Candid Class 8 ECG

®
CANDID
TEACHER’S HANDBOOK
On
New Trends in English Grammar

and Composition
With Teaching Aids and Complete Solutions

of Textual Exercises
TEACHER’S HANDBOOK—8
Introduction
There is no denying the fact that English is one of the most popular languages of the
world today. Globalization has razed down the linguistic barriers of the world and it would
not be an exaggeration to say that English language has helped in bringing the people
together. In developing countries, the people find English as a window, nay, a door to
enter the brave new world. It is also universally acknowledged that English today has
adapted itself to its new roles and functions. In India also, English has come out from the
British or imperial closets and is dominating the dining tables and drawing rooms of most
of the houses. The School Education Boards have tried their best to make English relevant
to the domestic, scholastic, industrial and corporate needs of India.
New Trends in English Grammar and Composition series has been designed to
cater to the needs of the modern learners. The main purpose of this series is to lead these
young learners to the threshold of understanding English without any stress. It is learner-
centred and scientifically graded. It contains a rich variety of interesting and informative,
thematic and linguistic material.
TO THE TEACHER
This series offers concise and comprehensive coverage of the grammar necessary to be
a successful learner of English. The teacher is requested to break the age-old concept
about grammar that it is a boring and futile exercise. I agree with a famous columnist
Simon Jenkins who once remarked, “Today not to understand the structure of a sentence
is an overwhelming obstacle in the way of most gainful employment.” This series has paid
full attention to these basic items of grammar :
1. Parts of Speech
2. Tenses
3. Sentence Structure
4. The Participle
5. The Infinitive
6. The Gerund
7. Phrases
8. Clauses
9. Punctuation and
10. Capitalization
[2] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

1. Parts of Speech :
The teacher should explain different parts of speech in an interesting and practical
way.
Noun :
Words which are used as names of persons, animals, places or things are called
Nouns; as :
teacher, cow, park, table, queen, policeman, nest, country, hill, duck, den.
Pronoun :
Pronouns can be explained by giving personal examples as :
Smriti is a student of this school. She is my class fellow. She always stands first.
Verb :
Verbs can be described as ‘doing words’ as :
I write on the white board. Students listen to the teacher.
Adjective :
Adjectives are “describing words.”
The teacher should use a sentence so that students can understand an Adjective; as :
Swami’s parents love him. They are very nice. Bad students waste their time.
Adverb :
An adverb qualifies a Verb, an Adjective or an Adverb; as :
Mannat sleeps soundly. (qualifies verb : sleeps)
Mannat is very beautiful. (qualifies Adjective : beautiful)
Mannat spoke quite clearly. (qualifies Adverb : clearly)
Preposition :
Prepositions (of, off, to, in, into, at, before, after, etc.) are linking words. They come in
front of noun phrases and pronouns and tell us something about place, time, reason, etc.
The teacher may use such examples :
Students are sitting in the classroom.
A dog is sitting under the table.
He ran after the thief.
He jumped into the river.
Conjunction :
Conjunctions (and, but, yet, or, because, if, when, etc.) are joining words. Such examples
can be easy for the students to follow :
I like you but not your dress.
[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [3]

She is intelligent and brave.
Gaurav is working hard because he wants to stand first.
Take rest if you are exhausted.
Interjection :
Interjections are words like Oh !, Well !, Hello !, Alas !, Hurrah ! , expressing strong
emotions; as :
Well, I’m blowed.
Hurrah ! We have got the trophy.
Article :
First the students should be given information of the three Articles – a, an, the. Then
the teacher can give a lot of practice; as :
A banana. An apple. All the fruits.
2. Tenses :
Speaking and writing correct English is based on the correct use of tenses. The teacher
should not only teach tenses but also demonstrate the difference between different tenses.
Conditions for using different tenses should be made clear. Take these examples :
Science gave us many amenities of life. (Incorrect)
Science has given us many amenities of life. (Correct)
It is raining heavily in July and August. (Incorrect)
It rains heavily in July and August. (Correct)
3. Sentence Structure :
A Simple Sentence is one which has one Subject and one Predicate and, therefore,
only one Finite verb : They weep. / She sleeps. / Cuckoo sings.
Verb and Object : Sometimes the Predicate consists of a verb only : Sonia laughed./
Snow fell. In each sentence the verb is Intransitive.
But if the verb is Transitive, then the verb and its object together make up the Predicate,
as is shown below :
PREDICATE
Subject Finite verb Object
She takes milk.

He is reading a book.
Ankita has purchased a purse.
Bees gather honey.

4. The Participle
A participle is a word which is partly verb and partly an adjective. Hence, it is called
a verbal adjective.
Read the following sentences :
Yesterday I read an interesting novel.
The injured persons were taken to the hospital.
Seeing the danger, the child started crying.
She selected the box filled with sweets.
Disappointed with his life, he went to the Church.
In the above sentences the words interesting, injured, seeing, filled, disappointed
are formed from the verbs interest, injure, see, fill and disappoint. They qualify nouns
and pronouns novel, persons, child, box and he, like adjectives. Such describing words
have the nature of both verbs and adjectives and are called verbal adjectives or
participles.
5. The Infinitive :
The infinitive is a noun with certain features of the verb, especially that of taking an
object (when the verb is transitive) and adverbial qualifiers. In fact, the infinitive is a
verb-noun. It is usually introduced by ‘to’ ; as,
Children love to play.
The boy refused to obey his father.
Everybody wishes to enjoy his life.
6. The Gerund :
A Gerund is a verbal noun. It is formed from a verb and it does the work of a noun;
as,
I am fond of painting.
Smoking is bad for health.
7. Phrases :
A Phrase is a group of words which makes sense, but not complete sense. It has
neither a subject nor a predicate. It contains no Finite verb. It cannot make a statement
by itself.
A Phrase is usually a part of a sentence. If we add some words to the above phrases we
can get complete sentences; as,
(a) The students were playing in the hockey ground.
(b) She fell into the well.
(c) She talked to me in a rude manner.

8. Clauses :
A Clause is a combination of words which has a Subject and a Predicate, but which is
a part of a sentence; as,
You will see my brother when you go to school.
9. Punctuation and Capitalization :
The word ‘punctuation’ is derived from the Latin word ‘punctum’ which means a point.
It means the correct use of the various stops or marks in writing so as to make the meaning
of a sentence or a passage clear.
Compare these sentences :
The Inspector says, “The teacher is nice.”
“The Inspector,” says the teacher, “is nice.”
From the above, it is quite clear that stops may alter the sense of a sentence.
The Principal stops are :
1. Comma ( , ) 2. Semi-colon ( ; )
3. Colon ( : ) 4. Full stop ( . )
5. Sign of Interrogation ( ? ) 6. Sign of Exclamation ( ! )
7. Inverted Commas ( “ ” ) 8. Apostrophe ( ’ )
Capital Letters :
Capital letters are used at the beginning of :
1. The first word of every sentence ; as,
Man is mortal.
2. All proper nouns, proper adjectives and personified objects ; as,
India, Indians, Russia, Russians, O Death, O Sleep.
3. Names of the days, of the week and of the months of the year ; as,
Monday, Wednesday, May, June, July.
4. Names of Books, Newspapers and Magazines ; as,
The Gita, The Bible, The Vedas, The Punjab Kesari, The Times of India, The Modern
Review.
Voice :
The teacher has to explain the difference between transitive verb and intransitive verb
and then where Active Voice and Passive Voice are used. This thing may be explained in
this way—if the Subject is to be highlighted then Active Voice is used and if the object is to
be highlighted, Passive voice is used; as,
Bhola shot dead the beggar. (Active)
The beggar was shot dead by Bhola. (Passive)
Reported Speech :
The teacher can explain different rules of reported speech and its transformation. The
teacher can better explain the basic requirements of Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.
For example, if the original words of the speaker are to be quoted then Direct speech is
needed;
Mother said, “I like fresh fruit.” (Direct speech)
Mother said that she liked fresh fruit. (Indirect speech)
Objective English :
These days most of the competitive Examinations held at national and international
level require only objective answers. In order to cater to this need of the students, ample
examples of such questions have been given in this series. Teachers are requested to give
more examples based on this pattern; as :
Choose the correct answer :
1. Mohit has black ….......……. (hair, hairs).
The answer is hair.
2. The swimmer jumped ………….. (in, into) the river.
The answer is into.
Fun Activities :
In this series, you can find a wide range of fun activities like word puzzles, etc. Teachers
may construct many such activities to make their teaching more lively and interesting.
Composition :
Most writing is not a private activity but a public service with a public exposure. In
this series, the main purpose of composition is communication. The standard units of
composition in English—from the humblest office memo to the longest novel—follow the
given structure :
Words Sentences Paragraphs Complete composition
The role of the teacher in making the students Final Draft
5.
write effectively is of great importance. A teacher
can persuade the students to follow the given
4. Rough Draft
pattern :
Collecting 1.
Material 3. Arrangement
2.
Planning
In this series, students will find a number of composition items—story writing, letter
writing, essay writing, dialogue writing and smart talks. The students should read the
fully developed items of composition. Then there are many topics on which the students
may write. Teachers are requested to help the students in developing their own ideas on
these and other topics.
Teachers may ask the students to pay attention to the following points for effective
writing :
1. Plain Style :
The best style of writing is one that seems effortless rather than laboured. Do not use
long sentences, high-sounding words unnecessarily.
2. Brevity :
Be brief in your expression. Convey your thoughts as briefly as possible.
3. Consistency :
There should be consistency of thought. If you are going to defend one idea, it should
be defended upto the last. “Turn-coat” type of writing is suicidal.
4. Liveliness :
Try to make your composition as much lively as possible. Put some interesting details
in your composition. Keep in mind that your composition is to be read by others.
5. Conclusion :
Conclusion of the composition should be justified. It should be neither abrupt nor a
prolonged one.
The author is fully aware that no book can be a substitute for a teacher. This book is
an humble attempt to assist the teacher in his/her sacred duty of imparting knowledge to
the learners.

New Trends in English Grammar and Composition—8
CHAPTER-1 : The Sentence
Exercise - 1
(1) Exclamatory (2) Interrogative (3) Imperative (4) Optative
(5) Assertive (6) Assertive (7) Assertive (8) Imperative
(9) Interrogative (10) Optative
Exercise - 2
(1) Socrates could not help being what he was not.
(2) I can’t allow this nonsense to continue.
(3) Virtue is its own reward.
(4) You should not poke your nose in everything.
(5) Can one hope to gather grapes from thistles ?
(6) Can anybody else except the brave deserve the fair ?
(7) Your words have no sense.
(8) Is there anyone who wishes to be poor ?
(9) I am obliged to you.
(10) Is it useful to offer gold to a man dying of thirst ?
Exercise - 3
(1) I am very happy that my fast friend has come.
(2) Oh that my father were alive !
(3) I wish that I could win the first prize.
(4) How beautiful a full-moon night is !
(5) Her voice is very sweet.
(6) It is sad that the popular leader is no more.
(7) Oh that I could succeed in my mission !
(8) We wish that Adam had not tasted the apple.
(9) It was a very tough competition.
(10) A brave man and afraid of troubles !
Exercise - 4
(1) No other Mughal was as great as Akbar.
(2) He tried every plan.
(3) Brutus did not hate Caesar.
(4) The hare ran fast.
(5) I have no other proof than this one.
(6) He was too proud to confess his fault.
(7) You are forbidden to spit in public places.

