Liquidity ratios: What is it?

Liquidity ratios are the ratios that measure the ability of a company to meet its short term debt
obligations. These ratios measure the ability of a company to pay off its short-term liabilities when
they fall due.
The liquidity ratios are a result of dividing cash and other liquid assets by the short term
borrowings and current liabilities. They show the number of times the short term debt obligations
are covered by the cash and liquid assets. If the value is greater than 1, it means the short term
obligations are fully covered.
Generally, the higher the liquidity ratios are, the higher the margin of safety that the company
posses to meet its current liabilities. Liquidity ratios greater than 1 indicate that the company is in
good financial health and it is less likely fall into financial difficulties.
Most common examples of liquidity ratios include current ratio, acid test ratio (also known as
quick ratio), cash ratio and working capital ratio. Different assets are considered to be relevant by
different analysts. Some analysts consider only the cash and cash equivalents as relevant assets
because they are most likely to be used to meet short term liabilities in an emergency. Some
analysts consider the debtors and trade receivables as relevant assets in addition to cash and cash
equivalents. The value of inventory is also considered relevant asset for calculations of liquidity
ratios by some analysts.
The concept of cash cycle is also important for better understanding of liquidity ratios. The cash
continuously cycles through the operations of a company. A company’s cash is usually tied up in
the finished goods, the raw materials, and trade debtors. It is not until the inventory is sold, sales
invoices raised, and the debtors’ make payments that the company receives cash. The cash tied up
in the cash cycle is known as working capital, and liquidity ratios try to measure the balance
between current assets and current liabilities.
A company must posses the ability to release cash from cash cycle to meet its financial obligations
when the creditors seek payment. In other words, a company should posses the ability to translate
its short term assets into cash. The liquidity ratios attempt to measure this ability of a company.

Acid-test Ratio
The term “Acid-test ratio” is also known as quick ratio. The most basic definition of acid-test ratio
is that, “it measures current (short term) liquidity and position of the company”. To do the analysis
accountants weight current assets of the company against the current liabilities which result in the
ratio that highlights the liquidity of the company.
The formula for the acid-test ratio is:
Quick ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory) / Current liabilities
This concept is important as if the company’s financial statements ( income statement, balance
sheet) get through the analysis of the acid-test ratio, then the short term debts can be paid by the
company.
Example:
Let us suppose that XYZ Company has total $2 million in its bank account and cash. The amount
of accounts receivable (short term debitors of the XYZ company) is $11 million. The amount of
short term investments is $4 million. The amount of Current liabilities (short term credit owed to
others) is $12 million. So the Acid-Test ratio of Company X is (2million +11 million + 4
million ) / (12 mill) = 1. 42.
If the value of the acid-term ratio is less than 1, then it is said that such a company is not stable
and may face difficulty is paying off their debts (short term). In order to clear the short term debts
they probably would need to sell some of their assets. But such an option affects the overall
position of the company because if the company owns very little assets.
The biggest advantage of acid-test ratio is that it helps the company in understanding the end
results very feasibly. The only major issue with the acid-test ratio is its dependence of the accounts
receivable and current liabilities which can cause trouble. If due to any dispute the contract with
the creditor or debtors gets messed up whole of the process gets unbalanced. And also, a minor
mistake in the calculation can just destroy and conclude misleading outcomes.

Definition
Cash ratio (also called cash asset ratio) is the ratio of a company's cash and cash equivalent assets
to its total liabilities. Cash ratio is a refinement of quick ratio and indicates the extent to which
readily available funds can pay off current liabilities. Potential creditors use this ratio as a measure
of a company's liquidity and how easily it can service debt and cover short-term liabilities.
Cash ratio is the most stringent and conservative of the three liquidity ratios (current, quick and
cash ratio). It only looks at the company's most liquid short-term assets – cash and cash
equivalents – which can be most easily used to pay off current obligations.
Calculation (formula)
Cash ratio is calculated by dividing absolute liquid assets by current liabilities:
Cash ratio = Cash and cash equivalents / Current Liabilities
Both variables are shown on the balance sheet (statement of financial position).
Norms and Limits
Cash ratio is not as popular in financial analysis as current or quick ratios, its usefulness is limited.
There is no common norm for cash ratio. In some countries a cash ratio of not less than 0.2 is
considered as acceptable. But ratio that are too high may show poor asset utilization for a
company holding large amounts of cash on its balance sheet.
Exact Formula in the ReadyRatios Analytic Software
Cash ratio = F1[CashAndCashEquivalents] / F1[CurrentLiabilities]
F1 – Statement of financial position (IFRS).

