Power Systems

Power
Systems
(Solutions for Volume‐1 Class Room Practice Questions)
Power Systems - 1 j0.375 j0.1 j0.5
1 . PU System, Symmetrical j0.286 j0.6

Components & Fault Analysis
 
01.
Sol: Given data, N
Synchronous generator (or) synchronous
motor 02. Ans:
Z  sub transient impedance Sol: Given data:
Z  transient impedance Select the base MVA as 100MVA, Base
Z  Steady state voltage as 33KV on the Generator side
Generator: Base voltage on the line side = 110 kV
2
100  25 
2
MVA .new  kVold 
X pu ( new )  0.2    Zpu new = Zpu old   
40  33  MVA old  kVnew 

= 0.28 Generator:
Transformer 1: 100  33 
2
2
Xpu new = 0.15     = 0.15pu
100  33  100  33 
X pu ( new )  0.15   
40  33  Transformer:
= 0.375 100  33 
2
Xpu new = 0.09     = 0.09 pu.
Overhead transmission line: 100  33 
100 Transmission line:
X pu  50  = 0.1
2002 100
Xpu = 50  = 0.4132 pu.
Transformer 2: (110) 2
2
100  220 
X pu new   0.15    = 0.5
30  220  Motor 1:
2
Motor: 100  30 
Xpu. new = 0.18     = 0.4958 pu.
100  11 
2 30  33 
X pu new  0.3    = 0.6
50  11  Motor 2:
2
100  30 
Xpu new = 0.18     = 0.7438 pu.
20  33 
Motor 3:
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: 3 : Postal Coaching Solutions
100  30 
2
I b1   2 I a1
Xpu new = 0.18     = 0.2975 pu.
50  33  = 1(1240) (8–90)
= 8150p.u
The per unit reactance diagram of the
Ib = 390+8150 + 4–150
system can given in below.
= 11. 53154.3
0.09pu 0.4132pu 0.09pu
04. Ans: 9.80

0.15pu
Sol: Given data:
0.4958pu 0.7438pu 0.297 pu
Ia = 100 A; Ib = 10230 A;
 100
0.909 p.u. M1 M2 M3 Ic = 10130A
0.909 p.u.
0.909 p.u.
K = 1120; K2 = 1240
Positive sequence component
03. Ans: (c) =
1
3

I a  KI b  K 2 I c 
Sol: Given data
Ia = 1–90p.u 1
 [100+112010230+1240
3
I b2  4  150 o p.u
 10130] = 9.80
I c0  390 p.u o
magnitude of phase current Ib in p.u = ? 05. Ans: Ia1 = 23.53 kA

Ib  ? Sol: Given data:
I b2
I b  I b0  I b1  I b2 Ia = 1030 , Ib = 1530, Ic = ?
Ia + Ib + I c = 0
Ia = I a 0  I a 1  I a 2 120
Ic =  [Ia + Ib]
Ia2
I b 2  .I a 2 120 =  [1030 + 1530] = 1500
I b2 1
Ia2  I a1  [I a  K I b  K 2 I c ]
 I c2 3
I a  I a 0  I a1  I a 2 1 1030  1120 1530
  

I a1   

I a1  I a  I a 0  I a 2  3   1240   1500 

Ia1 = 23.53 kA
= I a  I a   I b  2
 0   
  

06. Ans: (b)
4  150 o 
1  90 o  390 o  
 1120 o  Sol: Given data:
X G 0  0.1
I a1  8  90 o p.u

: 4 : Power Systems
X T0  0.05 X n (p.u )  X n () 

MVA base
( kVbase ) 2
X0 = 0.15
100
j0.1 j0.15 j0.05 j0.2  0.32   0.08 p.u
20 2
1
Ia0 
j 0.05  j0.2  j0.2  3  0.08
=  j 1.449 p.u
Zth = 0.2||0.2 If = 3 Ia0
0.2  0.2 = 3 (j1.449) =  j 4.347 p.u
 = j0.1 p.u
0.2  0.2 100 M
I base 
3  20 K
07. Ans: (c) If (kA) = j 4.347  Ibase = 12.5 kA
Sol: Given data:
100 MVA, 20 kV 08. Ans: (b)
X  X1  X 2  0.2
''
d Sol: Given data:
X0 = 0.05 MVAb = 15 MVA
Prefault voltage, Ea1 = 1 p.u kVb = 11 kV
Z1 = j 0.2 Z1 = j1.5 
Z2 = j 0.2 Z2 = j0.8 
Z0 = j 0.05 Z0 = j0.3 
Ia1
Solid L-G fault  Zf = 0 Z1
 15 
X 1  1.5   0.185 p.u
121
Va1
Ea1 
 15 
X 2  0.8   0.099 p.u
Ia2
Ia0 121
Z2 Va2  15 
X 0  0.3   0.0371 p.u
121
n
3  E R1
Ia0 If 
Z0 X1  X 2  X 0
n Va0
3
j3Xn If   9.342 p.u
0.185  0.099  0.0371
15 10 6
g If actual  9.342   7.35 kA
E a1 3 11103
I a1 
Z 0  Z1  Z 2  j3 X n

09. Ans: (b) 11. Ans: (i) Vn  2858Volts

Sol: Given data: (ii) Vn  1905Volts
X1 = 0.3,
Sol: Given data:
X2 = 0.4,
j0.1
X0 = 0.05 (i) X1eq   j0.05
2
Fault current = Rated current
j0.1
Id p.u = 1.0 p.u X 2 eq   j0.05
2
3 E R1 X 0  3X n
1.0  X 0 eq   j0.1
X1  X 2  X 0  3 X n 2
1.0 (X1 + X2 + X0 + 3 Xn) = 3 E R1
I R 0  I R1 
0.3 + 0.4 + 0.05 + 3 Xn = 3 X1eq  X 2eq  X 0eq
Xn = 0.75 p.u 1.0
  5.0p.u
 KV 2
 j0.2
X n (  )  0.75  b


 MVA b  Vn = 3IR0 Xn = 350.05 = 0.75p.u
 13.8 2  6.6  10 3
 0.75   = 14.28  Vn  0.75   2858Volts
10 MVA  3
j0.1
(ii) X1eq   j0.05
10. Ans: (i)IR1=9.54kA; (ii) VR0=4.0kV 2
Sol: Given data: j0.1
X 2 eq   j0.05
X1eq = X2eq = j0.1 2
X0eq = X0 +3Xn + 3XF X0eq=X0+3Xn=j0.2
= 0.05 +3(0.05) +3(0.05) = 0.35 E R1 1 .0
I R 0  I R1    3.33
X1eq  X 2eq  X 0 eq 0.3
E R1
I R1 
X1eq  X 2 eq  X 0 eq Vn = 3IR0 Xn = 33.330.05 = 0.5 p.u
1.0 1.0 6.6  10 3
   1.81p.u Vn  0.5   1905Volts
0.1  0.1  0.35 0.55 3
100
(i) I R1  1.81   9.54kA
3  11 12. Ans: | If | = 2.926 pu.
(ii) VR0 = –IR0 X0eq Sol: Given data:
= 1.81 –90  0.3590 Two identical generators are operate in
= 0.6335p.u parallel and positive sequence reactance
11 diagram is given by figure (a).
VR 0  0.6335   4.0kV
3

: 6 : Power Systems
20
R pu  2   0.33 pu.
112
X 1G1 X 1G2  X 1eq For LG Fault, Fault current
3ER1
 (If) = 3IR1 =

X 1eq  X 2 eq  X 0 eq
Fig.(a) 3 1
If 
j0.09  j0.075  j0.1  0.99
j0.18 (Assume ER1 = 1.0 p.u.)
X 1eq 
 0.09 j p.u.
2 3
where X1G1 = positive sequence reactance in =
0.99  j0.265
p.u. of generator (1)
= 2.827 – j0.756
X1G2 = positive sequence reactance in p.u. of
| If | = 2.926 pu.
generator (2)
Negative sequence reactance diagram is
13. Ans: (d)
given by figure (b).
Sol: Given data:
Z0 = j0.1+j0.1 = j0.2;
X 2G1 X 2G2  X 2eq Z1 = j0.1+ j0.1 = j0.2
Zn = 0.05
Z1  Z l1  Z g1
Fig (b)
Z 2  Z l2  Z g 2
j0.15
X 2eq   0.075jp.u.
2 Ea
I a1 
Z 0  Z1  Z 2  3Z n
Since the star point of the second generator
is isolated. Its zero sequence reactance does 1

not comes into picture. The zero sequence j0.2  j0.2  0.34 j  j0.15
reactance diagram is given by figure (c). For L–G fault
= – j1.12 (pu)
20  10 6
X 0G1 IB (Base Current) =
 X 0 eq
3  6.6  103
X 0G2
3 Rn = 1750 Amp
If (fault current) = (3Iac) IB
Fig. = – j 5897.6A
Neutral voltage VN  I f .Z n
 X0eq = j0.1 + (3  0.33) = 0.99 + 0.1j
Now all values are in p.u. ,then

where Z n  Z B  0.05 
6.62  0.05 Ia=0
20
= 0.1089
VN = 5897.6  0.1089 Ib
= 642.2 Volts
If
Ic
14. Ans: 7 kA Figure (a)
Sol: Given data:

X1 = X2 = j0.1, Xf = j0.05 Ia = 0
E
I a1 
X1  X 2  X f Ib
1 1 Figure (a)
=   4 pu
j0.1  j0.1  j0.05 j0.25 Figure (a) Ic
20  10 3
I fault    7 kA Ia1= –Ia2
3  6 .6
Ia2
X1eq
15. Ans: IF = 7.57kA X2eq
0.15  0.1 Va2

Sol: X1eq  Ea1 
Va1
0.25
X2eq = x1eq = 0.06
3E R1
IF 
X1eq  X 2eq Figure (b) Sequence Network with respective Fig.(a)
1.0 From figure (a), Ib = – Ic

 1.732   14.43
0.06  0.06 From figure (b), Ia1 = – Ia2
30 Positive sequence current
I F  14.43   7.57kA
3  33 E a1
Ia1 =
X 1eq  X 2eq
16. Ans: Vab =13.33 kV (assume pre-fault voltage Ea1= 1 pu.)
Sol: Given data: Positive sequence current
X1eq = 0.2 p.u., X2eq = 0.3 p.u. and 1  j0
Alternator neutral is solidly grounded (Xn= Ia1 = = – 2j pu.
j0.2  j0.3
0)
Negative sequence current (Ia2) = – Ia1
= 2j pu.