(8) Say ‘No’ to plastic bags.
(9) None but the brave deserve the fair.
(10) He is poor but not discontented.
CHAPTER-2 : Sentence Structure
Exercise - 1
(1) loves him (2) The farmers are
(3) my book back (4) Her father
(5) the bridge (6) Everybody
(7) my duties (8) is that stranger ?
(9) A person who wastes time (10) honey in every season
Exercise - 2
(1) our representative (Objective) (2) great repute (Subjective)
(3) tired (Subjective) (4) sweet (Subjective)
(5) joy (Subjective) (6) asleep (Objective)
(7) let (Subjective) (8) it (Subjective)
(9) honest (Objective) (10) leg (Objective)
Exercise - 3
(1) She is intelligent but lazy.
(2) Raman was obstinate and so was punished.
(3) We cannot see for it is very dark.
(4) He was annoyed yet he kept quiet.
(5) Work hard or you will fail.
(6) Don’t be either a miser or a spendthrift.
(7) My friend is down with fever so he will not come today.
(8) We can neither oppose your plan nor can we approve of it.
(9) The way was long and the wind was cold.
(10) Hurry up or you will be late.
Exercise - 4
(1) Tell me what is the truth.
(2) The news that was related to his death spread like wild fire.
(3) He will pay only if he is compelled.
(4) We ate that was to our fill.
(5) The place where he is hiding is still unknown.
(6) How long she will stay is doubtful. (or) It is doubtful how long she will stay.
(7) The mice will play when the cat is absent.
(8) If time permits, I’ll come again.
(9) Life and hope are such as cannot be separated.
(10) India is the land where I was born.

CHAPTER-3 : Question Tags and Short Answers
Exercise - 1
(1) don’t they ? (2) can she ? (3) mustn’t we ? (4) havent’t they ?
(5) hasn’t she ? (6) isn’t it ? (7) hasn’t he ? (8) doesn’t she ?
(9) mustn’t we ? (10) mustn’t they ?
Exercise - 2
(1) Yes, I am. (2) Yes, I do.
(3) Yes, I’ll be (4) Yes, she has or No, she hasn’t
(5) Yes, they did / No, they didn’t. (6) Yes, I can
(7) Yes, I would. (8) Yes, I have been / No, I haven’t been.
(9) Yes, there should be. (10) Yes, I was/No, I wasn’t.
Exercise - 3
(1) Why is she absent today ? (2) Is the Taj a marvellous building ?
(3) Is anybody immortal ? (4) Would you like to have a soft drink ?
(5) Will this much milk be sufficient ? (6) Can you sing at a party ?
(7) How often do you watch a movie ? (8) Do you mind waiting outside ?
(9) Did you tell her the details ?
(10) Would you like to have something to eat ?
CHAPTER-4 : Anomalous Finites
Exercise - 1
(1) is (2) were/will be (3) is (4) are
(5) been (6) were (7) are (8) be
(9) are (10) be
Exercise - 2
(1) had (2) have (3) have (4) has
(5) have (6) have (7) have (8) Has
(9) had (10) have
Exercise - 3
(1) Do (2) did (3) do (4) do
(5) do (6) did (7) does (8) did
(9) do (10) do
Exercise - 4
(1) can (2) could (3) can (4) could
(5) Can (6) Could (7) can (8) can
(9) could (10) Can

Exercise - 5
(1) May (2) may (3) might (4) might
(5) might (6) may (7) might (8) May
(9) May (10) might
Exercise - 6
(1) must (2) ought to (3) Need (4) ought to
(5) must (6) ought to (7) ought to (8) must
(9) need (10) Must
Exercise - 7
(1) shall (2) Shall (3) Shall (4) will
(5) shall (6) Will (7) shall (8) shall
(9) will (10) shall
Exercise - 8
(1) would (2) Would (3) should (4) Should
(5) should (6) Would (7) would (8) Should
(9) Would (10) would
Exercise - 9
(1) used to (2) dare (3) used to (4) used to
(5) dare (6) used to (7) dared (8) dare
(9) used to (10) dare
Exercise - 10
(1) Can (2) should (3) can (4) should
(5) could (6) need (7) dare (8) would
(9) used (10) Should
CHAPTER-5 : Non-finite Forms of Verbs
Exercise - 1
(1) to set (2) sit (3) go (4) cross
(5) to lead (6) keep (7) to find (8) to have
(9) to clear (10) do
Exercise - 2
(1) It is difficult to live without air.
(2) It is cowardly to run away.
(3) It is great to admit one’s fault.
(4) It was foolish of the rich man to refuse help.
(5) It was rude of her to make such a remark.
(6) It is dangerous to play with fire.
(7) It was stupid of her to waste her time.
(8) It was not wise of the old woman to sell her property.
(9) It was kind of the stranger to help us.
(10) It is dangerous to eat too much.
Exercise - 3
(1) We were the first to arrive.
(2) There was no place for us to sit.
(3) There were a lot of pages to edit.
(4) Tanzing was the first man to climb the Everest.
(5) The captain was the last person to leave the ship.
(6) She is the only person to command respect.
(7) It is important for the rich nations to understand the problems of the poor nations.
(8) He was the last man to leave the scene.
(9) It is better for your father to hear it from you.
(10) It is a fact that Einstein was the person to support the people of Israel.
Exercise - 4
(1) The Principal, being busy, had no time to see us.
(2) Having spent all his money, he decided to go home.
(3) Having staggered back, she sank to the ground.
(4) Having elected him, the people gave him full support.
(5) It being a very hot day, we remained at home.
(6) Having finished my work, I switched on the T.V.
(7) The letter having been written in bad handwriting was difficult to read it.
(8) Being hungry, she prepared noodles.
(9) The lock of the room being open, the things were stolen.
(10) Having missed the last bus, we began to walk.
Exercise - 5
(1) While he was sleeping in the open, mosquitoes bit him.
(2) The trees having been uprooted, the road was blocked.
(3) While he was passing under a bridge, a stone fell on his head.
(4) Having been dropped by parachute, I found the land .......... .
(5) While he was climbing down the hill, his .......... .
(6) While I was standing under a tree, an idea ........... .
(7) While he was rushing out of the house, a car ........ .
(8) While he was walking on the road, a bus ............ .
(9) The report having been read again, the ............. .
(10) While the dog was barking aloud, the man led it out of the building.
Exercise - 6
(1) opening the door (2) death to begging
(3) to impress the listeners (4) for disturbing us
(5) worry for money (6) from entering the building
(7) to face him (8) finishing their work
(9) for misbehaving (10) his attending the meeting

Exercise - 7
(1) telling (2) helping (3) swimming (4) coming
(5) going (6) writing (7) telling (8) leaving
(9) begging (10) sleeping
Exercise - 8
(1) Finding fault with others is easy. (2) Wasting time is foolish
(3) Eating too much ......... . (4) Solving the problem of terrorism ........ .
(5) Seeing is believing. (6) Playing with fire is dangerous.
(7) Ignoring the advice ........ . (8) Crossing one’s limits ........ .
(9) Living without water is impossible. (10) Calling others names is very bad.
CHAPTER-6 : Strong and Weak Verbs
Exercise - 1
(1) sought (2) serviced (3) bound (4) flew
(5) rose (6) froze (7) cut (8) founded
(9) bade (10) broadcast
CHAPTER-7 : Tenses and Their Uses
Exercise - 1
(1) hanged (2) am doing (3) appears (4) is
(5) deserve (6) were going (7) will be prosecuted (8) teaches
(9) will be enjoying (10) has invented
Exercise - 2
(1) plays (2) has changed (3) meet
(4) will have improved (5) has never attacked (6) are
(7) Would (8) is moving (9) ends
(10) has been
Exercise - 3
(1) She has written letters.
(2) Has he gone to New York ?
(3) The labourers are felling the trees.
(4) The brothers had quarrelled over property.
(5) They had been living here for ten years.
(6) He trusted me.
(7) The students will have taken the test.
(8) Salman will write a novel.
(9) The sun sets at 6.30 p.m.
(10) She was expecting her father’s arrival.

Exercise - 4
(1) lost (2) could (3) reaches (4) bury
(5) declared (6) will be (7) were (8) will be preparing
(9) save (10) consists
Exercise - 5
(1) The news was broadcast yesterday.
(2) I received your letter yesterday.
(3) Science has given us many gifts.
(4) Time and tide wait for none.
(5) He hung his grandfather’s portrait in the drawing room.
(6) It has been raining since 6 a.m.
(7) Why did not you feel sorry ?
(8) This shopping mall will be completed by the end of this year.
(9) Mathematics is difficult to grasp.
(10) Our Principal retires in 2020.
CHAPTER-8 : Conditional Sentences
Exercise - 1
(1) Unless you mend your ways, I shall not talk to you.
(2) Unless somebody supports this idea, I will drop it.
(3) She would never talk to you unless you invite her.
(4) I would not buy this jean unless you gave a guarantee of its quality.
(5) Unless you get your scooter repaired, it will cause much nuisance.
(6) Unless he is careful, he will face a big loss.
(7) He will never attend the party unless you invite him.
(8) She would never talk to you unless you are polite.
(9) Unless you wear black clothes in mourning, the people in the west will not regard
you as cultured.
(10) Unless you buy a ticket you cannot enter the theatre.
Exercise - 2
(1) will reach (2) were
(3) would have repented (4) turns
(5) do not agree (6) would never have criticised
(7) is (8) known
(9) do not like (10) cannot attend
Exercise - 3
(1) Unless Pakistan acts quickly, terrorism will spread fast.
(2) Unless she saves some money, she will face many problems in future.
(3) Unless you get a visa, you can’t enter the USA.

(4) Unless you qualify this test, you cannot be selected.
(5) Unless they pass, they will lose their bet.
(6) Unless you work fast, you won’t finish the job.
(7) I will not come unless she invites me.
(8) Unless he pays the money, he will go to prison.
(9) Unless we buy tickets, we can’t enter the cinema hall.
(10) Unless she apologizes, the teacher will not allow her to attend classes.
Exercise - 4
(1) would have read (2) will not work (3) would have driven
(4) will stick (5) would buy (6) see
(7) had (8) were (9) reduces
(10) would not buy
CHAPTER-9 : Voice
Exercise - 1
(1) Bananas are not eaten by my grandfather.
(2) You are advised not to play with fire.
(3) The prisoner was being taken to the cell by the soldiers.
(4) Let the servants be given orders.
(5) Why was the child slapped on his face by her ?
(6) Deepak will be taught a lesson by me.
(7) This sum can be solved by anybody.
(8) The food is to be cooked by her.
(9) Mrinal was elected the monitor by the class.
(10) You are advised not to interfere in the affairs of others.
Exercise - 2
(1) Do not leave this job.
(2) You should keep your promises.
(3) The doctor is operating upon the patient.
(4) He/they offered her a chair.
(5) Do people like such films ?
(6) The police have arrested him on the charge of theft.
(7) Somebody has stolen my purse.
(8) Your success pleases me.
(9) Do not laugh at the poor.
(10) Who is constructing this building ?

