotted between the elastic
(d) force of gravity is negative. potential energy of a spring and its
17. When a man walks on a horizontal surface with con- compression or elongation is a straight
stant velocity, work done by the line graph.
(a) friction force is zero. r . .
(b) contact force is zero. Reason (R): Elastic potential energy U = —fo:2,
(c) gravity is zero. (d) man is zero.
where x = compression or elongation.
Dierection. Q.18-20: Read the following passage care-
fully and answer the questions.
Passage
A block of mass m moving
with a velocity vQ on a smooth
horizontal surface strikes a
spring of force constant k as "o
shown in adjoining Fig. 5.25. k
The phenomenon is keenly ob- m TTTTTTT>
served by two observers : VVAVsVAWVV . W W
Observer I —» standing on the smooth horizontal sur-
face artd observer II standing on the block itself. On the
basis-of their likely observations answer the following ques-
tions :
18. For observer I, the work done by spring force is
1
(a) zero (b) •~mv\
1
(c) + 2- mv.' (d) None of these.
19. According to observer I.
(a) the K.E. of .the block is converted into the poten-
tial energy of the spring.
(b) the mechanical energy of the block-spring system
is conserved.
(c) the block loses its K.E. because of the negative
work done by the conservative force of spring.
(d) all the above statements (a), (b) and (c) are cor-
rect.
FOUNDATION ÇOUKSE-XI
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but R in not thé cor-
rect explanation of A . efficiency
(c) "A is true, R is false (d) A is false, R is true
Direction. Q.23-Z5: Answer to these question are,inte-
gers from 0001 to 9999.
23. A train of mass 1560 tonne has a constant speed of 15
ms_1 while negotiating a track up a hill. The track rises
1 in 100 from the horizontal. The power supplied by
\ the engine is 2400 kW. Find the resistance to the mo-
tion of the train, offered by frictional force. (Thke g «10
. ms~2).
24. A 10,000 kg engine is moving up a slope of a gradient
- 5" at a speed of 10 kmh"V The coefficient of friction
between the engine and rails is 0.1. If the engine has an
of 12% for conversion of
he a t into work, find the amount of coal,
the engine has to burn up in one hour. (Burning of 1 kg
of coal yields 250,000 joules).
25. A motorcycle, whose mass including that of its riderais
200 kg, can go at 10 ms~' up a plane of inclination 1 in
14 and at 20 ms -1 down the same plane» If the resistive
force varies as the square of the speed and the power
developed by motorcycle engine is constant, find the
power developed by the engine. (Given that g=9.8 ms2.)

•mm
1 '-ÉmÊfamÊbÈfaém ___
Q.l.(d) through y distance
Q.2.(d): From conservation law of energy
W = Tscosl80° = ^ | m g j |:x y x ( - l ) = - - m g y
T1 2 1 2
mgh—mv =—mu Q.7.(a): When the ^olid sphere rolls down,
2 2
Loss in G.P.E. - Gain in K.E. (translational and rota-
v = ^u2- 2gL tional both)
Directions of 1 1 1 2
mf?R
6 = - mv1+-1©2 = - mv1 + - x - mR2 x —r
v and u are mutu- 2 2 2 2 5 R2
ally at right angles 1 i 'I 7 2 10 „
Hence as shown in adjoin-. A =—mv +—mv 2 =—mv 2 => v =—s?R
2 5 10 7
ing figure At bottom point B, forces M A
and mg are acting such that their re-
| z>-«| = ^ W ) = J{u2 -2gV)+u2 = ^(u2-gL) '
sultant provides the requisite
Q.3.(b): At starting point K.E. = | mu2 = E contripetal force i.e.,
kT, mv2 m 10 D 10
At its highest point v = ux = «cos0=ucos45° » =— = - . y s R = y m*
J2
2 E
mil =— N = m g +, yWm g = 17
ymg
2 Q.8.(d): Here F(x) = -kx + ax3
Q.4.(d): Initial energy of ball E,=K.E. of b a l l - ~mv2
1 • »

... U(*) = -jF(x).dx = -J(-fcc + ox3)dx = ^x2-^x*

= |x0.5x(14)2=49J For small values of x, the first term will have greater
magnitude but for larger values of x, the second term will
Final energy of ball E2 = G.RE. of ball at highest point - have more magnitude. Hence initially U(x) increases with
mgh - 0.5 * 9.8 x 8 - 39.2 J .. - x but then begins to fall with x and finally becomes nega-
Energy dissipated by air during ascent *» E, - E2 tive, Thus, graph (d) is correct.
= 49 - 39.2 = 9.8 J.
Q,9 (d): K =
Q.5.(c): Least distance covered by car before coming
mv2
ê
to rest s = ——, where F is the constant retarding force due
2r '3 ^
to brakes. K2 _ ËL ôP 9 9
= - => K,2 = —K,
4 4 1
100 km/h
s2 — Sj = 6x = 24 m
V,
\ , J
50 km/h
Q.6.(c): As the bucket is moving down- \r U "KJ-KJ C C
or =4——_ = £xl00%=125%
ward with an acceleration a
~~>
I ., T
K, K, 4 4
4' 'O J^ rt
Q.10.(b): Let at height h v K.E « 2P.E.
Hence the tension in string j
mg(h-hl)=2xmghl =»
T = mg-mfl = m g - , in vertically
upward direction. i.e., 2h
the particle has fallen through "g"-
.-. Work done in lowering the bucket Z.