: 8 : Power Systems
A zero sequence current doesn’t exists in = – 0.6 pu.

L-L fault because this fault is not associated But we know that Vb = Vc
with the ground Vb = Vc = – 0.6
 Ia0 = 0. Line voltages, Vab = Va – Vb
In this LL fault, fault current (If) = |Ib| = |Ic| = 1.2 – (0.6) = 1.8 p.u.
Ib = Ib0 + Ib1+ Ib2 Vbc = Vb – Vc = 0 p.u.
= 0 + K2Ia1 + KIa2 ( Ia1 = – Ia2) Vca = Vc – Va
2
= (K – K) Ia1 = – 0.6 – (1.2) = 1.8 p.u.
= [(–0.5– j0.8667) – (–0.5 + j0.8667)]Ia1 13.2
Vab = 1.8 = 13.33 kV,
= – j1.732 Ia1 3
E a1
|Ib| = 3 Ia1 = 3
X 1eq  X 2 eq 17. Ans: If = 4.8 p.u If amp = 3.13 kA
= 3   3.464 p.u. Sol: Given data:
 Fault current (If) = |Ib| = |Ic|= 3.464 pu. # 

Base MVA
Base current = LLG
3  Base voltage
25  10 6 13.9
= = 1093.4A Prefault voltage   1.05
3  13.2  10 3
13.2
 Fault current in amps, Current through ground = Fault current
If actual = If pu  Ibase If = 3 Ia0
= 3.464 1093.4 X 2 eq
= 3787.5A. I a 0   I a1 ........ (1)
X 2 eq  X 0 eq
Va1 = Ea – Ia1 X1eq
E a1
= 1 + j0 – (– 2j) (j0.2) I a1 
X X
 1 – 0.4 = 0.6 p.u. X1  2 0
X2  X0
Va2 = – Ia2  X2eq = – (2j) (0.3j) = 0.6pu
1.05
|Va1| = |Va2| = 0.6 pu 
 0.2  (3  0.05  0.08) 
For Phase ‘a’, 0 .2   
 0.2  (3  0.05  0.08) 
Va = Va1 + Va2 + Va0 ( Va0 = 0)
= 3.42
= 2Va1 = 2 0.6 = 1.2 pu.
Substitute Ia1 value in equation (1)
For Phase ‘b’,
 0.2 
Vb = Va0 + 2 Va1 +  Va2  I a 0  3.42  = 1.59
 0.2  (0.15  0.08) 
= ( k 2  k )Va1 ( Va1 = Va2)
= (– 0.5 – 0.8667j) + (– 0.5 + 0.8667j)Va1 If = 3 Ia0 = 3  1.59 = 4.77 ≃ 4.8 p.u

 15  0.1
If amp  4.77   kA ≃ 3.13 kA
 3 13.2 
0.2 0.1 0.2
Xeq
18. Ans: I R1  6.22kA
 
Sol: Given data:
j0.12
X1eq   j0.1  j0.16
2
X2eq = X1eq = j0.16
1000 
X0eq = X0+3Xn +X0 X G 2 New  0.16    0.2
 800 
= j0.05 + 3(j0.05)+j0.3=j0.5
0.2  0.25 1
E R1 X eq  
I R1  0.45 9
X 2eq X 0eq
X1eq  1000
X 2eq  X 0eq  SC MVA   9000 MVA
(1 / 9)
1.0

0.16  0.5
0.16  21. Ans: (b)
0.66
Sol: 0.06
1.0

0.2812
0.10 0.15
20 Xeq = 0.12 p.u
I R1  3.55p.u  3.55   6.22kA
3  6.6  
n
n
19. Ans: (c)

X G 2 New on 15 MVA Base
Sol: Equivalent reactance seen from the fault
point 15 
 0.10   [1] 2  0.15 p.u
X PU 
 j0.3  j0.08   j0.1  j0.08 10 
j0.1  j0.2  j0.08  j0.08  j0.1 E R1 1
If    8.33 p.u
= j0.12214 X eq 0.12
Fault level current = 1/X(PU) = 1/j0.12214  0.1 
= –j8.1871
I f G 2  8.33    3.33
 0.25 
 15 
20. Ans: (c)  3.33   2.62 kA
 3  11
Base MVA
Sol: SC MVA  I fG1 = 8.33 – 3.33 = 5
X eq

: 10 : Power Systems
 15  0.7  0.1
IfG1(actual) = 5  =  0.0875 pu
 = 3.93 kA 0.8
 3 11
 Fault current I f3  
Vth
X 3eq
22. Ans: If =11.43 pu
Sol: Given data: 1 .0
 = 11.43 pu
0.0875
Per unit positive sequence reactance
diagram of the given system when the
2. Power System Stability
breaker closed is shown in fig.
4 0.2pu 1 2 3 01. Ans: 23.54k N-m

0.3 pu
XT Xl Sol: Given data:

Xd = 0.2 pu X
H = 9 kW – sec/kVA
X1eq X 3eq K.E = stored?
1 pu 1pu
K.E stroed
Inertia constant H 
rating of the machine
Fig
K.E stored = H × S
The equivalent reactance with respect to = 9 × 20 MVA
point “1” is [short circuit 1P.u sources] = 180 MW – sec  180 MJ
X 1eq   X T  X d  //  X l  X  Accelerating torque Ta = ?
Pa
0.4  0.3  X  0.12  0.4 X Pa = Ta Ta 
=  
0 .4  0 .3  X 0 .7  X
Pa = Ps  Pe
Given prefault voltage (Vth) = 1pu.
Ps = 26800 × 0.735 = 1998 kW
 Fault current  I f   th
V
X 1eq Pa = 19698  16000 = 3698 kW
3698
1 Ta  = 23.54 kN – m.
  5 pu 2 1500
 0.12  0.4 X 
  60
 0.7  X 
0.7 + X = 5(0.12 + 0.4X) 02. Ans: (c)
 X = 0.1p.u Sol: Given data:
To find fault level at bus ‘3’: Ns = 3000,
The equivalent reactance w.r.t. point ‘3’ in f = 60 Hz,
reactance diagram is P 60 MW
S   70.58 MVA
X 3eq   X d  X T  X l  // X cos  0.85
= (0.2+0.2+0.3) // 0.1

1 2 As load increases, load angle () increases,

I s
H 2 due to moment of Inertia, there there by Sin0 increases.
S
 sin  0  loading
is no sudden change in angular velocity
2 At 60% of loading sin 0 = 0.6
1  2  NS  6
I  10 0 = 36.86
2  60 

70.58 EV
We know that Pe  sin  0 ,
1  2  3000  6
X
(8800)   10
2  60  where E = no-load voltage,

70.58 V = load voltage
= 6.152 MJ/MVA dPe EV
SH 70.58  6.15  cos  0
M   0.04825 d X
180 f 180  50 1.1  1
 cos 36.86  1.76
0.3  0.2
03. Ans: 40 MJ/MVA
SH
Sol: Given data: Moment of inertia M= ,
f
Generator A Generator B where S = Rating of the machine,
n=4 n=3
Heq = 9 × 4 f = frequency,
Heq = 4 × 3
=36 J/MVA = 12J/MVA Inertia constant , H = 3 MW-sec/MVA
36 100 12  200 ( Assume rating of machine 1 pu.)
H A New  H B New 
150 150
= 24 1 3 3
= 16 = 
  50 50
Heq = HAnew + HBNew
The natural frequency of oscillation at 60%
= 24 + 16 = 40 MJ/MVA
loading,
1/2
04. Ans: fn =1.53 Hz  dPe  
f n     0 M 
Sol: Given data:  d  
Since the system is operating initially under 1
steady state condition, a small perturbation  50  2

= 1.76    9.6 rad/sec
in power will make the rotor oscillate. The  3 
natural frequency of oscillation is given by 9 .6
= Hz  1.53Hz
1 2
  dp e  2
  
  d   0 
fn    05. Ans: (i) KE = 800 MJ;
 M 
  (ii)  = 337.5 elec.deg/sec2
 
(iii)  = 6.75 elec.degree/sec2
Sol: Given data:

p = 4, f = 50Hz, G = 100 MVA, H = 8 sec 1 2

(t) = t   0
(i) K.E Stored GH=100  8  800 MJ 2
d 2 10
(ii) m  pa 10cycles t =  0.2 s ec
dt 2 50
p a  p s  p e = 80 – 50 = 30 1
(t) = t 2   0
2
d 2
m 2 (accelecation ) 1
dt (0.2) = t 2   0
2
d 2  30 1
  (0.2) =  337.5  (0.2) 2
dt 2 m 2
GH 800 = 6.74 elec. degree/sec2
M=   0.088
180f 180  50 Speed of the motor at end of the 10cycles.
d 2 30 2
  337 . 5 Elec.degree/s 120f
dt 2 0 . 0888 Before disturbances speed (Ns) =
p
= 337.5  2 mech deg/ s 2 120  50
p =
4
2
= 337.5  =168.7 mech deg /s2 Speed of the 10 cycle = 1500
4
dN
 N (t) = N0+ t (N0=NS)
= 168.7 mech deg/ s 2 dt
180
dN
= 2.94 mech rad/s2 =1500+  0.2 ........................ (1)
dt
(iii)10 cycles- Acceleration maintained constant
d d 2 
d 2
 
mean constant change in angle after 10 dt dt 2
dt 2
d  2N 
sec  
dt  60 
d 2
 dN 60 d 2
dt 2     2.97
 = 337.5 elec. degree/sec2 dt 2 dt 2
d 60  2.97
 t  9.5  2.97  28.36 ……. (2)
dt 2
Equation (2) substitute equation (1)
1
=   2  k1 N(t) = 1500 + 28.36  0.2
2
Before giving distance, at t=0 =0 N(t) = 1505.67 rpm
0 = 1  (0) 2  k1
2
06. Ans: 27 deg
k1 = 0