Exercise - 3
(1) I know Mr. Khan. (2) An honest person is trusted by all.
(3) I am surprised at you. (4) Bones are eaten by dogs.
(5) The tailor has cut the clothesline. (6) We seldom see her here.
(7) It is time for the shops to be closed. (8) A man is made by manners.
(9) By whom was the man-eater killed ? (10) They dismissed her from service.
Exercise - 4
(1) Will you be helped by them ? (2) Let the drawer be opened.
(3) She is known to me. (4) The criminals were caught by the police.
(5) It must be done at once. (6) His proposal was objected to by me.
(7) Children are brought up by mothers. (8) The paper is being set by the teacher.
(9) Has the tea been sold by the grocer?
(10) The traffic police forbids passengers to cross the line.
CHAPTER-10 : Subject and Verb Agreement
Exercise - 1
(1) is (2) are (3) is (4) are
(5) was (6) is (7) has (8) were
(9) faces (10) is
Exercise - 2
(1) am (2) is (3) is (4) is
(5) is (6) has (7) have (8) is
(9) has (10) is
Exercise - 3
(1) seem, are (2) meet, discuss (3) wins, wins (4) agree, argue
(5) causes, causes (6) makes, bake (7) is, invite (8) has, saves
(9) is, has (10) are, have (11) has, are (12) is, explains
(13) matches, feels (14) was, was (15) are, need
Exercise - 4
(1) Wuthering Heights is a wonderful story. Have you read it ?
(2) A tribe of lions is sunning itself under the tree. Can you see them ?
(3) Five crore rupees is a lot of money. But I can spend it very fast.
(4) One of Vikram Seth’s stories is really wonderful. It is part of our class IX syllabus.
(5) Bread and butter is part of my daily breakfast. I relish it.
(6) Many of the people like the new prime minister. Don’t you ?
(7) Slow and steady wins the race. The tortoise can prove this proverb.
(8) The police are after the thief and the people who were robbed are very hopeful of
getting back the goods.
(9) Either she or I am to be selected for this race.
CHAPTER-11 : Pronouns
Exercise - 1
her, she, them, me, her, she, she, her, he, He, he, his, She, you
Exercise - 2
(1) themselves, themselves (2) himself, himself (3) ourselves, ourselves
(4) herself, herself (5) myself, myself
Exercise - 3
(1) yours (2) mine, theirs (3) Ours
(4) hers (5) his
Exercise - 4
(1) who (2) which (3) that (4) who (5) which
(6) whose (7) which (8) as (9) that (10) as
Exercise - 5
(1) me (2) me (3) she (4) me (5) him
(6) she (7) me (8) her (9) her (10) she
Exercise - 6
(1) that (2) whom (3) who (4) his/her (5) that
(6) Who (7) as (8) his/her (9) one’s (10) who
Exercise - 7
(1) She spoke to the victim whose arm was in a sling.
(2) Here is the doctor who has the healing touch.
(3) Everything that Midas touched turned to gold.
(4) I wish to go to school which is in Mussourie.
(5) Honours are like shadows which fly from seekers.
(6) They heard the news which has astonished them.
(7) The conference that was held in Rome was a success.
(8) Here is the book about which I told you.
(9) No man can shun his destiny which is written by God.
(10) I have read the plays which were written by Shakespeare.
CHAPTER-12 : Adjectives
Exercise - 1
(1) annoyed (2) surprised (3) delighted (4) tired
(5) embarrassed (6) alarmed (7) worried (8) bored
(9) amused (10) depressed

Exercise - 2
(2) An antique, small, silver, Greek vase
(3) some valuable, Australian postage stamps
(4) A small glass coffee table
(5) a fat, horrible, smelly, old sailor
(6) A new, amazing perfumed face cream
(7) a little, nasty, spoilt boy
(8) A good, useful, smart, German mobile
(9) new, stylish, steel chairs
(10) Mumbai, a lively, exciting, busy city
Exercise - 3
(1) surprising (2) confused (3) annoyed (4) bored (5) exhausting
(6) welcomed (7) fascinating (8) thrilling
Exercise - 4
(1) much (2) nearest (3) oldest (4) further (5) oldest
(6) last (7) fewer (8) latest (9) last (10) further
Exercise - 5
(1) farther (2) the oldest (3) eldest (4) more beautiful
(5) worse (6) better (7) more precious (8) last
(9) upper (10) lesser
CHAPTER-13 : Determiners
Exercise - 1
(1) x (2) an (3) The, the (4) x (5) the, the
(6) a (7) the (8) the (9) x, the (10) the, the
Exercise - 2
(1) some (2) Neither (3) each (4) Neither
(5) each (6) any (7) every (8) neither
(9) any (10) any
Exercise - 3
(1) a few (2) much (3) All (4) Both
(5) some, all (6) a few (7) a few (8) many
(9) any (10) much
Exercise - 4
(1) any (2) any (3) last (4) fewer (5) All
(6) much (7) every (8) latest (9) A little (10) None

CHAPTER-14 : Articles
Exercise - 1
(1) a (2) a (3) an (4) the (5) an
(6) the (7) an, a (8) the (9) an (10) the
Exercise - 2
a, the, the, the, the, x, an, the, a, the, The, x
Exercise - 3
(1) We should help the poor and the needy.
(2) English is the language of the people of England.
(3) I met him a year ago.
(4) Arvind is the cleverest boy in the class.
(5) The enemy is laying siege to the fort.
(6) They never die who die for a noble cause.
(7) How clear the sky looks !
(8) Brutus was an honourable man.
(9) The scheme failed.......
(10) I like rose, the king of flowers.
Exercise - 4
(1) a, the, The, a (2) the, The, the, a, an, The, the
(3) the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the (4) the, a, a, The, the, The, a, the, the, the
(5) a, the, the, an, an, the, a (6) the, The, the, the, the, the, the, the
CHAPTER-15 : Adverbs
Exercise - 1
(1) very (2) too (3) very (4) rarely (5) late
(6) hard (7) presently (8) gradually (9) a little (10) ago
Exercise - 2
(1) The boy had never ......... . (2) The architect has almost completed .....
(3) He often refers ........... . (4) Haven’t you ever heard ....... .
(5) He has seldom attended ...... . (6) They won’t ever give .......... .
(7) Do you usually make ........... ? (8) Have you merely glanced ......... ?
(9) The teacher has just ........ (10) The play had hardly started ........
CHAPTER-16 : Use of Prepositions
Exercise - 1
(1) to (2) for (3) of (4) over (5) into
(6) to (7) to (8) to (9) on (10) to
Exercise - 2
(1) since (2) upon (3) among (4) for
(5) beside (6) in (7) on (8) on
(9) Besides (10) since
Exercise - 3
(1) The boys jumped into the pond. (2) She has no complaint against me.
(3) We should never mock at others. (4) The bridge over the river is very old.
(5) I do not agree to your point of view. (6) The naughty boy ran on the street.
(7) The prince is heir to the throne. (8) I have been in this service for five years.
(9) She was born in Mumbai. (10) He has no claim on his father’s property.
CHAPTER-17 : Use of Conjunctions
Exercise - 1
(1) as (2) as (3) than (4) when (5) when
(6) but (7) lest (8) than (9) since (10) unless
Exercise - 2
(1) A glorious view lay before us when we reached the top of the hill.
(2) Swallows migrate in winter but Robins ......... .
(3) The playground is watered so we cannot play.
(4) The car was damaged in the accident and the driver was seriously hurt.
(5) Trees were uprooted because there was a terrible gale.
(6) Though the hard-fought game lasted two hours, yet there was no result.
(7) He wanted to know whether I would vote for him.
(8) I am going into the country, and I am expecting a jolly time there.
(9) The paper was good but the illustrations were bad.
(10) Although she ran fast, yet she missed the train.
Exercise - 3
(1) This is the same book as you gave me.
(2) I doubt whether he will win a prize.
(3) He speaks English like his teacher.
(4) He takes exercise daily lest he should fall ill.
(5) I shall not forgive him until he apologizes.
(6) He walked fast yet he missed the bus.
(7) I fear we may fall down.
(8) He neither worked nor did he let others work.
(9) He can neither speak nor read English.
(10) You are neither industrious nor honest.

CHAPTER-18 : Words used as Different Parts of Speech
Exercise - 1
(1) Air (N) : Air is present everywhere.
(V) : Please air these clothes.
(Adj.) : Her father is in the air force.
(2) Alarm (N) : The military gave an alarm to the people.
(V) : The police alarmed the people.
(Adj) : This is a beautiful alarm clock.
(3) Care (N) : Mother takes care of her child.
(V) : You should care for your studies.
(4) Hold (N) : She has no hold on her children.
(V) : Please hold this tube carefully.
(5) Drive (N) : I enjoy long drive.
(V) : You should drive to the left.
(6) Play (N) : Shakespeare has written many plays.
(V) : I have to play this role.
(7) Reach (N) : Your goal should be within your reach.
(V) : We can reach our destination in time.
(8) Look (N) : The child has innocent looks.
(V) : You should look after your aged parents.
(9) Lift (N) : This lift is out of order.
(V) : Please lift this box with care.
(Adj) : The lift man is on leave today.
(10) Shelter (N) : Nobody can give you shelter in this matter.
(V) : Usually mothers shelter their children.
(11) Handle (N) : The handle of this container is not strong.
(V) : Handle this matter with care.
(12) Cry (N) : I heard the cries of a sick man.
(V) : Do not cry over spilt milk.
(13) Drink (N) : I am not fond of fizzy drinks.
(V) : He drinks daily.
(Adj) : It is a new drink maker in the market.
(14) Calm (N) : There is calm before the storm.
(V) : Please calm the weeping child.
(15) Blossom (N) : I like natural blossoms.
(V) : The garden is blossoming these days.
(16) Dance (N) : She is master in classical dance.
(V) : Madhuri dances beautifully.
(Adj) : He is running a dance school.
(17) Light (N) : This room is full of light.
(V) : He lighted the fire.
(Adj.) : I take light dinner.
(18) Fire (N) : It is difficult to extinguish jungle fire.
(V) : The corrupt officer has been fired.
(19) Sound (N) : Sitar produces sweet sound.
(V) : Your ideas sound true.
(Adj.) : My grandfather has sound health.
(20) Stay (N) : He had a short stay in Delhi.
(V) : You can stay with me in this room.
Exercise - 2
(1) Right : You are right.
(V) : Who will right the wrong ?
(Adv.) : He is the right person to do it.
(2) Round (N) : The leaders had two rounds of talk.
(Prep.) : The earth revolves round the sun.
(Adv.) : I brought him round to my way of thinking.
(3) Need (N) : We should limit our needs.
(V) : You need proper training.
(4) Well (N) : These days we do not find wells.
(Adj.) : I am well now.
(Adv.) : He did it well.
(5) Since(Prep.): It has been raining since 4 p.m.
(Conj.) : We won’t go out since it is raining.
(Adv.) : I haven’t seen you since.
(6) Long (Adj.) : It was a long pole.
(Verb) : We long for a holiday.
(Adv.) : He works all day long.
(7) Fair (N) : Only the brave deserve the fair.
(Adj.) : Be fair in your dealings.
(Adv.) : Play fair if you want to win.
(8) Change (N) : Please give me a change of 500.
(V) : Don’t change your mind again and again.
(9) Above (N) : Rain comes from above.
(Adj.) : The above facts are true.
(Prep.) : He is above me in the office.

