Les 02 Basis of Design

1 Basis of design 1/70
BRIDGE DESIGN
BASIS OF
DESIGN
SG
Politecnico di Torino
Department of structural and geotechnical engineering
“Bridge design”
Marco Polo describes a bridge

bridge, stone by
stone.
“Which is the stone that bears the
bridge?” Kublai Kan asks.
“There’s no single stone that bears the
bridge”, Marco answers
answers, “It It’ss the line
of the arch that keeps it standing”.
Kublai Kan stands,, thinking.
g Then he
adds: “Why are you talking to me about
stones? I’m only interested in the arch”.
P l answers: “There’s
Polo “Th ’ no arch
h without
ith t
stones”.
Italo Calvino – “Le città invisibili”
“Bridge design”
Input data in bridge design
• Planimetric configuration Layout (Radius of curvature, span...)

Obstacles to be crossed (rivers, roads,
y , valleys…)
railways, y )
• Altimetric configuration Max and min depth, slope,…

Curvature radius in the
vertical plane
• Required transverse section Live load

l d (train,
( truck...)
k )
(Geometry) Gangway number and width
Carriageway number (single, multiple)
Sidewalk, services...
“Bridge design”
• Foundation Geological and geotechnical investigations

Hydraulic studies (max flood, score)
Stratigraphies
Landslides (old landslides, landslides in action...)
• Local conditions for Access roads

buildabiliy Local availability of materials
Local availabilityy of common and specialized
p
workers
• Environmental and Expected water level

metheorological Expected tide level
conditions Expected drought period
Expected
p temperatures
p during
g the construction
“Bridge design”
• Environmental conditions Open field

in which the bridge has to Hill landscape
be built Valley between close mountains
Historical city (old and small depth buildings)
Modern city (new and tall buildings)
• Environmental Aesthetic requirements

requirements Noise protection
Wind protection
Splash protection
• Functionality Deformability limitations

requirements (High speed lines)
Limitation and control of vibration
amplitude and frequency (High speed
lines and pedestrian bridges)
“Bridge design”
Classification criteria for

b id
bridges & design
d i demands
d d
1) Obstacle to be crossed
2) Specification of service
3) Material to be used
4) Statical scheme
“Bridge design”
Maximum
M i flood
fl d (during
(d i construction
t ti
River and lifetime)
Hydraulic
• Bridges Channel Expected erosion
restraints Ma im m level
Maximum le el of water
ate
Gorge
Clearance for navigation and/or objects
Expected score
Land cutting Existing infrastructures

Restraints
• Viaducts Horographic constraints Geological and geotechnical
Functional requirements conditions
Landscape requirements
“Bridge design”
• Overpasses and underpasses Restraints Clearance

(Overpassing structures) Hydraulic restraints
• Flyover
y Restraints Urban constraints
(Overpassing of urban areas) Hindrances to the
execution
“Bridge design”
2) Service class
• 1° category road bridges
•2
2° category road bridges Deck bridges
and
• Pedestrian bridges
Trough bridges
• Railway bridges : Passenger traffic
Mixed traffic
• Channel bridges or
installation-bearing bridge
“Bridge design”
3) Materiall to be
b used
d
• Reinforced concrete
• Prestressed concrete
• Steel
• Steel-concrete
• Masonry
• Wood
“Bridge design”
4) Statical Scheme
Girder bridges or slab bridges
• Si
Simply
l P f b i ti
Prefabrication
supported Settlements, temperature
• Gerber Internal actions distributions

Settlements, temperature
• Continuous Best use of material
“Bridge design”
Arch bridges
• Three hinges arches
• Two hinges arches
“Bridge design”
Arch bridges
• Bow string
(bottom deck)
• Fully restrained arch
“Bridge design”
The largest
arch bridges
(1853-1885)
“Bridge design”
The largest
g
steel arch
bridges
(1856 1976)
(1856-1976)
“Bridge design”
The largest
concrete arch
bridges
(1927 – 2000))
“Bridge design”
Framed bridges
connecting beam
• Frames with
connecting
beam
pendulum
• Frames
connected
by pendula
“Bridge design”
Framed bridges
• Continuous frames
after mutual
connection
Connecting beam
• Hammer with
connecting
beam
“Bridge design”
Trestle bridges
• Single trestle
• Tied trestle
“Bridge design”
The largest
Th l trestle
l
bridges
“Bridge design”
Framed arch, Maillart like
“Bridge design”
Stay-cable bridges
• With ground-anchored stays
• With stays anchored

to the deck
“Bridge design”
The largest stay

stay-cable
cable
bridges
(1955-1975)
“Bridge design”
The largest stay

stay-cable
cable
bridges
(1975 – 2000)
“Bridge design”
The largest stay-cable

Bridges with concrete
deck
(1962 – 2000)
“Bridge design”
Suspended bridges
• Anchored to the
ground
• Self-anchored
Self anchored (to
the deck)
“Bridge design”
The largest
suspended bridges
(1820 – 1882)
“Bridge design”
The largest
suspended bridges
(1883 – 1930)
“Bridge design”
The largest
suspended bridges
(1931 – 2000)
“Bridge design”
Arch-beam bridges
• Inverted suspended
bridge
“Bridge design”
Most used construction system
Falsework safety
• Formwork on fixed falsework
Deformation during the casting
Removal of falsework
Sliding beams of formwork