Sol: Given data: 1.0 2.41  0.523  1.5 cos138.18  0.5 cos 30 
 c  cos 1  
 1.5  0.5 
E = 1.1pu V = 1.0pu
Assuming inertia constant (H) = 1pu  3
1.00 1.887  1.5   0.7452  0.5  
EV  cos 1  2 
P sin   1 
X  
 
X= j.015+ j.015 = j0.30pu  cos 1 1.887  1.1175  0.433
PX
sin   = cos1 [1.887  1.5505]
EV
= cos1 [0.3365] = 70.336.
j0.3  1
  0.2727
1 .1  1 .0
 =15.82 08. Ans: cr = 55
Sol: Given data:
GH
M  1.11  10 4 pu Ps = 1.0 p.u
f
1 .0  0 .0 Pm1 = 1.736 P.u
Pa     0 .5 X1eq= 0.72 p.u
2
0 .5 X2eq = 3.0 p.u
0     4504 deg/sec2
1.11  10 4 X3eq = 1.0 p.u
1  t  0.05  4504  11.26 deg
2 2
EV
Pm 2 
X2
Rotor angle 1=0+1 = 15.82+11.26 =27 deg
07. Ans: cr = 70.336 EV X1
 
X1 X 2
Sol: Given data:
 = 30, Pm2 = 0.5, Pm2 = 1.5, Ps = 1.0 X1
Pm2= Pm1 × r1 where r1 
0(rad) = 0.52 X2
 P  EV EV X1
Pm 3   
 max  180  sin  s  1
X 3 X1 X 3
 Pm 3 
X1
 1.0  1 Pm3= Pm1 × r2 where r2 
 180  sin   X3
 1.5 
Substitute these values tot get Pm2 & Pm3
max = 180  41.80 = 138.18
0.72
 Pm 2  1.736   0.416
 max  138.18  = 2.41 3.0
180
Pm3 = 1.245
 P 
 0  sin 1  s 
 Pm1 
0 = 35.17 = 0.614 rad

 P  Pm1 = 2.2
 max 180  sin 1  s 
 Pm 3  Pe2 = 0, Pm2 = 0
Pm3 = 0.75  2.2 = 1.65
= 126.56 = 2.208 rad
 P   1 
 0  sin 1  s   sin 1  
 Pm1   2.2 
 P      Pm 3 cos  max  Pm 2 cos  0 
 cr cos 1  s max 0 
 Pm3  p m 2  
 27   0.471
1.0 2.208  0.614 1.245 cos126.56  0.416 cos 35.17 
180
 cr cos 1  
 1.245  0.416   P 
 m  180  sin 1  s 
cr = 51.82 ≃55  Pm 3 
 1.0 
 180  sin 1    142.7
09. Ans: cr = 88  1.65 
Sol: Given data: 
 m  142.7   2.48rad
180
Ps = 0.4 Pm1
X1  P    0   Pm 3 cos  m 
X2 = 6 X1 Pm 2  Pm1   c  cos 1  s m 
X2  Pm 3 
Pm3 = 0.8 Pm1 = Pm1 × 0.167 1.0(2.48  0.471)  1.65 cos(142.7) 
cos 1  
 P   1.65
 0  sin 1 0.8  s  = sin1 (0.4) = 23.578
 Pm1    2.48  0.471  1.31 
c  cos 1  
 1.65 
 P 
  180  sin 1  s 
 cos 1  0.423  65
 Pm 3 
 0.4 Pm1 
 180  sin 1   = 150 11. Ans: c = 84
 0.8 Pm1 
Sol: Given data:
cr  cos  1  Ps max  0  Pm3 cos max  Pm2 cos0 
 Ps  Pe1  1.0
 Pm3  Pm2 
  
0.4Pm1 150 23.578  0.8 Pm1 cos150 0.167Pm1 cos23.578 
Pe1  2.2 sin 
1  4
cos  
0.8Pm1  0.167Pm1




Pm1  2.2
cr = 88 Pe2  0, Pm2  0
Pm3  Pm1  2.2
10. Ans: c = 65
0 = 27
Sol: Given data:
Ps = Pe1 = 1.0 0(rad)= 0.471
Pe1 = 2.2 sin 

 m  180   0  153  153   2.66
180

1.02.66  0.471  2.2 cos(153)   m  155.4 


 2.71
 c  cos 1  
 2.2 180
 2.66  0.471  1.96  1.0(2.71  0.43)  2.4 cos(155.4) 
 c  cos 1   c  cos 1  
 2.2  2.4
c = 84  87.7
12. Ans: c = 79.77 14. Ans: 0.20682 sec

Sol: Given data: Sol: Given data:
Ps  Pe1 S = 1.0, H = 5,  = 68.5, 0 = 30, Ps = 1.0
2M ( c   0 )
Pe1  2 sin  tc 
Ps
Pm1 = 2p.u
2  SH ( L   0 )
0 = 30, 0(rad) = 0.523 tc 
f (Ps )
Pe2  0, Pm2  0

Pm3  Pm1 = 2.0 2  1.0  5(68.5  30) 
tc  180
 m = 180 –0 = 150   50 1.0
  0.20682 sec
(rad)= 150   2.61
180
 2.61  0.523  2.0 cos(150)  15. Ans: Pe = 0.3307 pu
 c  cos 1  
 2.0 Sol:
 2.61  0.523  1.732  E1 = 1.5 1 E2 = 1.2 2

 c  cos 1    80
 2.0  
X = 1.0 X = 0.5 X = 0.8
13. Ans: c = 87.7

E 1E 2
Sol: Given data: Pe  sin(1   2 )
X eq
Ps = Pe1  1.0
1.5  1.2
1.0  1.2 Pe  sin 25
Pm1   2.4 2.3
0.5
= 0.3307 p.u
Pm 2  0, Pm 3  Pm1  2.4
 1.0  16. Ans: Permissible increase = 60.34

 0  sin 1    24.6  0.43
 2.4  Sol: Given data:
 1.0  PS = 2.5 p.u.
 m  180  sin 1    180  24.6  155.4
 2.4  Pmax1 = 5.0 p.u.

d |E| = 1.0pu
 Before fault  0 ,  = 0, Pa = 0
dt
X
Ps = Pe1 0.12pu
 P  X
Ps = Pmax1 sin 0  0 = sin 1  s  1.0pu
 Pmax 1  V=1.0pu
 2.5 
0 = sin 1   when one of the double circuit tripped, then
 5 
11 1
0 = 30 0.523 rad Pm 2    5pu
0.12  x 0.2
Pmax2 = 2 p.u.
Pmax3 = 4 p.u.
18. Ans: (c)
 P  Sol: Before fault
max = 180 – sin 1  s 
 Pmax 3  Mechanical input to alternator
 2.5  (Ps) = electrical output (Pe) = 1.0 P.u.
= 180  sin 1  
 4  Given  = 300, V = 1.0 P.u
= 180 – 36.68 During fault
max = 141.32  2.4664 rad 1
Xeq = pu
0.8
Ps  max  0  

 Pmax3 .cos  max   Pmax 2 cos  0 
E = 1.1 p.u, V = 1.0 P.u
cos   180o
Pmax3  Pmax 2 ‘’ value cannot change instantaneously.
  Initial accelerating power
2.5141.32  30  4. cos141.32  2 cos 30 o  
 180 = (Pa) = Ps  Pe
42
1.11.0
4.84   3.122  1.73 Pa = 1.0  sin 300
 1 
2  
 0.8 
Cos c = – 610–3
Pa = 0.56 P.u
c = Cos–1(–610–3) 90.34
Permissible increases = c – 0
3. Load Flow Studies
= 90.34 – 30
= 60.34 01. Ans: (a)
Sol: Given data:
17. Ans: (d) Y23  j10 ; y23 = Y23 = j10
Sol: Given data:
1
V = 1.0pu z 23   j0.1
y 23
 T  0.12pu

Y12 Y13
Y11    Y12  Y31  14.4
02. Ans: (c) 2 2
Sol: Y11 = y13 + y12 Y12 = – Y12 = j10
= (j 0.2)1 + (j 0.5)1 = j 7 Y23 = – Y23 = j2.5
Y22 = y21 + y23 Y31 = – Y31 = j5
= (j 0.5)1 + (j 0.25)1 =  j 6 Y12  Y31  2 j14.4  j10  j5
Y33 = y31 + y32 = j1.2 ………..(1)
= (j 0.2)1 + (j 0.25)1 = j 9 Similarly
  2 j11.5  j10  j2.5
Y12  Y23
03. Ans: (a) = j2 ………..(2)
Sol:   Y31  2 j5  2.5  6.3
Y23
j 0.05 j 0.05 = j2.4 ……….(3)
Y12  Y31  j1.2 ………(1)
Subtracting (2) and (3)
j 0.1 Y12  Y23
  Y23
  Y31  j2  j2.4
1 1
Y22 = Y11 = (j0.05) + (j0.1) =  j 30  Y12  Y31   j0.4 ………(4)
1
Y12 = Y21 = (j0.1) = j10 Solving equation (1) & (4) we get
04. Ans: (b) Y13 = j0.8
Sol: Given data:
We know that
 14.76 10 5 
Y22 = y21 + y22 +y23 
06. Ans: (i) Ybus  j  10  13.72 4 
Y21 = y21 Y23 = y23
 5 4  8.64
From the data, Y22 = 18, Y21 = 10,
Y23 = 10  29.76 20 10 
Y22 = ? (ii) Ybus 
 j  20  27.72 8 
18 = (10) + y22 + (10)  10 8  17.64
 y22 = 20  18  14.88 10 5 
Shunt Susceptance, y22 = 2. (iii) Ybus 
 j  10  13.86 4 
 5 4  8.82
05. Ans: Y13 = j0.8
 14.4 10 5  Sol: (i) z12 = j0.001100=j 0.1