(10) Back (N) : The back of this chair is weak.
(Adv.) : Never look back.
(Adj.) : Never sit on back benches.
CHAPTER-19 : Common Errors
Exercise - 1
A. (1) Health is preferable to riches.
(2) Which is better of these two books ?
(3) He is too weak to attend the office today.
(4) This book is very interesting.
(5) Not to speak of English, he cannot read even Hindi.
(6) Wait here until I come.
(7) He wishes to make me his assistant.
(8) None of us has ever been to the USA.
(9) He left London two years ago.
(10) I never have done and shall never do such a thing.
B. (1) He is accused of theft.
(2) The population of Kolkata is greater than that of any other city in India.
(3) It has been raining for the last two days.
(4) Do you know how to swim ?
(5) He is a one-legged man.
(6) The train left as soon as I reached the station.
(7) Neither you nor I am lucky.
(8) The picture was hung on the wall.
(9) He preferred walking to riding.
(10) He lost neither his money nor his books.
C. (1) Work hard lest you should fail.
(2) One must not neglect one’s duty.
(3) I must listen to this speech.
(4) None of the three accused was guilty.
(5) The patient died of fever yesterday evening.
(6) I consider him selfish.
(7) He is true to his word.
(8) He is stronger than anybody else.
(9) He is very clever.
(10) If I had worked hard I would have passed.
D. (1) I insisted on Neha’s going there.
(2) My suit is better than yours.
(3) Let you and me find out the truth.
(4) Both his cousins are honest.
(5) He jumped into the river.
(6) I would rather die than confess it.
(7) He is senior to me in service.
(8) Simran begged a favour of me.
(9) He is good neither at speaking nor at writing.
(10) She will have reached home before the storm.
Exercise - 2 : Class Activity
CHAPTER-20 : Words Likely to be Confused
Exercise - 1
(1) marry (2) sank (3) meddle (4) famous
(5) childlike (6) beneficial (7) minor (8) naughty
(9) peace (10) Practice
Exercise - 2
(1) affected (2) coarse (3) creditable (4) male
(5) lessen (6) kettle (7) site (8) populous
(9) statue (10) boar
CHAPTER-21 : Vocabulary and Rich Expression
Exercise - 1
(1) dishonest (2) immortal (3) cold (4) exports
(5) foes (6) natural (7) town (8) foolish
(9) revenge (10) literate
Exercise - 2
(1) an ant (2) silver (3) hare (4) a church mouse
(5) a lion (6) fire (7) a daisy/rose (8) ABC
(9) a tiger (10) an ox
Exercise - 3
(1) eyrie, aerie (2) stable (3) kennel (4) lair
(5) hole (6) igloo (7) monastry (8) aquarium
(9) asylum (10) web
CHAPTER-22 : Word Building
Exercise - 1
success, attraction, slavery, excellence, height, virginity, beauty, beggary, cookery,
kingship, roguery, heroism, infancy, widowhood, witchery, neighbourhood, manhood,
lordship, brutality, babyhood, womanhood, martyrdom, fatherhood, cartage,
cowardice, bondage
Exercise - 2
(a) busy, accurate, proper, fertile, generous, hospitable, frail, empty, loyal, crafty,
invisible, excellent, vulgar, silent, splendid, safe, stupid, rich, scarce
(b) terrorise, sparkle, officiate, gambol, drip, centralize (concentrate), aerate, encage,
gild, remind, import/ export, fructify, facilitate, characterize, halve, graze, freeze,
strengthen, entomb, tabulate, personify/personate, amass, bedew, becloud,
embody, imbed, apologize, substantiate, enthrone, evaporate, topple, wreathe,
monopolize, light/enlighten, hasten, fortify.
Exercise - 3
(1) patience (2) intelligence (3) management (4) decision
(5) description (6) stupidity (7) interest (8) receipt
(9) sight (10) performance
CHAPTER-23 : One-Word Substitution
Exercise - 1
(1) democracy (2) prophet (3) lexicographer (4) fugitive
(5) bankrupt (6) bunch (7) numismatist (8) pilgrim
(9) omniscient (10) swarm
Exercise - 2
(1) a bankrupt (2) draw (3) annual (4) lair (den)
(5) philatelist (6) maiden (7) teetotaller (8) aquarium
(9) monarchy (10) extempore
CHAPTER-24 : Words Commonly Misspelt
(For practice in the class)
CHAPTER-25 : Phrasal Verbs
Note : For practice in the class (already solved)
CHAPTER-26 : Phrases
Exercise - 1
(1) deeds of bravery (2) advice of doctors
(3) night storm (4) nights without sleep
(5) a necklace of diamonds (6) a man of bad temper
(7) a knife stained with blood (8) clouds of black colour
(9) a suggestion of great value (10) composer of music

Exercise - 2
(1) towards home (2) in a careless manner
(3) in a soft way (4) at this place
(5) in an eloquent way (6) in a cheerful way
(7) at that time (8) in a feeble way
(9) in a short time (10) in a foolish way
Exercise - 3
(1) to get good marks (2) to be appreciated
(3) It is foolish (4) to insult you
(5) to be oversmart (6) To become a successful person
(7) to play cricket (8) To err
(9) To be punctual (10) To help others/To forgive
CHAPTER-27 : Clauses
Exercise - 1
(1) what others say (2) he hides his money
(3) you can win glory (4) When the leader will come
(5) she resides (6) whether it will rain today
(7) what you say (8) he became rich overnight
(9) what the teacher says (10) that we will win the game
Exercise - 2
(1) that he is polite.
(2) The place where the criminal was hiding.
(3) that you have been selected.
(4) how the robbery took place.
(5) That he would be selected
(6) that the man was guilty.
(7) that there will be a change in weather.
(8) That the patient would die
(9) that he had committed a crime.
(10) that she was truthful.
Exercise - 3
(1) who wins the race (He) (2) where I was born (the hospital)
(3) where streams meet ( a place) (4) who increases his riches (He)
(5) who live in glasshouses (Those) (6) who die for a noble cause (They)
(7) that is down (He) (8) which is lost (the moment)
(9) when everybody lived in peace (the days)
(10) why I selected (the reason)
Exercise - 4
(1) The train that goes to Mangalore comes at 9 p.m.
(2) The woman who lives opposite to my house is a writer.
(3) The bike belongs to Nikita who is my friend.
(4) Jammu and Kashmir where we spent our summer vacation has beauties of nature.
(5) People who eat much fall sick.
(6) Which is the road that leads to the Railway Station ?
(7) The boy about whom we are talking is absent today.
(8) Manu who works well in films is an actor.
(9) The woman who is sitting on the chair is the receptionist.
(10) The man whom you abused is very angry.
Exercise - 5
(1) than Anamika. (2) As the Principal was not in the office
(3) as long as you are here (4) No sooner did the last bell ring
(5) so that he might lose weight. (6) than brain.
(7) because it is dark outside. (8) If you do not mend your ways
(9) When he was young (10) till I return
Exercise - 6
Class Activity
Exercise - 7
(1) where you wish
(2) because he wanted to save his motherland
(3) if you want to be successful
(4) provided she clears the test
(5) wherever he went
(6) than your brother
(7) as if she had lost something expensive
(8) that it was ruined in no time
(9) that nobody dared go out
(10) because it was very old.
Exercise - 8
(1) Though my grandfather is very old, he is quite active.
(2) We will miss the train if we do not run fast.
(3) Make hay while the sun shines.
(4) The criminals may go anywhere but the police will find them.
(5) She works hard because she wants to stand first.
(6) The sum is so simple that even a child can solve it.
(7) Gaurav is as intelligent as Raghav (is).
(8) I was in the market when my friend came to my home.
(9) The construction work has been postponed because the corporation has no funds.
(10) If you stop taking fried food, you will lose weight.

CHAPTER-28 : Synthesis
Exercise - 1
(1) Feeling tired, the players sat down to take rest.
(2) Driving his bike, Robin saw an injured man on the road.
(3) Having taken her breakfast, Mary got ready for school.
(4) Having been overpowered, the criminals surrendered.
(5) Wishing to consult a doctor, Akram went to Chennai.
(6) Raising his gun, the hunter shot the thief.
(7) Running at top speed, we got out of breath.
(8) Wishing to see my friend, I sent for her.
(9) Being charmed by the painting, she bought it.
(10) Seeing a mad dog, the children fled.
Exercise - 2
(1) The streets were flooded because of heavy rain.
(2) In spite of being dejected, he is still hopeful.
(3) I went to Goa to attend a seminar.
(4) She was unable to attend her classes because of fever.
(5) He will lose the election without our support.
(6) In spite of being wealthy, the old man is still discontented.
(7) She rushed to her home after hearing the news of her uncle’s death.
(8) The girl’s father was opposed to her doing some job.
(9) The people rushed to the actor’s house on hearing of his illness.
(10) Damini got a great honour for saving the lives of many people.
Exercise - 3
(1) The play being over, we went back home.
(2) It being very hot, she did not go out for a walk.
(3) The people, being fed up with the government, showed their resentment.
(4) The holidays, being at an end, the students have to return to the hostel.
(5) The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.
(6) My friends having arrived, I was very happy.
(7) The agreement, being faulty, was cancelled.
(8) There being no proof of your guilt, you are acquitted.
(9) Our team having won the match, the Principal declared tomorrow a holiday.
(10) The post being vacant, she applied for it.
Exercise - 4
(1) Mohit foolishly spent all his money.
(2) He visited Shimla for health.
(3) We luckily escaped unhurt.
(4) The house was suspiciously found open.
(5) Luckily nobody tasted the poisoned food.
(6) His friend died untimely.
(7) Expectedly the leader lost the election.
(8) The project must be done without counting the cost.
(9) I shall be back shortly.
(10) The man obstinately refused to make any compromise.
Exercise - 5
(1) He has a large estate to look after.
(2) This farmer is rich enough to buy a big car.
(3) The box was too heavy for us to lift.
(4) The situation grew worse day by day for the administration to worry.
(5) Our country expects every citizen to do his/her duty.
(6) His father wishes him to become an IAS officer.
(7) He was prudent enough not to invest all his savings in one concern.
(8) Your teachers will be delighted to hear of your success.
(9) She works very hard to be independent.
(10) The students have no time to prepare for the variety programme.
Exercise - 6
(1) I see interesting movies.
(2) Kalidas wrote many wonderful plays.
(3) We met a very bold leader.
(4) He was fined for an unknown reason.
(5) Once a man had a monkey’s paw.
(6) A thirsty dog came to drink fresh water.
(7) A greedy businessman had a loving son.
(8) She told us a rather funny story.
(9) The Discovery Channel shows informative programmes.
(10) She lost her brand new scooter.
Exercise - 7
(1) The invaders safely fled across the border.
(2) Michael can certainly be selected.
(3) Gold, a metal, is dug out of the earth.
(4) The chimpanzee was put in a strongly built cage for this purpose.
(5) India, the biggest democracy in the world, has a great civilization.
(6) He was disgracefully neglected by the people.
(7) In spite of being warned by the police, the people took no notice.
(8) The ammunition running short, the army gave in.
(9) The authorities promoted him out of turn for working sincerely.
(10) The robbers could not break into the strongly built building with efficient alarm.

CHAPTER-29 : Synthesis (Contd.)
Exercise - 1
(1) He not only went to the ground but also played cricket.
(2) He is not only rich but also kind.
(3) You should not only have principles but also practise them.
(4) Both Mary and Nancy are good girls.
(5) Our teacher is not only sincere but also nice.
(6) They gave us not only books but also money.
(7) The maid not only washed the clothes but also ironed them.
(8) The boy is not only lazy but also careless.
(9) The students not only read the passage but also summarized it.
(10) You should not only learn history but also make it (history).
Exercise - 2
(1) Either read your book or watch television.
(2) Be honest or face the circumstances.
(3) She is neither in the classroom nor in the library.
(4) He is either ignorant or feigns ignorance.
(5) Pay the fine, otherwise you will be arrested.
(6) Give the patient water to drink, or he will die of thirst.
(7) He is either a player or a coach.
(8) Either you or Ruby is right.
(9) You must apply now, otherwise your application will reach late.
(10) You must work hard, otherwise you will not succeed in life.
Exercise - 3
(1) He is naughty, yet his friends love him.
(2) She is very rich, still she is crazy for money.
(3) He has high fever and so he cannot attend the meeting.
(4) The doctors tried their best, yet the patient died.
(5) He broke the law and so he was punished.
(6) He was afraid of being late and so he ran fast.
(7) She was angry, yet she kept quiet.
(8) He was guilty of murder and so he was hanged.
(9) He persevered, yet he failed in his efforts.
(10) She is very poor, therefore she cannot educate her children.
Exercise - 4
(1) It is already late, so you must go.
(2) We are mortal, therefore, we all will die one day.