Definition
The current ratio is balance-sheet financial performance measure of company liquidity.
The current ratio indicates a company's ability to meet short-term debt obligations. The current
ratio measures whether or not a firm has enough resources to pay its debts over the next 12
months. Potential creditors use this ratio in determining whether or not to make short-term loans.
The current ratio can also give a sense of the efficiency of a company's operating cycle or its
ability to turn its product into cash. The current ratio is also known as the working capital ratio.
Calculation (formula)
The current ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities:
The current ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
Both variables are shown on the balance sheet (statement of financial position).
Norms and Limits
The higher the ratio, the more liquid the company is. Commonly acceptable current ratio is 2; it's a
comfortable financial position for most enterprises. Acceptable current ratios vary from industry to
industry. For most industrial companies, 1.5 may be an acceptable current ratio.
Low values for the current ratio (values less than 1) indicate that a firm may have difficulty
meeting current obligations. However, an investor should also take note of a company's operating
cash flow in order to get a better sense of its liquidity. A low current ratio can often be supported
by a strong operating cash flow.
If the current ratio is too high (much more than 2), then the company may not be using its current
assets or its short-term financing facilities efficiently. This may also indicate problems in working
capital management.
All other things being equal, creditors consider a high current ratio to be better than a low current
ratio, because a high current ratio means that the company is more likely to meet its liabilities
which are due over the next 12 months.
Exact Formula in the ReadyRatios Analytic Software
Current ratio = F1[CurrentAssets]/F1[CurrentLiabilities]
F1 – Statement of financial position (IFRS).

Definition
The quick ratio is a measure of a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations using its
most liquid assets (near cash or quick assets). Quick assets include those current assets that
presumably can be quickly converted to cash at close to their book values. Quick ratio is viewed
as a sign of a company's financial strength or weakness; it gives information about a company’s
short term liquidity. The ratio tells creditors how much of the company's short term debt can be
met by selling all the company's liquid assets at very short notice.
The quick ratio is also known as the acid-test ratio or quick assets ratio.
Calculation (formula)
The quick ratio is calculated by dividing liquid assets by current liabilities:
Quick ratio = (Current Assets - Inventories) / Current Liabilities
Calculating liquid assets inventories are deducted as less liquid from all current assets (inventories
are often difficult to convert to cash). All of those variables are shown on the balance sheet
(statement of financial position).
Alternative and more accurate formula for the quick ratio is the following:
Quick ratio = (Cash and cash equivalents + Marketable securities + Accounts receivable) / Current
Liabilities
The formula's numerator consists of the most liquid assets (cash and cash equivalents) and high
liquid assets (liquid securities and current receivables).
Norms and Limits
The higher the quick ratio, the better the position of the company. The commonly acceptable
current ratio is 1, but may vary from industry to industry. A company with a quick ratio of less
than 1 can not currently pay back its current liabilities; it's the bad sign for investors and partners.
Exact Formula in the ReadyRatios Analytic Software (based ontheIFRS statement format).
Quick ratio = (F1[CashAndCashEquivalents]+ F1[OtherCurrentFinancialAssets]+
F1[TradeAndOtherCurrentReceivables])/ F1[CurrentLiabilities]
F1 – Statement of financial position (IFRS).

Definition
Working capital is the amount by which the value of a company's current assets exceeds its current
liabilities. Also called net working capital. Sometimes the term "working capital" is used as
synonym for "current assets" but more frequently as "net working capital", i.e. the amount of
current assets that is in excess of current liabilities. Working capital is frequently used to measure
a firm's ability to meet current obligations. It measures how much in liquid assets a company has
available to build its business.
Working capital is a common measure of a company's liquidity, efficiency, and overall health.
Decisions relating to working capital and short term financing are referred to as working capital
management. These involve managing the relationship between an entity's short-term assets
(inventories, accounts receivable, cash) and its short-term liabilities.
Calculation (formula)
Working capital (net working capital) = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
Both variables are shown on the balance sheet (statement of financial position).
Norms and Limits
The number can be positive (acceptable values) or negative (unsafe values), depending on how
much debt the company is carrying. Positive working capital generally indicates that a company is
able to pay off its short-term liabilities almost immediately. In general, companies that have a lot
of working capital will be more successful since they can expand and improve their operations.
Companies with negative working capital may lack the funds necessary for growth. Analysts are
sensitive to decreases in working capital; they suggest a company is becoming overleveraged, is
struggling to maintain or grow sales, is paying bills too quickly, or is collecting receivables too
slowly. Though in some businesses (such as grocery retail) working capital can be negative (such
business is being partly funded by its suppliers).
Exact Formula in the ReadyRatios Analytic Software (based ontheIFRS statement format).
Working capital (net working capital) = F1[CurrentAssets] – F1[CurrentLiabilities]
F1 – Statement of financial position (IFRS).