Sol: YBus 
 j  10  11.5 2.5  y12 = –j10
 5 2.5  6.3 z13 = j0.001200 = j0.2

y13 = –j5 
y12 y
Y11  y12  y13   13
y23 = j0.001250 = j0.25 2 2
y23 = –j4 = –j20 –j10 + j0.08 + j0.16
y112  j0.0016  100  j0.16 = –j29.76
y y
y113  j0.0016  200  j0.32 Y22  y12  y 23  13  23
2 2
y123  j0.0016  250  j0.4 = –j10 – j8 + j0.16 + j0.2
y112 y113 = –j17.64
Y11  y12  y13  
2 2 Y12 = –y12 = j20; Y13 = –y13 = j10;
  j10  j5  j0.08  j0.16 Y23 = –y23 = j8
= –j 14.76  29.76 20 10 
y BUS 
 j 20  27.72 8 
y1 y1
Y22  y12  y 23  12  23  10 8  17.64
2 2
 j10  j4  j0.08  j0.2 (iii) z12 = 0.001  100 = j0.1
= – j13.72 y12 = –j10
z13 = j0.001  200 = j0.2
y113 y123
Y33  y13  y 23   y13 = –j5
2 2
z23 = j0.001  250 = j0.25
 j15  j4  j0.16  j0.2
y23 = –j4
= – j8.64
  j0.0008  100  j0.08
y12
Y12   y12  j10  Y13   y13  j5, Y23   y 23  j4
  j0.0008  200  j0.16
y13
 14.76 10 5  y23  j0.0008  250  j0.2

y BUS  j 10  13.72 4  
y12 y
Y11  y12  y13   13
 5 4  8.64 2 2
(ii) z12 = j0.0005  j0.05 = –j10 – j5 + j0.04 + j0.08
y12 = –20j = –j14.88
y13 = j0.0005  200 = j0.1 y y
Y22  y12  y 23  12  23
y13 = –j10 2 2
= –j10 – j4 + j0.04 + j0.1
z23 = j0.0005  250 = j0.125
= –13.86
y23 = –j8
y y
  j0.0016  100  j0.16
y12 Y33  y13  y 23  13  23
2 2
  j0.0016  200  j0.32
y13
= –j5 –j4 + j0.04 + j0.1
y23  j0.0016  250  j0.4 = –j8.82

Y12   y12  j10;

Power Systems - 2
Y13 = –y13 = j5;
Y23 = –y23 = j4
02. Transmission & Distribution
 14.88 10 5 
YBUS  j 10  13.86 4 
 5 4  8.82 2.1 Basic Concepts & 2.2 Transmission
Line Constants:
07. Ans: (b)
01. Ans: n2
Sol: Given data:
Sol: Given data:
y31 = y13 =  j5
For same length, same material, same power
y23 = y32 = j5
loss and same power transfer
Y11 = y11 + y13 = j5
If the voltage is increased by ‘n’ times, what
Y22 = y22 + y23 = j5
will happen to area of cross section of
Y12 = Y21 = 0
conductor.
Y13 = Y31 = y13 = j5 PLoss 1 = PLoss 2
Y23 = Y32 =  y23 = j5
PLoss1  3I12 R 1
Y33 = y13 + y23 = j5 j5 = j10.
P  3 V1I1 cos 
2
18. Ans: 3500 (3500 to3500)  P1 
PLoss1  3   R1

Sol: Given data: 3 V cos 
 1 
Number of Buses (N) = 1000
P12 R 1
Number of non- zero elements = 8000 PLoss1 
V12 cos 2 
=N+2NL
R 1
(NL=Number of transmission lines) PLoss1  2
 2
V1 aV2
1000 + 2NL = 8000
NL = 3500 1
 aV 2 
PLoss
Minimum number of transmission lines
and transformers = 3500  aV2 = constant
∵ PLoss = Constant
a 1 V12
1
a 2 V22
V2
 n  given
V1

1 I R  I y  I B  In  0
 a2  a1
n2
V2 230 2
In this efficiency is constant since same  4000, R   13.225
R 4000
power loss.
V 00 V   1200
 In  0  
R L  90
02. Ans: (b)
 VC  120  90
Sol: Given data:
V V
We know that P = VIcos      210 0  VC  210 0  0
R L
P V V
I  ………… (1)   cos 210 0  VC cos 210 0  0
(V cos  ) R L
Power loss P = I2 R V
 sin 210 0  VC sin 210 0  0
    L
= I2  R  
a  a  1
 .............. (i)
 LC
a  I2 ……… (2)
P 1  2 LC  1  3
 
Substitute eq (1) in eq. (2) R  L  2
2
 P   L = 72.9 mH
I 
 V cos   a C = 139.02 F
K If suppose ‘XC’ on phase B, XL on phase C
a
V cos  2
A
1 V 0
a R
V cos  2
1
volume  ( volume  area) XL
V120
(V cos ) 2 XC V +120
B
03. Ans: (b) C
Sol: Given data:

V V V
IR   0
A R XC XL
R V 0 1 1
 C  30    30 0  0
In R L
XC 1 1
V120  C cos 30 0  cos 30 0  0
IB V+120 R L
Iy B
C

1 d 
C sin 30  sin 30 5.5 = n  1 
L
 r1 
1st condition never be zero, because all the
d1
positive parts never becomes zero e5.5 
r1
244.69 r1 = d1
04. Ans: (b)
 
Sol: Given data: 1.10  1.05  0.2n d 2 
Self-inductance of a long cylindrical  r2 
conductor due to its internal flux linkages is d 
1.155  0.2n  2 
1 kH/m.  r2 
 0 r  0 r  1   0 r  1  1.155
d2
La   ln   ln  e 0.2

8 2  r  2  d  r2
 
 int  ext
322.14r2 = d2
L self  L self due to  int  L self due to  ext d 2  d1 322.14r1  244.69r2
 100   100
 0 r  0 r  1  d1 244.69r1
  ln 
8 2  r  = 0.3165 100
 0 r  1  = 31.6%
L mutual  L mutual due to ext  ln 
2  d 
Ans: 1 K H/m ( 1st term is independent of 06. Ans: (b)
diameter) Sol: Given data:
d = 4;
05. Ans: 31.6% (i) L1 Cn1
Sol: Given data: After Transposition
Ln = 1.10 mH/km increased 5% GMD1  3 4  4  4  4
d  (ii) L2 Cn2
L n  0.2n  1 mH / km
 r1  After Transposition
d  GMD 2  3 4  4  8  5.02 m
1.10mH / km  0.2n  1 mH / km
 r1  GMD1 < GMD2
L1 < L2
d 
1.10  0.2n  1  Cn1 > Cn2
 r1 
Resistances R1 = R2
1.10 d 
 n  1  L
0 .2  r1   ZC 
C

    GMD a  d111  d121  d 211  d 221  d 311  d 321 

1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 6
 L   L 
 Z C1   1     Z C2   2  
  Cn 1     Cn 2   = (44.33.53.822.3)1/6
  V 2    V 2 
=3.189m
 S I L     S I L   
1  Z   2  Z  GMDb = GMDa= 3.189
  C1    C 2 
GMDsystem= GMD a  GMD b
07. Ans: (b) =3.189 m.

Sol: Given data: (Self GMD)system
The impedance of a Transmission line  (self GMD of system a )  self GMD b
Z = 0.05+20.35/phase/km self GMDa
Spacing is doubled d2 =2d1; R= 0.05  rx  0.5  2  rx  0.5  1.5  rx  0.5  2  1/9
radius is doubled r2= 2r1
= (0.77883(0.03)3(0.5)322)1/9 = 0.276m
XL= 0.35 /phase/km
Self GMDb ry  0.3  ry  0.3
1/ 4
 GMD 
l  ln  
 GMR   0.7788  0.04  0.3
l remain constant = 0.096m
0.35 SelfGMD 0.096  0.276 =0.162m
2fL = 0.35  L =
2f  GMD 
  L  2  0.2 ln  mH / km
B let R  . ;R  2  GMR 
A r
 3.189  6
R 2  r1 
2
1
2
 0.4 ln   10 H / m
   R L  R    0.162 
R 1  r2  2
L = 11.9310–7 H/m
R 0.05
 1  0.0125
4 4
09. Ans: d = 3.74 m
(z2)new = 0.0125+j 0.35/km.
Sol: Given data:
r = 1.5cm
08. Ans: (c)
L = 1.2 mH/km
Sol: Given data:
d d
rx= 0.03m
ry = 0.04m
GMDsystem = GMDa. GMDb
GMD  3 2  d
0.5 1.5 2 0.3
 1.2599 d 
0.2n    1.2
 0.7788  0.015 
1 2 3 1 2
rx ry d = 3.74 m
rx rx ry

10. Ans: 3.251 nF/km VS ph  A Vr ph  B I r ph

Sol: Given data: 220 kV
f = 50Hz, d = 0.04m, r = 0.02m Vr ph 
3
v = 132kV
Pr
20 r Ir L 
C 3 VL cos  r
 GMD 
n   50 M
 GMR   = 145.7 A
12 3  220 k  0.9
2  8.854  10 1
=
 6  I r ph  145.7   cos 1 (0.9) =145.725.84
n  
 0.02   220k 
VS ph  (0.9360.98)  
= 9.75nF/km  3 
C 9.75  (14276.4)(145.7  25.84)
Interline capacitance = 
3 3
= 133.247.7 kV
 3.251nF / km
VS (L  L)  3  133.24  230.6 kV
11. Ans: 1.914 Vs

VR 
Sol: Given data: A
Self GMD = kR 230.6
 246.36kV
0.936
Self GMD = 3
R 1  3R  3R
= 3
0.7788R  3R  3R 02. Ans: (c)
= R 0.7788  3  3
3
Sol: Given data:
kR = 1.914 R Load delivered at nominal rating
k = 1.914 Vrl = 220 kV
VS
 | Vr |
2.3 Steady state performance analysis A
% V.R   100%
| Vr |
Of Transmission lines
240
 220
01. Ans: (c)  0.94  100% = 16%
220
Sol: Given data:
A = D = 0.936 + j0.016 = 0.9360.98,
03. Ans: (c)
B = 33.5 + j138 = 142.076.4,
Sol: Given data:
C = (–5.18 + j914)  10–6,
A = D = 0.951.27 ; B = 92.476.87
Vr = 50 MW, p.f = 0.9 lag,
C = 0.00690 ; VS = Vr = 138 kV
VS (L-L) = ?