(3) It is very dark, so we cannot drive.
(4) The player suffered from an enquiry, therefore he could not play.
(5) It is raining, so you should go by car.
(6) I had a headache, therefore I could not deliver my lecture.
(7) The people remained indoors for there were riots.
(8) She has lost her purse, so she is very sad.
(9) He is suffering from cancer and so he will not survive.
(10) The last bell has gone, therefore we should be quick.
Exercise - 5
(1) I do not think it to be a good suggestion, so I shall not act upon it.
(2) Mary went to the garden and she plucked some flowers.
(3) He knows neither French nor Chinese.
(4) It may either rain or blow hard.
(5) I am in the right but you are in the wrong.
(6) Pay either in cash or through cheque.
(7) I do not like this plan, yet I shall not reject it outright.
(8) He worked very hard and so his health broke down.
(9) He is very unpunctual and so nobody likes him.
(10) You must take exercise otherwise you will lose health.
CHAPTER-30 : Synthesis (Contd.)
Exercise - 1
(1) The idea that Ram has stolen the books is absurd.
(2) I know where he was born.
(3) Can you tell me why Mohan is late for class ?
(4) I want to ask her if I can get some sugar.
(5) It was not known to the people in ancient times that the earth moves round the sun.
(6) It seems amazing that a man can swim for forty eight hours without stopping.
(7) What you have read in the papers may not be true.
(8) It is not clear to us why the police came and took him away.
Exercise - 2
(1) That is the university where I received my education.
(2) He sold the bicycle which belonged to his son.
(3) A committee which consisted of ten members was formed.
(4) Can you tell me the reasons why the attack failed ?
(5) Those people who live in glasshouses must not throw stones at others.
(6) Once there was a farmer who had a goose which laid a golden egg everyday.
(7) This is the hole where a snake lives.
(8) The boy whose house is over there is away now.
Exercise - 3
(1) Our crops will fail if it does not rain.
(2) We started before it was dark.
(3) The lights went off as soon as I began to read.
(4) An accident took place where the four roads meet.
(5) Although it was a cold day, he wore no coat.
(6) We cannot go to the bazar because it is now very late.
(7) The dog had jumped out of the garden before the man could stop him.
CHAPTER-31 : Transformation of Sentences
Exercise - 1
(1) (1) He is so weak that he cannot walk.
(2) He is so young that he cannot do this job.
(3) The rat was so timid that it could not come near the lion.
(4) It is so early that a judgement cannot be given.
(5) He is so proud that he will not talk to me.
(6) He is so honest that he will not keep another man’s property with him.
(7) He speaks so low that he cannot be heard.
(8) He talks so fast that he cannot be easily followed.
(9) The manager is so busy that he cannot see you.
(10) Last night it was so hot that one could not sleep.
(2) (1) He is too clever to be taken in.
(2) The fact is too evident to require proof.
(3) He is too poor to help you.
(4) I was too tired to go on a journey next day.
(5) It was too late for him to go home alone.
(6) The question is too difficult for me to solve.
(7) He is too weak at heart to be a doctor.
(8) This coat is too loose to properly fit you.
Exercise - 2
(1) He is richer than me.
(2) His brother is more industrious than Mohan.
(3) Summer is not as pleasant as winter in many countries.
(4) The Mount Everest is the highest mountain.
(5) No other building is as tall as this tower in the city.
(6) Calcutta is larger than any other town in India.
Or
No other town in India is as large as Calcutta.
(7) Very few metals are as useful as iron.
(8) No other event in his life is as unfortunate as this.

(9) Japan is one of the most densely populated parts of the world.
(10) Gold is heavier than iron.
Exercise - 3
(1) The Taj is greater than most other buildings of the world.
Or
Very few buildings of the world are as great as the Taj.
(2) He is better than any other teacher in the district.
Or
No other teacher in the district is as good as he.
(3) Bombay is greater than most other ports of India.
Or
Very few ports of India are as great as Bombay.
(4) The moon is nearer to the earth than any other planet.
Or
No planet is as near to the earth as the moon.
(5) June is hotter than any other month of the year.
Or
No other month of the year is as hot as June.
(6) Home is the best place.
(7) Some metals are not as precious as gold.
(8) Delhi is one of the oldest towns in India.
(9) His brother is not wiser than him.
(10) He is not more intelligent than his sister.
(11) He does not love his other children as much as he loves his youngest child.
Exercise - 4
(1) (1) Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru loved his country deeply.
(2) He succeeded in his efforts.
(3) We take pride in our cricket team.
(4) I believe that .......... .
(5) The villagers helped the victims ....... .
(6) The teacher punished the latecomers.
(7) He possesses twenty acres of land.
(8) To forgive is better than to take revenge.
(2) (1) It is not in my knowledge.
(2) How did you give offence to your father ?
(3) He offered prayer to God for their safety.
(4) Please extend your help to me in this affair.
(5) He hurriedly put on dress and went out.
(6) He was on fast for ten days.

(7) What a skill he has in writing !
(8) He has intolerance for anyone who speaks ill of others.
(9) He suffered a loss when he speculated.
(10) I refused the offer with thanks.
(3) (1) He is a professional cricketer.
(2) I was fortunate to get a nice house to live in.
(3) They are working in an economical way.
(4) A cup of milk is a refreshner (refreshing).
(5) He is quarrelsome.
(6) He is miserly.
(7) Where it is a bliss to be ignorant, it is foolish to be wise.
(8) Today heat is unbearable.
(4) (1) He narrowly escaped.
(2) I go there purposely.
(3) He had thoroughly prepared for the examination.
(4) The prisoners were beaten mercilessly.
(5) I did not go there intentionally.
(6) Evidently the Rusian scientists have secured the top position in the world.
(7) He selects friends unjudiciously.
(8) He was poorly dressed.
(9) They suddenly met.
(10) He jealously guards his wealth.
Exercise - 5
(1) Nothing succeeds like success. (2) Money makes the mare go.
(3) Man is mortal. (4) I shall never forget your kindness.
(5) The dog is a faithful animal. (6) The path of duty is a way to glory.
(7) Everybody worships the rising sun. (8) Politeness costs nothing.
(9) Everybody loves his country. (10) Blood is thicker than water.
Exercise - 6
(1) Is it useful to cry over spilt milk ?
(2) Is there any slip between the cup and the lip ?
(3) Does it matter if you fail in the exam ?
(4) Is it a wise idea ?
(5) Who does not wish to be rich ?
(6) Can their glory ever fade ?
(7) Is this the way to behave ?
(8) Were you asked to give your opinion ?
(9) Is it wise to waste time ?
(10) Can anyone serve two masters ?
Exercise - 7
(1) (1) He is so proud that he will not learn.
(2) This question is not difficult.
(3) We do not need your help.
(4) He does not deny his fault.
(5) This knife is not sharp.
(6) No sooner did I reach the station than the train left.
(7) He is not less wise than Solomon.
(8) Do not overlook before you leap.
(9) I did not remember his advice.
(10) This news is so bad that one cannot believe it.
(2) (1) Everyman there wept.
(2) Everyone makes mistakes.
(3) Each one of us doubted him to be honest.
(4) He is aware of the good qualities of his subordinates.
(5) Your brother is cleverer than you.
(6) He tried every plan.
(7) I am mindful of my duty.
(8) I remembered you.
(9) He is perfectly healthy.
(10) It is always early to mend.
Exercise - 8
(1) (1) It is a pity that you missed the fun yesterday.
(2) It is a very good idea.
(3) It is done well.
(4) No one can die better than facing fearful odds.
(5) It is astonishing that a soldier should be afraid of fighting.
(6) It is very sad.
(7) They made a very strong change.
(8) I repent that I had been very hasty.
(9) I wish that I were rich.
(10) The ways of God are very strange.
(2) (1) Oh that you had come earlier !
(2) What a terrible fight !
(3) What a happy time we had !
(4) How kind of you !
(5) How good if you could accompany us on this trial !
(6) What a grand building the Taj is !
(7) What a pity that you have failed !
(8) A soldier and afraid of fighting !
(9) O ! if I could get the first prize !
(10) What a warm welcome he extended me !

Exercise - 9
(1) You would fall if you do not walk carefully.
(2) No sooner did the teacher come into the class than the boys stood up.
(3) His friend finished his work after he had finished it.
(4) You must work hard if you want to pass.
(5) Ten years ago world peace was not as remote as it is today.
Exercise - 10
(1) If you had not assisted me, I would not have got this job.
(2) If she had not helped him, he would ......... .
(3) If you had not helped me, I ..... .
(4) If the doctor had not given her timely aid, she ...... .
(5) If you had not come in time, I would ....... .
CHAPTER-32 : Transformation of Sentences (Contd.)
Exercise - 1
(1) The thief saw the policeman and took to his heels.
(2) He was brave, so he was given a reward.
(3) You must run hard or you will miss the train.
(4) He was very young and joined the navy.
(5) He was dishonest, so he was dismissed.
(6) He called me names and also insulted me.
(7) She had high fever, so she did not attend the school.
(8) The doctors gave the patient good care, otherwise the patient would have died.
(9) The driver was careless, so the accident took place.
(10) He has great wealth, yet / but he is unhappy.
Exercise - 2
(1) Due to confusion, he could not give correct answers.
(2) He was not able to attend the school because of fever.
(3) He had a Good time in Shimla in the summer vacation.
(4) I did not find him at his house.
(5) With trust in god, do the right.
(6) You must apologise to escape dismissal.
(7) You must run fast to catch the train.
(8) You must mend it to end it.
(9) You must pay the rent to escape vacating the house.
(10) The sun having set, the birds returned to their nests.

Exercise - 3
(1) (1) Every hearer was filled with gloom that there had been a railway disaster near
Calcutta.
(2) The magistrate declared that the accused was guilty.
(3) He is confident that he would succeed.
(4) One man’s meat is what is another man’s poison.
(5) It is foolish that one studies at the cost of one’s health.
(6) He asked me if I could give him the loan of a book.
(2) (1) A stone that is rolling gathers no moss.
(2) The clouds which thunder seldom rain.
(3) He is not a man who sticks to his words.
(4) Do you know the way which leads to the station ?
(5) A friend who helps you in need is a friend indeed.
(6) There is none who can dispute my right over the land.
(7) It was calm that came before the storm.
(3) (1) I was astonished when I saw him laughing at the old man.
(2) When the teacher reached the class, he/she started to test the boys.
(3) They were given a warm welcome wherever they went.
(4) The public was filled with great surprise when the bank was closed down.
(5) He is so generous that he helps the poor.
(6) I had reached the station before the train arrived.
Exercise - 4
(1) (1) The people believed his words.
(2) I do not know the reason of his coming.
(3) Your success or failure depends on the quantity of your work.
(4) I cannot make out his meaning.
(5) You can go out after finishing your work.
(6) I know the man of your talk.
(7) He took to his heels on seeing the policeman.
(8) He works hard to get scholarship.
(2) (1) Youth is the time of doing hard work.
(2) The boy has been punished for breaking the slate.
(3) This is an irreparable loss.
(4) He showed me the place of police firing.
(5) Raja Ram Mohan Rai was a social reformer.
(6) People living in glass houses should not throw stones at others.
(7) Time once lost is lost forever.
(8) Men risen to glory are always loved.

(3) (1) You cannot succeed without hard work.
(2) The railway minister was shocked on hearing the news of the railway collision.
(3) There is no smoke without fire.
(4) Hard work will pay you everywhere.
(5) Please send for me in case of difficulty.
(6) Hope sustains life.
(7) I shall be glad of being any help to you.
(8) He did as per instructions.
(9) You shall reap as per your sowing.
(10) He was too weak to speak.
Exercise - 5
(1) (1) Though he is in his teens, he is ................ .
(2) If you keep on working steadily, you are sure to succeed.
(3) Though we are few, we ............ .
(4) If you show me a man’s handwriting, I can ........... .
(5) If he had returned home, he would have been caught.
(6) If you do not master your desires, they will master you.
(7) Unless you confess your fault, you will suffer the punishment.
(8) Though he is poor, he is honest.
(9) If you do your best, you should leave the rest to God.
(10) Though murder has no tongue, it ......... .
(2) (1) Have a task and do it with a will.
(2) You solved this question and nobody would ask you.
(3) Let our friends arrive and we shall play games.
(4) He lives at a place and I know it.
(5) Satish is working hard for he wants to stand first in his class.
(6) You are speaking about the man and I know about him.
(7) I am weak but I can run as fast as you.
(8) I left him and he is standing there.
(9) Reach England, and please write about your safe arrival there.
(10) We were having tea, and then we heard a knock at the door.
Exercise - 6
(1) His wife had burnt the toast, so he got angry.
(2) Our Principal, Ms. Raghav, opened the exhibition.
(3) I am sure that he is the culprit.
(4) He has many hobbies which are expensive.
(5) Everyone will admit that she worked very hard.
(6) We eat to live.

(7) He confessed that he had committed the crime.
(8) She must take medicine to survive.
(9) The boy was disobedient, so the teacher punished him.
(10) I do not know the time of his death.
Exercise - 7
(1) (1) Attend to what your teacher says.
(2) He takes pride in his wealth.
(3) We should speak respectfully to our teachers.
(4) He gave me an offer of a job in his office.
(5) What is done hastily often goes waste.
(6) He will certainly pass.
(7) He fought courageously.
(8) A dog is wonderfully faithful.
(9) He succeeded in his mission.
(10) He believes that God exists.
(11) If you had not given me timely help, I would have been ruined.
(12) No doubt, I will go.
(13) He is respected for he is honest.
(14) Everybody likes to be rich.
(15) The boys began to play after the school.
(16) He did not come to school because it was raining.
(17) There was none present who did not weep.
(18) Murder has no tongue but it will speak.
(19) The apple tastes sour.
(20) He did as per orders.
CHAPTER-33 : Sequence of Tenses
Exercise - 1
(1) did (2) had (3) could (4) is
(5) arrived (6) were (7) had fallen (8) has
(9) can (10) is
Exercise - 2
(1) should (2) smoked (3) disobeyed (4) were
(5) could (6) is (7) receive (8) was
(9) would (10) thought
Exercise - 3
(1) was (2) were injured (3) begged (4) come back
(5) he could (6) was ringing/had gone (7) is fire
(8) run (9) was a quarrel (10) may live

Exercise - 4
(1) knew (2) had planted (3) can (4) were
(5) wears (6) visited (7) might (8) might
(9) began (10) was
CHAPTER-34 : Direct and Indirect Speech
Exercise - 1
(1) Mother reminded Ravi that she had often told him not to play with fire.
(2) She told me that she would travel by the fastest train.
(3) He told her that he could easily beat her in the match.
(4) The poet said that sweet are the uses of adversity.
(5) Rubal said that that was the place where he/she lived.
(6) The old man told his sons that he had always used graceful means to get success.
(7) The leader said that it was time they thought of setting the pending issues.
(8) The clerk told us that he/she was very busy then.
(9) I reminded Tom that he owed me some money.
(10) She told her friend that she could not go with her then.
Exercise - 2
(1) He said that the man had started but he had not yet come.
(2) We told him that the weather was stormy and the way was long.
(3) The teacher told me that the prize would be presented to me the next day.
(4) He made a promise that he would come, if he could.
(5) He told me that I was guilty and he was innocent.
(6) The teacher said that he/she would prove then ........ .
(7) All who heard said that he was speaking the truth.
(8) The man admitted that he had acted foolishly in what he had done.
(9) He said that if his fault was proved that day, he would pay the fine.
(10) He tells everyday that this climate will not suit his health, therefore he must go as
soon as he can.
Exercise - 3
(1) He asked where she lived.
(2) He wanted to know if she had left the previous day.
(3) He asked me why I had stopped there.
(4) He asked his father if he might go to the playground that day.
(5) I asked him where I should wait for him.
(6) The passenger wanted to know if the train was late that day and when it was
expected.

(7) The lamb asked the wolf how he could make water muddy when it was flowing
down to him (the lamb) from his (the wolf’s) side.
(8) Alice asked her mother if she would wear her new dress that evening.
(9) The priest asked if he knew that God rules and governs all things .
(10) The preacher asked how the people could be happy with so many desires.
Exercise - 4
(1) She politely asked me not to come the next day as she would not be there.
(2) The teacher ordered the boys not to move.
(3) Ann requested me to lend her my pen.
(4) He told Rohan that he had to apologize.
(5) Calling the passerby gentleman, the beggar requested him to give him something
to eat.
(6) He shouted and asked them not to sit on his clothes.
(7) The commander commanded the battalion to march forward.
(8) The judge summoned the accused.
(9) The teacher advised the students to be regular in their studies.
(10) The security officer ordered the students not to stand there.
Exercise - 5
(1) She said to me, “Do you believe in spiritualism ?”
(2) The teacher said, “Students, I will be on leave tomorrow.”
(3) The man said, “Yes, I am guilty.”
(4) The people said, “What a terrible storm !”
(5) They said, “May God protect humanity !”
(6) She said to me,“How old are you ?”
(7) My mother said, “Be sincere in your studies.”
(8) The stranger said, “Bless you for the timely help you gave me !”
(9) The young mouse said, “Who will bell the cat ?”
(10) My friend said to me, “We should wait till the rain stops.”
CHAPTER-35 : Punctuation and Capitalisation
Exercise - 1
(1) The old coat of his, which he bought in Lucknow years ago, has been lost.
(2) Will you please forward my letter to 188, Nai Sark, Delhi ?
(3) I expect to be there, as long as I could stay on.
(4) After all, their hopes were too ambitious.
(5) As I was remarking, the boy is beyond control.
(6) While I waited, I read about this news.

(7) I want to learn to dance well and to sing beautifully.
(8) After all is said and done, I am not only satisfied but pleased.
(9) Believe me or not, the train was very late.
(10) This rule, which you have just discovered, will tend to discourage us.
Exercise - 2
(1) Not gold but only men can make a people great and strong.
(2) She said, “United we stand, divided we fall.”
(3) Would that I were a millionaire !
(4) A student should have books, pens and many other things.
(5) Keats says, “A thing of beauty is a joy forever.”
(6) We should help him now, otherwise he will be ruined.
(7) Portia is the heroine of Shakespeare’s ‘Merchant of Venice’.
(8) Hurrah ! We have a holiday tomorrow.
(9) Abou Ben Adhem, may his tribe increase !
(10) You may go your way ; I, mine.
(11) May the Lord shower His choicest blessings on you !
(12) Gentlemen, I bring good news.
(13) Speech is silver, silence is gold.
(14) He said, “I am going to the station just now.”
(15) “Is it a photograph ?” asked the boy.
Exercise - 3
(1) “We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France. We shall fight on the seas and
oceans. We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air.
We shall defend our island whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the landing
grounds ; we shall fight in the fields and the streets ; we shall fight in the hills,
we shall never surrender and even if which, I do not for a moment believe, this
island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our empire beyond
the seas, armed by the British fleet, would carry on the struggle, until in God’s
good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue
and the liberation of the old”.
– Sir Winston Churchill
(2) “Why” I asked him, “do you use the word stupid when you mean ignorant ?” “There
is no difference,” he replied, “Nonsense, there is so much to know that all people,
many of whom aren’t stupid, are ignorant about much.”
(3) Alfred loved the old English songs. One day his mother had a beautiful book of
songs with rich pictures. She said to her children,“I will give this beautiful book
to one of you who shall first be able to read it.” Alfred said, “Mother, will you really
give the book when I have learned to read it ?” His mother said, “Yes, my son.”

(4) “Coward ! Coward !!” cried some of us, “You were brave in the village. How are you
now ?” “Who calls me coward ?” roared the Khan, “Follow me and see if I am one
or not.” And he rushed out, but not in the direction the tigress had gone. “That’s
not the way,” cried some, and at last he returned.
(5) Miss Sullivan tried to kiss me but at that time I did not like to have anyone kiss
me, except my mother. Miss Sullivan put her arm gently around me and spelled
into my hand “I love Helen.” “What is love ?” I asked. She drew me close to her and
said,“It is here”, pointing to my heart, whose beats I was conscious of for the first
time.
CHAPTER-36 : Comprehension
Passage - 1
(1) The parents use this phrase when they want to justify the mistake of their son/
sons.
(2) A boy can do such bad things as disobeying his parents, shouting at others for no
reason, etc.
(3) True education means inculcating in the learner good values such as politeness
and honesty.
(4) ‘Good Breeding is True Education’.
(5) A boy must have in him all the qualities that make a man a good citizen. He must
be sincere, honest, selfless and broad-minded. He should be caring and
responsible. He should learn to be respectful towards others, especially women.
He should have a positive attitude. He must learn to be helpful to those who are
in need.
Passage - 2
(1) The purpose of literature is the welfare of the world.
(2) A poet does a lot for the betterment and elevation of both the heart and the soul.
(3) A great artist has a wider appeal throughout the world.
(4) For a cosmopolitan artist, art is not for its own sake but for the sake of the society,
morality and humanity.
Passage - 3
(1) The secret of a lamp’s splendour is that it spares neither its wick nor its oil.
(2) A lamp suggests to a person that if he spares himself, he will be immediately
extinguished.
(3) Flow makes the water of a running stream fresh.
(4) The writer suggests that those people who preserve their talent and do not use it
for a noble cause waste it.
(5) (i) Extinguished – The fire in the building has been extinguished.
(ii) Pond – There is a holy pond in our state.
(iii) Preserving – By preserving energy, we can solve many problems.

Passage - 4
(1) ‘War and Peace’ and ‘Anna Karenina’ are Tolstoy’s famous novels. Tolstoy wrote
these novels in his study.
(2) Tolstoy wrote letters to some kindered spirits including Mahatma Gandhi. That’s
why his name has been mentioned here.
(3) Tolstoy and Mahatma Gandhi never wasted anything. They used waste paper to
make scrap books.
(4) The most touching sight was the candle on the writing desk which Tolstoy blew
out for the last time on the night of 10th November, 1910 when he decided to
renounce his family.
CHAPTER-37 : Summarising
Exercise - 1 Summary
Science has revolutionised our modern life style. It has made modern life easy and
worth-enjoying. It has drastically changed our eating, living and moving style. It has
provided us with modern gadgets which make our life comfortable. The world has
become a global village, credit goes to science.
But it has its darker side also. It has made peace a distant dream due to imminent
wars.
Title : Science a Bane and a Boon.
Indian students who wish to go abroad are attracted by better job opportunities,
better pay packages, law and order and better standard of living. In the past degrees
awarded by Indian Universities were not considered at par with those of the western
world but now it is not the case. Now there is a big demand of Indians abroad who
are highly and professionally qualified. Indian students are number one in advanced
countries.
Title : Indian Students, Leading Globe-Trotters.
Junk food is unhealthy and has poor nutritional value. It is a matter of concern that
the children are becoming addicts of fast food and are becoming averse to healthy and
balanced diet. Fast food is the mother of so many dangerous diseases. The United
Kingdom had done a great job of saving the children from the advertisements of fast
food.
Title : Junk food – A Health Hazard.
Exercise - 4
For practice in the class.

CHAPTER-38 : Dialogue Writing
Exercise - 1
(i) Where were you yesterday ?
(ii) How many of you ?
(iii) How did you go ?
(iv) Where was the movie shown ?
(v) Did you reach in time ?
(vi) What about the tickets ?
(vii) Who paid for the tickets ?
(viii) What about the film ?
(ix) What type of film is it ?
(x) What did you do after seeing the movie ?
(xi) When did you reach home ?
Exercise - 2
(i) In Delhi
(ii) I have joined St. Joseph Convent School.
(iii) Yes, it is
(iv) Yes, they are.
(v) I usually stand first in my class.
(vi) Of course, in plays and declamation contests.
(vii) Yes, last year I was declared the best actor.
(viii) Yes, a lot.
(ix) Yes, we can sit and have a lot of things to discuss.
(x) They are fine. Papa has been promoted and Mama has become the Principal of her
school.
CHAPTER-39 : Paragraph Writing
Exercise
1. Street accidents are rare but very dangerous. Yesterday a collision took place
between a car and a bicycle in our street. Yesterday a middle-aged man was riding
his bicycle. He was moving at his own slow pace. Suddenly a car appeared in the
street. The driver was driving the car at a very fast speed. He was not mindful of
the fact that it was a residential street. Some children were playing in the street
who ran here and there when they saw the car. But unluckily the cyclist could not
save himself. The car knocked down the cyclist, as a result of which the bicycle
was badly broken. The cyclist was badly injured. The on- lookers rushed to the
spot. First they took the poor cyclist to the nearby hospital. Then somebody

informed the PCR (Police Control Room). The police arrived in no time. The car
driver was driving under the influence of liquor and so he was arrested.
2. A bus stop is always over-crowded. It is the busiest place at peak hours when the
people have to go to their workplaces and to their homes. It is but natural that
there is much noise at a bus stop. Sometimes the buses also create confusion as
they are not properly parked. The people waiting for their buses pass their time
in chatting. There is hardly any topic under the sun that is not talked about here.
There is a strange combination of smiles and worries. Some people are quiet while
some make angry faces at the lack of proper facilities. A bus stop is a place where
you see the people in colourful clothes of different shades and hues. There is a
variety of people. Some are office - goers, some are students. Small children hang
on to their mothers. The old people seek some help in boarding the bus. When the
bus arrives, a great rush is created. The people break the queues. Some youngsters
forget the dangers of foot-board travelling and pickpockets have their most
rewarding time. Buses are the only means of transport for the ordinary people in
a city.
3. A snake-charmer is a person who earns his living by entertaining the people with
his tricks. There is hardly a city, a town or a village in which a snake-charmer is
not seen. He arrives while playing on his flute. His regular and most ardent
spectators are the children. The children rush out of their houses. The snake
charmer starts his show by playing melodious tunes on his flute. When he observes
that his presence is felt in the locality, he puts down his basket on the ground and
starts making calls to his snake as if it is his fast friend. He starts touching the
snake, and the snake uncoils itself. When the snake charmer disturbs the snake
again, it starts hissing and moving to and fro. It seems to dance to the tune of its
master. Sometimes it darts at the snake charmer and sometimes rushes to the
spectators who run back in self-defence. But it is a harmless snake. Over all, it is
an amusing and wonderful show.
4. These days robberies have become quite common. Yesterday a robbery took place
in an important supermarket of our city. It was a day time. It was about 2.30 p.m.
when the whole bazaar was over crowded. The robbers entered the supermarket
with their faces covered with masks and guns in their hands. First, they gave a
threat to the customers and other people to stand still wherever they were
standing. Pushing the customers aside, two robbers captured the entrance and
three of them went behind the cash-counter. The cashier resisted their move but
when the robbers pointed a gun towards him, he had to surrender. They took the
cash from the till. But suddenly the alarm bell rang. The robbers ran quickly out
of the building. A car that was parked outside was ready to take away the robbers.
They fired in the air and fled away. In the meantime, the police arrived there and
gave the robbers a hot chase, but it was of no avail.
5 - 8 : For practice in the class, using the given outlines in the text.