R, Y are neglected Complex power delivered by load:

| VS | | Vr | S = V I
 Pmax 
X = (10060) (10150)
In nominal-  B = Z = 1000210
Z = 92.476.87 = 21+j90 =  866.6 – j 500 VA
X = 90  Complex power absorbed by load
138138 Sload = 866.6 + j 500 VA
 Pmax   211.6 MW
90  Ans: (b) i.e., load absorbs both real and
reactive power.
04. Ans: 81.04 kW
I=10150
Sol: Given data:
L
A = 0.9770.66 O
Source  A V=10060
B = 90.1864.12 D
V = 132 kV
AD-BC = 1
AD  1 06. Ans: 0.936 lag
C
B Sol: Given data:
132  103 Short transmission line having impedance =
VC    0.66
3  0.97 2 + j5 
0.9770.66  0.9770.66  1
C 6kV 2+j5 6kV
90.1864.12
0.95451.32  1` 2 MVAR
 Load
90.1864.12
2MW
= 5.6210-4 90.2
IS = CVr +BIr  2 
  cos 1    68.2
132  10 3  29 
5.62  10 4 90 
3 Vs Vr AVr2
P cos     cos   
P = 3VLIL cos B B
132  74.184 cos902  0.66 36  106
P  3 2  106  cos68.2    cos(68.2)
3  0.97 29
P = 81.04kW Cos(68.28–) = 0.6705
 = 20.309
05. Ans: (b)
Vs Vr AVr2
Sol: Given data: Q sin      sin    
B B

36  106 08. Ans: (b)

 sin 68.2  20.309  sin 68.2 Sol: Given data:
29
– 1.24 MW Vs = Vr = 1,
–1.24 +2 = Qc X = 0.5,
Qc = 0.7524 MW VS Vr
Real power Pr  sin 
P 2 X
 cos   
P 2  2 4  0.7524 1.0 1.0
2
1 sin 
= 0.9359 lag 0.5
   sin 1 (0.5)  30
≃ 0.936 lag
Reactive power
(VS )(Vr ) (V ) 2
07. Ans: (a) Qr  Cos 
X (X )
Sol: Given data:
f = 50 Hz 1 .0  1 .0 12
 cos 30 
0 .5 0 .5
L
Surge impedance Z 0  1  3
C  
 2 
L=C     2  1.732  2  0.268
Velocity of wave 1
 
2
1
V  3  105 But Qr + QC = 0
LC
QC = – Qr = 0.268 p.u
1
 3  105
LC
1
 3  105 09. Ans: (c)
C
Sol: V1 1=1.0
105 V2 2 =1.00
C P1 P2 PG2
3 PG1 j 0.1
20+jQG1 G1 G2 15+jQG2
2fL Q2
X X QG1 Q1 Qloss QG2
2
10 5 Pload1+ jQload1 =15+j5 Pload2 + jQload2 = 20+j10
 250   400
3
P1 = Active power sent by bus (1)
= 0.209
sin 1   2 
V1V2
y = [2fc] l =
XL
10 3
= 2    50   400 = 0.418 P2 = Active power received by bus (2)
3

= 2.68 pu
sin 1   2 
V1V2
=
XL Qloss = 2.68 pu
Q1 = Reactive power sent by bus (1) Reactive power balance at bus (1):
Reactive power balance at bus (2):
=
V1
V1  V2 cos1   2 
XL QG1 = Q1 + Qload1
Q2 = Reactive power received by bus (2) Q2 + QG2 = Qload2
QG1 = 1.34 + 5
=
V2
V1 cos1   2   V2  QG2 = 10 – (–1.34)
XL
Active power balance at bus (1): QG1 = 6.34 pu
Active power balance at bus 2: QG2 = 11.34 pu
PG1 = P1 + Pload1  QG1=6.34pu, QG2=11.34pu, Qloss=2.68 pu
P2 + PG2 = Pload2
20 = P1 + 15 2.4. Transient Analysis & 2.5. Wave
P2 + 15 = 20 Traveling Analysis
P1 = 5
P2 = 5 01. Ans: (c)
Sol: Given data:
sin 1   2   5
V1V2
 P1  P2 
XL Let “l” be the total length of line
11 Total reactance of line = 0.045p.u. = 2fL
 sin   0   5
0.1 0.045
Total inductance of line =
 sin = 0.5 2  50
  = 30 Total susceptance of line = 1.2p.u = 2fC
1
Q1 
V1
V1  V2 cos1   2  Total capacitance of line =
2  50
XL
0.045
Q2 
V2
V1 cos1   2   V2  Inductance/km =
2  50  l
XL
1.2
Capacitance/km =

1
1  1cos 30 o  2  50  l
0.1
Velocity wave propagation

1
1cos 30o  1 1
0.1 (V) =
= 1.34 pu  L  C 
  
= –1.34 pu  km  km 
Qline = Qloss = Q1 – Q2
= 1.34 – (–1.34)

1 The transmitted (or) refracted voltage

V=
0.045 1 .2
 V2 = 2V  ZL 
2  50  l 2  50  l  Z  Z 
 L C 
l Here ‘2’ indicates that the voltage V2 is

30  10 5 =
7.4  10  4 calculating in transient condition
 Length of the line (l) = 222km 100 
 V2 = 2  50  103   
 100  400 
02. Ans: (c) V2 = 20 kV
Sol: Since load impedance is equal to surge
impedance, the voltage & current wave 05. Ans: (b)
forms are not going to experience any Sol: Given data:
reflection. Lcable = 0.185 mH/km
Hence reflection coefficient is zero. Ccable = 0.285 F/km
Vreflection = ireflection = 0. LLine =1.24 mH
CLine = 0.087 F/km
03. Ans: (c) L
Sol: Z C ( Cable) 
V 1.0 pu C
A
0.185  103

0.285  106
Reactor
 25.4778 
L
Z C ( Line ) 
C
L L 1.24  103
Zs      119.385 
C 0 0.087 106
The Reactor is initially open circuit  ZL 
V2  2 V  
V2 = V + V1 = 1.0 + 1.0 = 2.0 p.u  Z L  ZC 
V1 = reflected voltage  119.385 
 2 110 kV  
V2 = Switched voltage 119.385  25.4778 
= 181.307 kV
04. Ans: (b)
Sol: Given data:
06. Ans: (d)
V = 50 kV,
Sol: A short length of cable is connected between
ZL = 100 , dead-end tower and sub-station at the end of
ZC = 400 ,

a transmission line. This of the following ZB

V3  2 V1
will decrease, when voltage wave is entering ZB  ZA
from overhead to cable is 70
 2  20 k 
(i) Velocity of propagation of voltage 70  500
wave. V3 = 4.91 kV
(ii) Steepness of voltage wave.
 Z  ZB 
(iii) Magnitude of voltage wave. V4 (Re flection of V3 )  V3  C 
 ZC  ZB 
Cable  600  70 
V  4.91    3.88 kV
 600  70 
Surge absorbers (or) S/S
 Z  ZB 
Protect T/F from
V6  V4  A 
 ZA  ZB 
Dead end Travelling wave.
 500  70 
Velocity of propagation  3.88K    2.93 kV
 500  70 
V(Line) = 3  108
3108
V(Cable) = m/s 08. Ans: (d)
r
Sol: Given data
VCable > V(OH line)
V6 = 2.93
500
07. Ans: 2.93 kV V7  2V4 
570
Sol:
= 6.8 kV
J1 J2
20kV 600
V9  2V6 
A C 670
B
ZA = 500 ZC = 600 600
ZB = 70
 2  2.93   5.25V
V1 V5 670
V2 V3
V7
V4
V6 V9
2.6. Voltage Control
V11 V8
01. Ans: (a)

Sol: Given data:
DC (or) step voltage A = D = 0.90

(line is of infinite length) B = 20090 
C = 0.95  10390

|Vro| R(S)s-motor = 1000 – j1000

PR + j Q R
|VS| STotal = SI m  Ss m
A B
= ( 2000+ j1499.46) + (1000 – j1000)
C D
= 3000 + j499.46
Qreactive
XL = ? 3000
Without shunt reactor cos    100%  0.986lag
3041.29
| VS |
| Vro | 
A 03. Ans: (a)
By adding shunt reactor Sol: Given data:
|Vro| = |VS| IM = 400 V, 50 Hz , pf = 0.6 lag,
PR = 0 (no load) i/p = 4.5 kVA
QR = Qreactor p.f = 0.6 load
| VS || Vro | |A| total supply = ?
 sin(  )  | Vro | 2 sin(  ) 400V, 50Hz
| B| | B|
IM
| Vr | 2
Qr 
XL
At |Vro| = |VS| C C
1 |A| 1
sin(  )  sin(  ) 
|B| |B| XL
C
To get  at (|Vro| = |VS|) S  3 VL I L ; 4.5 kVA
2
| VS | |A| QSh (3-) = P1(tan 1  tan 2)
Pr  cos(  )  | VS | 2 cos(  )  0
|B| |B|
P1 = Real power drawn by IM
= cos(  )  |A| cos (  ) = PIM
= cos(90  )  0.9 cos (90  0) = SIM cos IM
cos (90  ) = 0 = 4.5  0.6 kW
sin  = 0,  = 0 P1 = 2.7 kW
1 1 0.9 Qsh (3-) = 2.7[tan(cos10.6) – tan(cos10.8)]
 sin(90  0)  sin(90  0)
X L 200 200 = 1.575 kVAr
XL = 2000  or 2 k 1.575
Q S / ph  kVAr  0.525 kVAr
3
02. Ans: (d) VS2
Reactive power supplied   525
Sol: Given data: P = 2000 XC
Q = 2000 tan (36.86) (400) (250)C = 525
= 2000(0.749)=1499.46kW
C = 10.1 F

04. Ans: (c) X

 VC  Q sh Cap
Sol: Given data A = 0.85  5 | VS |
 = 5  VC | VS |
Q sh Cap 
B = 200  75  = 75 X
Power demand by the load = 150 MW at upf (kVbase ) 2
X   X pu 
PD = PR = 150 MW QD = 0 MVA base
Power at receiving end (220 2 )
Vs | VR
 0.25   48.4
A 250
cos     VR cos   
2
PR =
B B
4k  220k
275  275 0.85 Q sh Cap  18.18 kVAr
 150  cos75     2752 cos 70 o 48.4
200 200
To reduce voltage by 2 kV, shunt reactor is
 = 28.46
used.
Vs VR A
So QR = sin      VR cos   
2
 X
B  VL  Q sh Ind
| VS |
275  275 0.85
 sin 75  28.46   2752 sin 70
200 200 2 k  220 k
Q sh Ind   9.09 MVAr
= –27.56 MVAR 48.4
In order to maintain 275 kV at receiving end
QR = –27.56 MVAR must be drawn along 06. Ans: (d)
with the real power. Sol: Given data:
So – 27.56 + QC = 0 V2 = 1.1 V1
QC = 27.56 MVAR F2 = 0.9f1
So compensation equipment must be feed in Reactive power absorbed by reactor
to 27.56 MVAR to the line. V2
=
XL
05. Ans: (a) V12
Sol: Given data: Q1   100MVAr
2f1L
Xth = 0.25 pu ; 250 MVA, 220 kV
Then reactive power absorbed
Xth
V2 V2
Q 
Vth =220kV 
X f
2
Q 2  V2   f1 
   
To boost the voltage 4 kV shunt capacitor is Q1  V1   f2 
used. 2
 1.1V1   f1 
    
 V1   0.9f1 

=
1.12  Q 
1.21
 100 = 134.4 MVAr
kVAR demand of load at upf = 0
0.9
1
0.9 So as to operate the load at upf, we have to
supply the 150 kVAR by using capacitor
07. Ans: (c) bank.
Sol: Given data:  kVAR rating of - connected
Let characteristic impedance 3V ph2
capacitor bank = = 150 kVAR
Z sc 1 .0 X C ph
(Z c ) = = = 1p.u.
Yoc 1 .0
3 11000
2
150103
impedance / km X C ph
=
admittance / km
X C ph = 2420 
Given that for a given line 30 series
capacitive compensation is provided. Hence 1
 2420
2fC
the series impedance of line is 0.7 or (70)
C= 1
of original value.
2  50  2420
0 .7
 Z new = = 0.836 p.u. = 1.3153 F
1 .0
1.316 F
V2
Surge impedance loading (SIL) =
Zc
09. Ans: (c)
1
 SIL  Sol: Given Data:
Zc
Let the initial power factor angle =  1
SIL2 Z
= c1 After connecting a capacitor, the power
SIL1 Zc2
factor angle =  2
SIL  2
=
1.0
0.836
 2280  10 6 Given  2 = cos 1 0.97
= 2725  10 6 = 2725MW. = 14.07

P(tan  1 tan 2 ) = kVAR supplied by
08. Ans: (b) capacitor
Sol: 3 – phase, 11kV, 50Hz, 200kW load, at 4  106 (tan 1  tan14.07) = 2 106
power factor = 0.8  1 = 36.89
kVAR demand of Load cos 1 = 0.8 lag
200 10 3
(Q 1 ) =  sin cos 1 0.8 Hence if the capacitor goes out of service

0 .8
the load power factor becomes 0.8 lag
 Q1 = 150 kVAR

10. Ans: (d) D = 3.9707cm

Sol: The appearance will inject leading VArs into V R D
(b) Er(rms)= 
the system is induction generator, under R r d
r ln 
excited synchronous generator, under r
excited synchronous motor and induction 66
=
motor.  3.97 
0.75 ln 
 1 .5 
2.7. Under ground cables Erms = 90.413 kV/cm
(c) At charging current = IC  l
01. = 4.146  5= 20.73A
Sol: Given data:
L = 5 km 02. Ans: (b)
C = 0.2 F/km Sol: Given data:
Er = 3.5 core d = 1.5 cm V = 11 kV;C1 = 0.6 F; C2 = 0.96 F
V = 66 kV, 50Hz = f
D=? (i)
Er(rms) = ? Ic(rms) = ?
(a) Concentric cable: core a placed exactly
C1
of the center of the cable
1
20  r
CPh = F/M
ln(D / d )
C = 0.2  10 6 10 3 2 3
C  0.2  10 3
0.2  10 3 = 2  8.854  10
12
 3.5
D
ln( )
d
 D  2  8.854 10  3.5
12
ln    C1 = 0.6 F (given)
d  0.2 103  From network
= 9.731  10 13
C1 = CS + 2 CC
D  CS + 2 CC = 0.6 F …….. (1)
ln    0.9731
d
D
 e 0.9731
d
D = d  e 0.9731 = 1.5  e 0.9731

(ii) Sheath
CS
C2
1 CS
 1
2 3
3 2
2CS
CS CS
Sheath
CS
C2 = 0.96 F (given) 1
From network  CC Sheath

C2 = 3 CS  0.96 F
2
CS = 0.32 F
3 2CS
From (1)
0.32 + 2 CC = 0.6
CC = 0.14 F 1
Effective capacitance from core to neutral ( C s ) ( 2C s ) 2
 Ceq CC  Cs
C/ph = CS + 3 CC Cs  2 Cs 3
= 0.32 + 30.14 = 0.74 F

2 3
03. Ans: (b)

Sol: Given data: 2
 C eq  Cs  Cc
3
Cc = 0.5 F
2
Cs = 0.3 F  2  0.5   0.3  1.2 F
3
CS
Ceq 04. Ans: 38.32kW
1 Sol: Given data
CC CC
L = 40 km
3-core ground cable = 12.77kVAr/km
3 2
F = 50Hz
CC
CS CS Dielectric material is 0.025
cos = 0.025
 = cos-1 (0.025)

 = 88.56 02. Ans: (b)

Q Sol: Given data:
tan  
P V2 = 17.5 kV
3  12.77  40 C = 1/8 C
P
Tan 88.56 1
C'  C C V1
8
= 38.32 kW
05. Ans: (a) V2 = 17.5kV

C
Sol: Given data:
C1 = 0.2  10–6 F Line
–6
C2 = 0.4  10 F
f = 50 Hz V1 + V2 = V
V = 11 kV V2 = (1 + K) V
C/ph = C 2 +3C 1 V2 17.5
V1   kV
1 K 1
= 0.4  10 6 + 3  0.2  10 6 1
8
= 1 10 6 = 1F. V1 = 15.55 kV
Perphase charging current = V ph C ph V = V1 + V2 = 33.05 kV
11
=  103  2  50  1  10 6 = 2 A. 03. Ans: (b)
3
Sol: Given data:
V = 22 kV
2.8. Overhead line Insulators
f = 50 Hz
01. Ans: (d)

Sol: Given data:
C V1
n = 20 ; 3- ; C
400 kV ;  = 80%
Vph
string 
n  V20 V2
C
400 k / 3
0.8 
20  V20 22kV, 50Hz
25 1-
 V20  kV
3
V1  V2 V1  (1  K ) V1
string  
2 V2 2  V1 (1  K )

2K 2 1 3
    75%
2 2 (1 1) 4 Vp I
R S
Vq
0.1 0.15 0.2
P Q
04. Ans: (b)

Sol: Given data: 10A 20A 30A 15A
f = 50 Hz
V = 11 kV Let “V D ” be the drop of voltage in line
Capacitance of insulators is 5 times the Applying KVL,
shunt capacitance between the link and the VP VD VQ = 0
ground.
VP VQ = VD
C 5C e1 VD = Vp  VQ = 3V
5C e2
But VD = (I  10)0.1+(I  30)0.15 +(I  60)0.2
3 = 0.45I  17.5
20.5
I= = 45.55A
e2 = e1 (1 + K) 0.45
11 VD = 35.550.1+15.550.15+14.450.2
e1 + e 2 =
3 Here we have to take magnitude only
C 1  V D = 8.77
K= = = 0.2
5C 5  V P = 220 + 8.77 = 228.7V
11
 e1 (1 + K) + e1 =  10 3 VQ = V P  3 = 225.7V.
3
11
e1 (2 + K) =  10 3 02. Ans: (d)
3
Sol: Given data:
e1 = 2.8867  2.89 kV
All the loads are at unity factor. Let us take
e2 = e1 (1 + K) = 2.8867  1.2
current in 400 m section as I such that
= 3.46 kV.
currents in remaining sections are shown.
Assume that loop resistance feeder rΩ /m
2.10. Distribution Systems (reactance is neglected).
S1 400m 200m 200m 200m S2

01. Ans: (a)
 
Sol: Given data: I I-200 I-300 I-500
400V 400V
50Hz 50Hz
200A 100A 200A

KVL From S1 and S2 is given as 1

fr 
VS1 – VS2 = I ( 400 r) + (I – 200) ( 200r) 2  LC
+ (I – 300)(200r) + ( I – 500) (200r) 1

0 = 400 I + 200I – 200 ×200 + 200 I 2 15  10  0.002  10 6
3
– 300 × 200 + 200 I – 500 ×200

= 29 kHz
1000 I = 200000
200000
I  I  200 A as I = 200 A, 02. Ans: (b)
1000
Sol: Given data:
Contribution to load at point P from source
I = 10 A, C = 0.01  10–6 F,
S1 is 0A from source S2 is 100 A.
L=1H
1 2 1
03 Ans: L i  C V 2  L i2 = C V2
2 2
Sol: Given Data:
L  1 
Vr = 220 V  i  10  6 
Is = 80–36.86+ 50– 45
C  0.01  10 
= 129.9 –39.98 = 100 kV
Vs = Vr + V
03. Ans: (a)
V = (80–36.86) (0.15+j0.2) +
Sol: Given data:
(129.9–39.98) (0.15+j0.2)
Maximum voltage across circuit breakers
= 52.45 –14.33
contacts at current zero point = Maximum
Vs = 220 +52.45 14.33
value of Restriking voltage (Vmax)
= 271.12 2.74 Vrmax = 2 ARV
P.F.= cos (angle between Vs and Isc) ARV = K1 K2 K3 Vmax sin 
= Cos (42.72)
K1 = 1  No Armature reaction
= 0.734 lag
K2 = 1  Assuming fault as grounded
fault
Power Systems - 3
K3 = 1  ARV/phase
1. Circuit Breakers 17.32
Vmax   2
3
01. Ans: (a)