CHAPTER-40 : Story Writing
Exercise - 1
Once there were three men. They were on their way when they came upon a bag.
When they opened the bag, they were filled with a pleasant surprise to see that the
bag was full of money. At first there was dispute as regarding the ownership and
share of the money. Finally they agreed to divide the money equally among
themselves.
The time advanced and now they felt very hungry. One man went to fetch food for all
the three. While he was going on his way, an idea came to his mind. He got greedy
for the whole money. He put some poison in the food. In his absence, the two men
also became greedy. They also wanted to usurp the whole money. When the first
person came with the food, they killed him. Now they were very happy and felt
relieved of the tension and started taking the food, hardly aware of the fact that it
was poisonous. They died just after taking the food. In this way, the bag of money
remained unclaimed.
Moral : Greed is a sin.
Exercise - 2
Once there was a French soldier who was walking through the streets of Paris in a
happy mood. Suddenly he saw a man who was selling caged parrots. There were
parrots of different colours and sizes. He bought a cage of parrots. Suddenly an idea
came to his mind which filled the on- lookers with a great surprise. He set all the
parrots free.
The seller of the parrots and the people present there asked him, “Dear friend, you
spent money on buying these parrots but why did you set these parrots free ?”
“Dear friends, who can know the value of freedom better than me ? I had been kept
as a prisoner of war for many years. I was dying for getting freedom. Now I know the
value of liberty. Similarly, these parrots also need liberty to soar into the sky.”
Exercise - 3
Once a cow was very hungry after roaming about here and there. Suddenly she
came upon a manger that was kept for the fodder of the animals. She was dying out
of starvation, but she saw a dog sitting in the manger. She put her mouth in the
manger but the dog did not let her eat the fodder. It started barking at the cow. The
hungry cow made a plea, “Sir, you cannot eat this hay. It is useless for you. Would
you please come out of the manger and let me satisfy my hunger ?” But the dog was
not only foolish but stubborn also, “I would be the last person to oblige you.” The
poor cow had to resign to her lot.
Exercise - 4
Once there was a woodcutter. He earned his living by cutting the wood and selling it
in the market. One day he was cutting a tree on the bank of a river. Suddenly his axe
slipped from his hands and fell down into the deep river. He was very sad. How
would he earn to feed his family ? He started bewailing. Suddenly a stranger appeared
with a golden axe. He said to the woodcutter, “Dear friend, is this your axe ?” “No,
sir, it is not”, humbly replied the woodcutter. The stranger dived deep into the river
again and brought a silver axe this time. The woodcutter again refused to take that
axe. The stranger again dived into the river but brought an iron axe this time. The
stranger said, “Is this your axe ?” “Yes, sir, it is my own axe,” replied the woodcutter
out of sheer joy. Now the stranger introduced himself, “I am God Mercury. I am very
much pleased at your honesty. Now I gift to you all these three axes. Go and enjoy
your life.” The woodcutter bowed before the God and thanked him for his generosity.
Exercise - 5- 7
For practice in the class, using the given outlines.
CHAPTER-41 : Letter Writing
Exercise - A. Personal Letters

(1) Dear Uncle
I am thankful to you for having sent me best wishes for the competition “Design
your Stamp.” Last week you know that your best wishes never go waste. They are
a stimulant to me.
You’ll be glad to read that I have won the first prize in this competition. There were
more than fifty competitors. They did their best in this competition. My entry was
declared the best. The Post master General of our Zone was the Chief Guest. He
was very happy with the enthusiasm shown by the competitors. He gave me a
certificate and a cash prize of rupees one thousand. It will always remind me to
work hard for achieving my goal of becoming a successful person.
Once again I thank you. Please pay my regards to my loving aunt.
Lovingly yours
Saarthik
(2) Already solved
(3) Dear Lovesh
It is a matter of great delight that you have shifted to your own home. There is a
happy news from this side also – my elder brother, Daman’s marriage has been
fixed for 12th June, 20... . No doubt, Papa and Mama will come to your place to
invite your family. I am going to mention the dates and venues of different
ceremonies.
Lovesh, you are my fast friend. I hope you’ll attend all the functions such as
engagement, marriage and reception.
Please make a programme to reach well in time so that we can enjoy all the
ceremonies.
Please pay my regards to uncle and aunt.
Yours
Aakash
(4) Value Points
l thank you very much for the hospitality shown to me at your place
l felt at home
l convey my regards to your father and mother for taking care of me in every way.
l enjoyed a lot in your company.
(5) Value Points
l was shocked to learn about your mother’s death
l was quite hale and hearty last time I met her
l could understand your sorrow
l death inevitable
l may God grant peace to her soul
Exercise - B. Formal Letters
(1) Respected Sir / Madam
I want to bring it to your kind notice that there is an urgent need of introducing
some improvements in the functioning of our school. For example, the sweepers
do not perform their duties properly. The classrooms are not cleaned, and rubbish
can be seen at many places. The dustbins are not cleared. The furniture in the
classrooms is not dusted regularly.
The school canteen needs special attention. The eatables are not worth eating.
They are of inferior quality. Many students have fallen ill as a result of consuming
these items. Moreover, the behaviour of the canteen contractor is invariably rude.
Someone should be deputed to look after the working of the canteen.
There is no proper cycle shed. Students place their cycles wherever they like. It
does not present a good picture of the institution.
Last but not the least, there is no discipline among the students. With the result,
there is no healthy atmosphere in the school. I would suggest that a discipline
comittee should be formed to tackle this problem.
I hope you will take into consideration the points made by me.
Yours faithfully
Vibha / Vibhor
(2) Respected Sir
I want to bring to your notice that a majority of students go out of the school
campus during the recess period. They go to the roadside vendors who sell
unhygienic food. Most of them eat deep fried food which is injurious to health. I
have seen the food items covered with flies and mosquitoes. A lot of dust also
settles on the food items sold by these roadside vendors.
I would, therefore, request you to disallow the students to go out of the school
campus during the recess period. The students should be encouraged to go to the
canteen. The canteen owner must be told to sell only hygienic food at affordable
rates.
Thank you very much.
Yours obediently
Sahil

(3) Sir / Madam
Let me express my views on the unhygienic stuff sold by the vendors and
shopkeepers through the columns of your popular newspaper.
It is sad that a number of vendors and shopkeepers sell unhygienic food items to
ignorant people. They keep the edibles uncovered. Dust and flies settle on these
items. Those who eat such dirty and infectious things invite diseases like food
poisoning, typhoid, jaundice, etc.
First of all, the health authorities should take harsh measures against the vendors
and shopkeepers selling this poison. Such vendors and shopkeepers should be
heavily fined or even booked for playing with the health of the ignorant people.
Secondly, social service bodies should launch a campaign against such
shopkeepers and force them to cover and handle their food stuff properly.
Yours sincerely
Chetana
(4) Sir
I am pained to bring to your kind notice that the law and order situation in our
colony is deteriorating. We read in the newspapers and watch on the television
almost daily the incidents of chain snatching, robberies and murders. Eve-teasing
has become common place in the crowded areas of the city. The police does not do
much to check all these illegal activities.
I request you to take strict action against the breakers of law, however influential
they may be. Please pull up the police administration so that the law-abiding
citizens could live without fear.
Yours faithfully
Lovish
(5) Sir
It is a matter of great concern that these days the number of road accidents and
deaths due to these accidents is increasing fast. The people are suffering from a
serious behavioural problem – the road rage.
It is a fact that the people in general and the youngsters in particular are short-
tempered and lose their patience easily. They are very fond of speed. Speed is, no
doubt, thrilling and at times essential. Young boys love to ride their motorbikes
at a very high speed. They ignore all traffic rules. In haste they overtake from the
wrong side and even jump red lights. No wonder, they involve themselves in many
avoidable accidents. The police fail to check these young men. No wonder, many
people get killed in road accidents due to the lure of high speed.
The traffic police must penalise those who break traffic rules. It must set speed
limits on different roads in the city. Those who cross the speed limits should be
challaned. Parents should inculcate in their children the traffic sense and the need
for safe driving.
Yours truly
Abhilasha
(6) and (7) : Develop the hints into well-knit letters.

CHAPTER-42 : Essay Writing
A. 1. Value Points
l my grandparents, very affectionate and caring
l grandpa, a retired school teacher – helpful to me in doing my homework
l grandma narrates a lot of interesting stories, cooks special dishes for me
l do many useful tasks for the whole family
2. Value Points
l diwali, the national festival
l celebrated by all
l houses illuminated, fireworks
l some people indulge in gambling
3. Value Points
l experience, the best teacher
l useful lesson learnt
l the mistake never gets repeated
l always remembered
4. Value Points
l parents not always right
l was discouraged from playing hockey
l said hockey players not paid well, no recognition
l played hockey secretly
l today a national-level player ; manager in a bank
5. Value Points
l had to face unemployment for long
l thought of committing suicide
l met a class fellow one day
l he offered a very good job in his factory
l became prosperous in short time, married a beautiful girl
l indeed a fairy tale ending
6. Value Points
l was in the habit of stealing small things
l thought nobody would catch me
l one day a class fellow exposed me in the class
l felt humiliated vowed never to steal
l stealing a crime - difficult lesson learnt at last

7. Value Points
l would like to see my country free from corruption
l would like to see people free from vices
l would like to see that the country has one common language
l would like to see the country recognised as a truly developed country
8. Value Points
compulsory military training — a must
l
l would make the youth more patriotic
l would make them tough to face all hardships in life
l the country could depend upon them in any emergency
9. Value Points
nobody believed I could cook
l
cooked sweet rice
l
l a surprise to all
l father rewarded me with a watch
10. Value Points
l Ramesh and I wanted to play a trick on our school peon, an old man
l told him that the principal had asked to ring the bell to close the school as
someone had died
l did as we told him
l was dismissed from job
B. 1. Value Points
l fashions change with the passage of time
l fashions in clothes, hair styles, etc.
l demand a lot of time and money
l students should avoid them
2. Value Points
cleanliness campaign — a need of the hour
l
dirty surroundings provide negative image
l
l everyone should contribute in making every nook and corner clean
l the government alone can do a little
3. Value Points
l the craze for shopping malls on the increase
l a setback to traditional shopkeepers
l shopping malls good for shopping of various things under one roof
l promote extravagance
4 to 6 : for practice in the class