L
Sol: Given data: i
CB
–3 v  Fault PF
L = 15 10 H F Cos  = 0
Sin  = 1
C = 0.002  10–6 F

 17.32  132
Vr max  2 1  1  1  2 1 A.R.V = 1.5   2  sin 36.86
 3  3
= 28.28kV = 96.7kV
04. Ans: (d) 08. Ans: (b)

Sol: Making current = 2.55  IB Sol: ARC is initiated at the instant of contact
separation due to high field gradient (or)
 2000 
 2.55   = 144.25 kA field ionization properties of the Arc is
 2  25 
column of ionized gases.
05. Ans: (a) 09. Ans: (b)

 2000 MVA  Sol: High resistance method of Arc interruption,
Sol: For 1-, breaking current   
 25 kV  it is resistance is increased as to reduce the
= 80 kA current to a value insufficient to maintain
Making current = 2.55[80 kA] = 204 kA the arc. When current is interrupted the
energy associated with its magnetic field
06. Ans: (c) appears in the form of electrostatic energy.
L A high voltage appears across the contact of
Sol: R  0.5 circuit breaker. If this voltage is very high
C
and more than with standing capacity of the
25mH
 0.5  500  gap between the contacts, the Arc will strike
0.025 H
again.
07. Ans: (c)

10. Ans: (d)
Sol: A.R.V = K1K2 Vm sin
Sol: When interrupting a low inductive current
K1 – first pole clearing factor
(shunt reactor (or) magnetizing current of
K1 = 1.5 (LLL fault)
Transformer) the current become abruptly
K2 – Due to armature reaction
zero well before natural zero instant this
K2 = 1 (Armature reaction not given)
phenomenon known as current chopping. A
 - p.f angle of the fault
current chopping phenomenon is very severe
cos  = 0.8   = 36.86o during the interruption of low magnetizing
Vm = maximum value of phase voltage of current.
the system
132kV
Vm =  2
3

operating time of relay2 must be less than

2. Protective Relays zone1 operating time.( TZ2 R1  TZ2 R 2 )
01. Ans: (d) 04. Ans: (b)

Sol: Relay current setting = 50%  5 I2 11 400
 0.5  5  2.5 Sol: ; I 2  400    66.66
i2 66 6
primary current (fault current)
PSM  i2  5 3  2.88
relay current setting  CT ratio
I2
2000  23 : 1
  10 i2
400
 0.5  5
5
05. Ans: (b)
02. Ans: (c) Sol: The active power restrained over current
Sol: The minimum value of current required for relay will have characteristics in R-X plane.
relay operation is the plug setting value of X
current.
Operates
 Minimum value of negative sequence 0
R
Current required for relay operation

5
= 0.2   1A
1
06. Ans: (b)
But for a line to line fault
Sol: CT ratio = 400/5 = 80
I R 2   I R1
Relay current setting = 50% of 5A
And fault current I f   3 I R 2 = 0.5 5A
= 2.5A
 3  11.732A
Pr imary current (fault current)
 Minimum fault current required PSM 
Re lay current setting  CT ratio
= 1.732 A.
1000
 5
2.5  80
03. Ans: (a)
The operating time from given table at PSM
Sol: From figure, it is clear that zone2 of relay1
5 is 1.4 the operating time for TMS of 0.5
and relay2 are overlapped. If there is a fault
will be
in overlapped section (line2), the fault
0.51.4 = 0.7 sec
should be clear by relay2. Hence zone2

08. Ans: (c) Power Systems - 4

Sol: Mho relay is selected for long Transmission
line should be less affected due to power
1. Fundamentals of power economics
swings. Impedance of long line is very high
effect of ARC resistance.
01. Ans: .(i) P1 = 20 MW, P2 = 20MW,
09. Ans: (a) =18.4 Rs/MWhr
Sol: The angle between voltage coil voltage and (ii) P1 = 125 MW, P2=125 MW,
voltage coil current is adjusted with the help =32.5 Rs/MWhr
of phase shifting network so it is possible to (iii) P1 = 63.636 MW, P2 =86.364 MW,
adjust the maximum torque angle.  = 26.36 Rs/MWhr
V = 45, maximum torque angle  = 45, (iv) 40 MW; (v) 70 MW;(vi) 250 MW
the relay operated torque is 70.7% of (vii) 235 MW
maximum torque. Sol:
(i)  P1 = ?  P2 = ?
10. Ans: (a) G1 G2
Sol:
PD = 40 MW
X
NOP NOP
As per equality constraints P1+P2 = 40 ...(1)
OP OP From the coordination equation Ic1 = Ic2
R
OP OP R=  0.1P1 + 20 = 0.12P2 + 16
0.1P1  0.12P2 = 4 ………. (2)
NOP NOP
Solving (1) & (2)
P1 = 3.6363 MW
The operation of relay depends only on
P2 = 36.3636 MW
reactance seen by the relay. Reactance relay
G1 violated its min power limit
is not affected due to Arc resistance,
P1 = P1 min = 20 MW
occupies more space on RX diagram.
P2 = 40 – 20 = 20 MW
IC1 = 0.1  20 + 20 = 22 Rs/MWhr
IC2 = 0.12  20 + 16 = 18.4 Rs/MWhr
 always decided by the unit (or) group of
units which are participated in the
economic dispatch.
  = 18.4 Rs/MWhr

(ii) PD = 250 MW Calculate P1, P2 and IC1, IC2

 P1 + P2 = 250 MW ………. (3) IC max = max {IC1 , IC2}
0.1 P1 + 20 = 0.12 P2 + 16 IC1 = IC max  P1 = ?
 0.1 P1 – 0.12 P2 = –4 ………. (4) IC2 = IC max  P2 = ?
Solving (3) and (4) PD min ED:
P1 =118.1 MW, P2 = 131.81 MW PD = 40, P1 = 20; P2 = 20
G2 is violating its maximum power limit. IC1 = 22, IC2 = 18.4
 P2 = 125 MW IC (max) = 22 Rs/MWhr
 P1 = 250 – 125 = 125 MW IC1 = IC max
IC1 = 0.1  125 + 20 = 32.5 Rs/MWhr 0.1P1 + 20 = 22
IC2 = 0.12  125 + 16 = 31 Rs/MWhr P1 = 20 MW
‘’ is always decided by the unit or group of 0.12 P2 + 16 = 22
units which are participated in the economic P2 = 50 MW
dispatch. PD min ED = 20 + 50 = 70 MW
IC Region Ic1 = G2
  = 32.5 Rs/MWhr G1
Ic2
(iii) PD = 150 MW 32.5
P1 + P2 = 150 ……………. (5) 31
0.1 P1 + 20 = 0.12 P2 + 16 22
 0.1 P1 – 0.12 P2 = 4 ………… (6) 18.4
Solving (5) and (6)

 P1 = 63.63 MW
20 50 110 125
P2 = 86.36 MW
IC1 = 0.1P1 + 20 = 26.363 Rs/MWhr
vi) PD max = P1 max + P2 max
IC2 = 0.12P2 + 16 = 26.363 Rs/MWhr
= 125 + 125 = 250 MW
  = 26.363 Rs/MWhr
vii) To solve for PD max ED
(iv) PD min = P1 (min) + P2 (min) ….. PN (min)
Solve for PD = PD max
PD (min) = 40 MW
Calculate P1, P2 and IC1, IC2
(v) PD(min) economic dispatch
IC min = min {IC1, IC2}
PD (min) ED:
It is the minimum demand on two IC1 = IC min  P1 = ?
generators, such that both generators operate IC2 = ICmin  P2 = ?
at the economic dispatch. PD max ED = P1 + P2
To solve for PD min ED PD max ED
Solve for PD = PD min PD = PD max = 250 MW
P1 = 125 MW ; P2 = 125 MW

IC1 = 32.5  IC2 = 31 02. Ans: PG1 = 212.44 MW

IC min = 31 PG2 = 56.51 MW
IC1 = 31  0.1P1 + 20 = 31 PG3 = 230.98 MW
P1 = 110 MW dF1
Sol:   2.5I C2 1  60 I C1  120
IC2 = 31  0.12P2 + 16.31 dP1
P2 = 125 MW dF2
  2 I C2 2  40 I C 2  140
PD (max) ED = 110 + 125 = 235 MW dP2
C2(P2) dF3
  1.5 I C2 3  50 I C3  90
dP3
P1 + P2 + P3 = 500 MW
Optimal generation schedule
I C1  I C 2  I C 3  
P2MW
2 5 12 2.52 + 60  120  22 + 40  140
as per PDmin as per PDmin E.D as per PDmax & PDmax E.D
 1.52 + 50  90 = 500
62 + 150   350 = 500
C1 (P1)
62  150  + 850 = 0
 = 16.31;  = 8.68
PG1 = 2.5(8.68)2+60(8.68)120
= 212.44 MW
PG2 = 2(8.68)2+40(8.68)140
= 56.51 MW
P1MW
20 110 125 PG3 = 1.5(8.68)2+50(8.68)90
as per PDmin as per as per
& PDmin ED. PDmax E.D PDmax = 230.98 MW
G = C1 + C2 03. Ans: P1 = 326.6 MW