C. 1. Value Points
l craze for television serials
l many people hooked to them
l most of the serials useless, irrational
l a wastage of time
2. Value Points
l childhood, a golden period of life
l no tension, no anxiaties
l everthing new and fresh
l full of curiosity and excitement
3. Value Points
l travelling, a source of learning
l interaction with people of different nationalities
l learning about flora and fauna
l new cultural values revealed
4. Value Points
l education system still defective
l no systematic teaching
l rote - learning still in vogue
l examination system needs total overhaul
5. Value Points
choice of movies - a matter of personal choice
l
l comic movies in vogue these days
l movies promoting violence to be avoided
l should be realistic and rational
6 to 10 : for practice in the class
D. Value Points
l looked beautiful, was purchased by a young lady
l proved to be helpful in monsoon and summer
l lost its sheen, was used carelessly
l got broken, thrown on a heap of junk
2. Value Points
l was on a horse in a forest
l found a robber looting a passenger on foot
l challenged him
l pounced upon the robber ; the robber ran away
l was woken up by Mother
l realized that the encounter with the robber was a dream
3 and 4 : For practice in the class
CHAPTER-43 : Pronunciation
class work
CHAPTER-44 : Email
Exercises
(1) Dear Shabad
I am really delighted to know that you have won the first prize in debate. I know
that you are a budding debator. Winning prizes will boost your talent in this field.
Keep it up and win laurels for your parents and school.
Rohan
(2) Dear Karthik
Papa sent me an SMS regarding your health. These days the weather is really
unpredictable. Take care of your health and take medicine as prescribed by the
doctor. I hope that you will get well soon.
Yours
Mrinal
(3) Sir
I am Diwakar of class VIII Section A bearing Roll No. 25 . I got issued these books
on 1st March. Science Made Easy A.C. No. 19756 and Ten Great Lives A. C. No.
918003. The date of submission of these books is 15th March. Please extend the
submission date by at least seven days as I am down with fever.
Thanks
Diwakar
(4) and (5) : For practice in the class
CHAPTER-45 : Oral Comprehension
Exercise - 1
(1) Spinoza voted against women because he believed in the wrong notion that men
are more intelligent than women.
(2) It is done because they think that white people are superior to the black people.
(3) Yellow is considered to be the best colour in Japan.
(4) The writer makes a plea to discard the prejudices based on colour.
Exercise - 2
(1) This report has appeared in the News Week .
(2) The students of Asian origin are outperforming the majority of the whites.
(3) The majority of these students are of Indian origin.
(4) It is unlikely that the Indians living abroad will come back to India.
(5) ‘Brain bank’ means that the expertise of Indians abroad is deposited in other
countries, and is not lost.

Test Assignments
Assignment-1
1. (i) Virtue is its own reward.
(ii) None (Nobody) is immortal.
(iii) No one wishes to be a failure.
(iv) Nothing succeeds like success.
(v) Your words have no sense.
(vi) Nobody can get virtue out of vice.
(vii) No one can afford to be lazy.
(viii)Nobody can win over death.
(ix) A teacher cannot be so cruel.
(x) It is not useful to offer gold to a starving person.
2. (i) The artist is lazy but skilled in his art.
(ii) Be alert or (otherwise) you will be caught.
(iii) Walk carefully lest you should fall down.
Or
Walk carefully or you will fall down.
(iv) We were getting late so we increased the speed of the car.
(v) The student was obstinate so he was punished.
(vi) You can sit here or go outside.
(vii) She is a doctor but her husband is an officer.
(viii)He is down with fever so he cannot attend the meeting.
(ix) His condition is pitiable so he cannot be saved.
(x) The destination is long and the way is very difficult.
3. (i) Time which is lost is lost for ever.
(ii) Tell me what the truth is.
(iii) The oldman is so weak that he cannot walk.
(iv) I parked my car after I had reached the mall.
(v) We work only when we are compelled.
(vi) Annie went to bed after she had completed her assignment.
(vii) If you want to be successful, be sincere.
(viii) A person who has committed a sin cannot get peace of mind.
(ix) She behaves as if she were a queen.
(x) You can get this job only if you qualify this test.
4. (i) isn’t it ? (ii) don’t they ? (iii) are they ? (iv) isn’t it ?
(v) won’t she (it) ? (vi) will he ? (vii) did he ? (viii) aren’t they ?
(ix) do they ? (x) didn’t it ?

5. (i) Yes, I have been / No, I haven’t been (ii) Yes, I can / No, I can’t
(iii) Yes, there should be (iv) Yes, I will be
(v) No, I don’t
Assignment-2
1. (i) must (ii) dare (iii) would (iv) shall
(v) would (vi) can (vii) need not (viii) may
(ix) should (x) shall
2. (i) using (ii) breaking (iii) to find (iv) worry
(v) enjoying (vi) to die (vii) to cross (viii) to help
(ix) helping (x) obey
3. (i) knew (ii) torn (iii) sank (iv) withdrawn
(v) delayed (vi) hung (vii) crowned (viii) received
(ix) bore (x) bitten.
4. (i) can/will become (ii) provide (iii) has changed (iv) get
(v) have been using (vi) had been shifted (vii) ends (viii) will go
(ix) should not throw (x) is making
5. (i) would (ii) wants (iii) reaches (iv) can think
(v) flows (vi) has suffered (vii) are leading (viii) seen
(ix) have left (x) will be inaugurated
Assignment-3
1. (i) would not have faced (ii) will not talk
(iii) will face (iv) lost
(v) would not have broken (vi) need
(vii) would buy (viii) invites
(ix) unite (x) would not have suffered
2. (i) It is hoped that the match will be won by her.
(ii) Why is your precious time wasted ?
(iii) A lion may be helped even by a little mouse.
(iv) He was seen hiding the purse by me.
(v) The clown was being laughed at by the children.
(vi) Tea is grown by people in Darjeeling.
(vii) The last day’s match was disrupted by rain.
(viii) She was given a call by someone.
(ix) Get the door broken open.
(x) Are your teachers followed by you ?
3. (i) She is the person who can be relied on.
(ii) The news that a political leader has become a saint is unbelievable.

(iii) John Keats who was a romantic poet died young.
(iv) The university where I got education is at the top in India.
(v) The people who live in glass-houses should not throw stones at others.
(vi) The experiment which was conducted in India was a grand success.
(vii) The class which gives the best results will get a trophy.
(viii)I want to help the boy who has lost his parents.
(ix) Don’t buy a cellphone which is not the latest.
(x) Parents who put unwanted pressure on a child obstruct the personality of the child.
4. (i) fat (ii) colder (iii) most difficult (iv) glamorous
(v) lightest (vi) greatest (vii) fresher (viii) mightier
(ix) strong (x) oldest
5. (i) a few (ii) latest (iii) much (iv) whole
(v) any (vi) fewer (vii) many (viii) none
(ix) every (x) any
Assignment-4
1. (i) use to in place of from (ii) use for in place of towards
(iii) use in in place of with (iv) use of in place of at
(v) use for in place of of (vi) use with in place of for
(vii) use to in place of with (viii) use for in place of towards
(ix) use of in place of with (x) use of in place of on
2. (i) The Taj is a historical building.
(ii) There is no room in this compartment.
(iii) She is such a student as I like.
(iv) Gold is more percious than any other metal.
(v) I did not see my friend for many days.
(vi) I regard her as my sister.
(vii) Ramita resembles her mother.
(viii)You should not always find fault with the work of others.
(ix) He has no choice but to yield.
(x) The people could not help weeping on seeing the widow.
3. (i) mettle (ii) vocation (iii) minor (iv) lessen
(v) sensuous (vi) humane (vii) hue (viii) judicial
(ix) gait (x) industrial
4. (i) managerial/management (ii) ominous (iii) ecstasy
(iv) herbal (v) clarity (vi) stabilize (vii) halve
(viii) ambitious (ix) patriots (x) virtuous

5. (a) (vii) (b) (iii) (c) (i) (d) (x)
(e) (ii) (f) (vi) (g) (ix) (h) (iv)
(i) (v) (j) (viii)
Assignment-5
1. (i) All religions teach us that God loves all.
(ii) Strike when the iron is hot.
(iii) Though my grandfather is very old, he enjoys good health.
(iv) I frankly told my relatives that I needed no man’s favour.
(v) He is as cruel as he is dishonest.
(vi) If the monsoons do not break out this month, we will suffer draught.
(vii) Can you tell me why you were absent yesterday ?
(viii)Except that he speaks fast, he is a good teacher.
(ix) The students who waste their time come to grief in life.
(x) My cousin is going to the States because she wishes to become a doctor.
2. (i) The weather is too stormy to go out.
(ii) She is so sensitive that she cannot bear this insult.
(iii) An ass is not duller that he is.
(iv) It is time for the office to be closed.
(v) I shall never forget your favours.
(vi) I wish I were a child again.
(vii) Unless she mends her ways, she will suffer.
(viii) Shakespeare will never be forgotten.
(ix) Having taught the class, the teacher went home.
(x) He believes that God exists.
3. (i) The teacher advised the students not to waste their time.
(ii) The boy boasted that he could easily beat everyone else in the race.
(iii) Ruby apologized to the teacher and promised that she would be punctual hence-
forth.
(iv) The doctor advised him that he must cut down on cakes and soft drinks.
(v) The clerk asked the woman if she wanted an economy air ticket.
(vi) I requested the visitor not to sit on that chair as it was broken.
(vii) The employee threatened the employer to resign if he did not give him/her a pay
rise.
(viii) My father cautioned me to beware as all that glitters is not gold.
(ix) The fox flattered the crow that he was sure he could sing beautifully.
(x) The Chief Guest addressed the audience and expressed his great pleasure to be
with them.
4. (i) The Great wall is 2000 miles long.
(ii) It was to watch the movement of enemy and keep them off the invasion attempts.
(iii) He joined three old walls to make the Great Wall for protection from the North.
(iv) Different methods of construction are used in different parts of the country.
(v) General Mang Teng.
5. (a) Brother, I had gone to see an exhibition.
(b) Yes, I did.
(c) My friends Naman and Bejon.
(d) I saw so many things especially TVs and laptops.
(e) No, I didn’t.
(f) My experiences were very good. I think we should see more and more exhibitions.

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New Trends in English Grammar

With Teaching Aids and Complete Solutions

[2] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [3]

Subject Finite verb Object

She takes milk.

[4] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [5]

[8] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

CHAPTER-1 : The Sentence

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [9]

CHAPTER-2 : Sentence Structure

[10] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

CHAPTER-4 : Anomalous Finites

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [11]

CHAPTER-5 : Non-finite Forms of Verbs

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [13]

CHAPTER-6 : Strong and Weak Verbs

CHAPTER-7 : Tenses and Their Uses

[14] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

CHAPTER-8 : Conditional Sentences

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [15]

[16] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

CHAPTER-10 : Subject and Verb Agreement

[18] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [19]

CHAPTER-16 : Use of Prepositions

CHAPTER-17 : Use of Conjunctions

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [21]

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [23]

CHAPTER-19 : Common Errors

CHAPTER-20 : Words Likely to be Confused

CHAPTER-21 : Vocabulary and Rich Expression

CHAPTER-23 : One-Word Substitution

CHAPTER-24 : Words Commonly Misspelt

(For practice in the class)

CHAPTER-25 : Phrasal Verbs

Note : For practice in the class (already solved)

[26] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

[28] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

[30] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [31]

CHAPTER-30 : Synthesis (Contd.)

CHAPTER-31 : Transformation of Sentences

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [33]

[34] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

[36] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

CHAPTER-32 : Transformation of Sentences (Contd.)

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [37]

[38] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [39]

CHAPTER-33 : Sequence of Tenses

[40] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

CHAPTER-34 : Direct and Indirect Speech

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [41]

CHAPTER-35 : Punctuation and Capitalisation

[42] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [43]

[44] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]

[Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8] [45]

CHAPTER-39 : Paragraph Writing

[46] [Teacher’s Handbook N.T. in Eng. Gr. and Comp. 8]