P2 = 273.33 MW
High cost All the Lower cost
generators generators generators Sol: C1 (PG 1 )  0.006PG 12  8 PG 1  350 
violates satisfies violates
their min. their min. their max.
power limit
100MW  PG1  650 MW
power &max.
limits power limits C 2 (PG 2 )  0.009PG 22  7 PG 2  400 
50MW  PG2  500 MW
PD = 600 MW
40MW 70MW 250MW PD MW d C1
PDmin PDmin ED
235MW
PDmax E.D
 0.012 PG 1  8
d P1

d C2 130 = 80 + P2
 0.018 PG 2  7
d P2 P2 = 50 MW
 1 1   8 7   P1 = 80 MW, P2 = 50 MW
    600    
 0.012 0.018   0.012 0.018 
06. Ans: 79716 Rs/annum
[138.88] = 1655.55
Sol: Given:
 = 11.92
Alternators capacity = 200 MW
   1 11.92  8
P1    326.6 MW Load = 300 MW
1 0.012
dF1
   2 11.92  7  0.1 P1  20 RS/MWhr
P2    273.33 MW dP1
2 0.018
dF2
 0.12 P2  15 RS/MWhr
dP2
04. Ans: (c)
When the load is economically divided
between two generators
05. Ans: P1 = 80 MW
dF1 dF2
P2 = 50 MW 
dP1 dP2
Sol: F1  0.2P12  30P1  100 Rs / hr  20 P1  80
 0.1 P1  0.12P2 = 5 …….. (1)
F2  0.25P22  40P2 150Rs/ hr  40 P2  100
P1 + P2 = 300 …………(2)
dF1 Solving (1) and (2)
 0.4 P1  30 Rs/MWhr
dP1
 P1 = 140.91 MW and P2 = 159.09 MW
dF2 P12
 0.5 P2  40 Rs/MWhr F1  0.1  20P1  x
dP2 2
 1 1   30 40   0.05P12  20P1  x Rs/hr
    130   0.4  0.5 
 0.4 0.5 
P22
4.5 = 285   = 63.33 F2  0.12  15P2  y
2
  1 63.33  30  0.06P22  15P2  y Rs/hr
P1    83.32 MW
1 0 .4
Substitute P1 and P2 values in the above
   2 63.33  40 equation
P2    46.66 MW
2 0 .5
F1 = 0.05(140.91)2 + 20140.91+x Rs/hr
Note: Here Generator 1 is violating upper F2 = 0.06(1589.09)2 + 15159.09+y Rs/hr
limit which cannot be allowed instead it is (F1+F2)Economic= (3810.98+x+3904.92+y)
fix to generate 80 MW and remaining rest of
= (7715.9 + x + y) Rs/hr
the load is shared by unit 2
When the load is equally shared
 PD = P1 + P2
 P1 = 150 MW, P2 = 150 MW

Substitute P1 and P2 values F1 and F2 P 1 = 2P 2

2
 F1 = 0.05(150) + 20150 + x Rs/hr Given P 1 + P 2 = 300
2
F2 = 0.06(150) + 15  150 + y Rs/hr  2P 2 + P 2 = 300
 (F1+F2)equals = (7725+x+y) Rs/hr
P1= 200MW, P2 = 100MW.
 saving = (F1 + F2)equal  (F1 + F2)economic
= 9.1 Rs/hr 09.Ans: P1 = 300 MW, P2 = 50 MW
 savings in fuel cost per annum PL = 90 MW
= 9.1  365  24 Rs/annum Sol:
= 79716 Rs/annum. ~ PL  B11 P12
~
07. Ans: (c)
Pd = 260MW
Sol: Incremental fuel cost of generator ’A’ for 10
B11   0.001
maximum power generation 100 2
= 600 Rs/ MWhr P1 + P2  PL = Pd = 260
Incremental fuel cost of generator ’B’ for P1  P2  B11 P12  260
minimum power generation
P1  P2  0.001P12  260 ……….. (1)
= 650 Rs / MWhr
Assuming lossless problem
As the incremental fuel cost for maximum
dC1 dC 2
generation of generator ‘A’ is less than t the   0.02P1  16  0.04P2  20
dP1 dP2
incremental fuel cost for minimum
generation of generator ‘B’ is Hence we can 4+0.02P1 = 0.04P2
operate the generator ‘A’ at its maximum 0.02P1  4
P2 
output of 450 MW and the remaining will be 0.04
generated by generator ‘B’. P2 = 0.5P1 – 100 ………. (2)
Substitute (2) in (1)
08. Ans: (c) P1+0.5P11000.001 P12 =260
dF1 1.5P10.001 P12 360 = 0
Sol: = b + 2CP 1 RS/MWhr
dP1 0.001 P12 1.5P1+360 = 0
dF2  P1 = 300 MW
= b + 4CP 2 RS/MWhr
dP2
P2 = 0.5  300 – 100
For most economic generation = 50 MW
dF1 dF PL = 0.001  3002 = 90 MW
= 2
dP1 dP2
b + 2CP 1 = b + 4CP 2

10. Ans: P1= 133.33 MW B11 = B12 = B21 = 0, B22  0

P2 = 100 MW 1 1
L1   1
Pd = 215.53 MW  PL 1  0
1
Sol:  P1
1 1
# ~  = 25
~ # L2  
 P 1  2B 22 P2
1 L
L2 = 1  P2
Pd
1
 1.25
dF1 dF 1  (2 10 3  100)
L1  2 L 2  
dP1 dP2
0.06P2 + 19 = 25 12. Ans: (c)
25 19 Sol:
P2   100 MW L2 =1
0.06 1 2
dF1 ~ ~
L1  
dP1
L2 = 1
 dP 
(0.01 P1  17)   1  L 
 dP1  PD = 5 MW
P1 = 8 MW
(0.01P1+17) = 25(1  2B11P1)
PL = 8 – 5 = 3MW
PL  B11 P12
p L PL
10 = B11 (100)2   3 / 8  0.375
P1 P1
B11 = 103
1
(0.01P1+17) = 25(1  2  0.001P1) Penalty factor L1=  1.6
PL
0.01P1 + (0.025P1)2 = 25 – 17 1
P1
0.06P1 = 25 – 17
P1 = 133.33 MW
13. Ans: L1=1.5625,L2= 1.25
Power received = Pd = P1 + P2  PL
dc1
= 133.33 + 100 – (0.001)(133.3)2 Sol:  0.15P1  150 Rs/MWhr
dp1
= 215.53 MW
dc 2
 0.25P2  175 Rs/MWhr
dp 2
11. Ans: (b)
P1  P2  200MW
Sol:
P-1 P-2
dPL
 0.2
~ ~ dP2

1 1 1 1
L2 =  =1.25 D 2  42 MW / Hz
PL 1  0.2 R 0.025
1
P2  AFRC  42 MW / Hz
L1Ic1 = L2Ic2
 0.25  200  175  03. Ans: (b)
L1 = 1.25   = 1.5625
 0.15  200  150  Sol: Given data:
f = 50 Hz, generator rating = 120 MVA
14. Ans: (b) 15. Ans: (c) Generator frequency decreases 0.01
16. Ans: (a) f 0.06X

17. Ans: (a) f 120
Sol: Unit commitment is optimally out of the 0.01 120
X   0.4 MW
available generating sources to meet the 50 0.06
expected load and provide a specified
04. Ans: (c)
margin of operating reserve over a specified
Sol: Given data:
period of time.
The energy stored at no load = 5 100
= 500 MJ
18. Ans: (d)
Before the steam valves open the energy lost
by the rotor = 25  0.6 = 15 MJ
2. Load frequency control
As a result of this there is reduction in speed
of the rotor and,
01. Ans: (c)
 reduction in frequency
Sol: Given data:
Nominal frequency is 60 Hz, 500  15
f new   50 = 49.24Hz
Regulation is 0.1. 500
When load of 1500 MW,
05. Ans: (c)
0.1  60 6
The regulation =  Hz / MW f
1500 1500
02. Ans: (a) Sol: % regulation = f
p
Sol: Given data: p
D = 2, R = 0.025, 50  48
We know that Change in load
 50  100
 1 100
PD    D  f , 100
 R
2
where f = change in frequency   100 = 4%
50

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Power Systems - 1 j0.375 j0.1 j0.5

1 . PU System, Symmetrical j0.286 j0.6

04. Ans: 9.80

magnitude of phase current Ib in p.u = ? 05. Ans: Ia1 = 23.53 kA

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X T0  0.05 X n (p.u )  X n () 

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09. Ans: (b) 11. Ans: (i) Vn  2858Volts

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Sol: Given data:

0.15  0.1 Va2

1.0 From figure (a), Ib = – Ic

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A zero sequence current doesn’t exists in = – 0.6 pu.

 Fault current (If) = |Ib| = |Ic|= 3.464 pu. # 

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19. Ans: (c)

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4 0.2pu 1 2 3 01. Ans: 23.54k N-m

XT Xl Sol: Given data:

1 2 As load increases, load angle () increases,

steady state condition, a small perturbation  50  2

p = 4, f = 50Hz, G = 100 MVA, H = 8 sec 1 2

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Pe1 = 2.2 sin 

1.02.66  0.471  2.2 cos(153)   m  155.4 

12. Ans: c = 79.77 14. Ans: 0.20682 sec

 2.61  0.523  1.732  E1 = 1.5 1 E2 = 1.2 2

13. Ans: c = 87.7

 1.0  16. Ans: Permissible increase = 60.34

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 14.4 10 5  Sol: (i) z12 = j0.001100=j 0.1

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Y12   y12  j10;

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03. Ans: (b) C

Sol: Given data:

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    GMD a  d111  d121  d 211  d 221  d 311  d 321 

07. Ans: (b) =3.189 m.

10. Ans: 3.251 nF/km VS ph  A Vr ph  B I r ph

11. Ans: 1.914 Vs

R, Y are neglected Complex power delivered by load:

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36  106 08. Ans: (b)

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1 The transmitted (or) refracted voltage

l Here ‘2’ indicates that the voltage V2 is

a transmission line. This of the following ZB

01. Ans: (a)

DC (or) step voltage A = D = 0.90

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|Vro| R(S)s-motor = 1000 – j1000

04. Ans: (c) X

= 2725  10 6 = 2725MW. = 14.07

(Q 1 ) =  sin cos 1 0.8 Hence if the capacitor goes out of service

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10. Ans: (d) D = 3.9707cm

From network  CC Sheath