• Formwork on mobile falsework Foundations of formwork
Deformation during the casting
Formwork is made of panels and accessories that act as a mold to form a desired shape with concrete (for any
purpose) Falsework is the temporary support structure for the forms.
purpose), forms
Falsework refers to temporary structures used in the construction to support arched structures and concrete forms
(moulds) in order to hold the component in place until its construction is sufficiently far advanced to support itself.
“Bridge design”
a) Falsework on the ground ( h ≤ ~ 10 m)
Coupling joint
Mobile falsework
Formwork
“Bridge design”
b) Falsework sliding on rollers from pier to pier
Completed deck Formwork
Cantilever
Support fixed to
the pier and QT
carrying the rollers
Casting stage
Completed deck
Steel
truss
Sliding stage
“Bridge design”
• Free cantilevering [Finsterwalder / dywidag]
ballast
a) Classical cantilever
Equilibrium by means of full
with two ballasted
restrain to the pier or external ties
falsework and
formwork
Complete cantilever; when the key is

Maximum span: 240 m closed the cantilever is rendered
(Hamana/Giappone) continuous
“Bridge design”
S
Segments
t storage
t
“Bridge design”
Prefabrication yard
“Bridge design”
Prefabrication
yard
“Bridge design”
Pier-segment
f
formwork k and
d
reinforcement
“Bridge design”
Pier-segmentt
Pi
reinforcement
“Bridge design”
Pier-segmentt
Pi
reinforcement
“Bridge design”
Crane
“Bridge design”
Positioning of
pier-segment
“Bridge design”
Pier-segment
“Bridge design”
Pollina Viaduct:
fi t segmentt
first
outside the pier
“Bridge design”
Positioning of
segment two (1)
“Bridge design”
Positioning
g of
segment two (2)
“Bridge design”
Positioning of
segment two (3)
“Bridge design”
Pier-cap with first

segments
Tusa Viaduct
“Bridge design”
Tusa Viaduct
“Bridge design”
Hammers
alignment
“Bridge design”
“Bridge design”
b) Cantilever
l with
h auxiliary
l tendons
d
Auxiliary tendons Auxiliary

A ili tendons
t d with
ith
variable lenght
Auxiliaryy p
pier
“Bridge design”
c) Cantilever with auxiliary truss beam
Truss beam over the deck
Mobile Mobile formwork

formwork
After forwarding:
Completed deck Cantilever
“Bridge design”
• Full
F ll span prefabrication
f b i ti
Launching truss beam (Gantry)
Maximum span ~ 50 ÷ 55 m
“Bridge design”
Both overhead travelling cranes and gantry cranes are types of Crane
which lift objects by a hoist which is fitted in a trolley and can move
horizontally on a rail or pair of rails fitted under a beam. An overhead
travelling
lli crane, alsol kknown as an overhead h d crane or as a suspended d d
crane, has the ends of the supporting beam resting on wheels running on
rails at high level, usually on the parallel side walls of a factory or similar
l
large iindustrial
d t i l bbuilding,
ildi so th
thatt th
the whole
h l crane can move ththe llength
th off th
the
building while the hoist can be moved to and fro across the width of the
building. A gantry crane has a similar mechanism supported by uprights,
usually with wheels at the foot of the uprights allowing the whole crane to
traverse.
A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or

lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated,
electricallyy or ppneumaticallyy driven and mayy use chain, fiber or wire rope
p as its
lifting medium.
“Bridge design”
• Precast segmental construction
No tensile stresses at the edges

g in
serviceability conditions
Maximum span 135 ÷ 140 m
“Bridge design”
Vallone Marzo
Viaduct:
Launching girder
“Bridge design”
Launching girder
Ortora Viaduct
“Bridge design”
Launching girder
“Bridge design”
LLaunching
hi off last
l t
segment
“Bridge design”
• Incremental launching
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
2nd Casting Completed Sliding
1st step
step direction
Supporting beam Formwork
Steel
nose
Jack Formwork Jack
Tie Abutme
Sliding Tie anchoring
supports nt
Ab t
Abutment
t Optimum span 50÷60 m
LONGITUDINAL SECTION 4th step TRANSVERSAL SECTION

6th step
Removable internal formwork
Sliding
Jack
Sliding supports
1st span
supports
pp pie 2nd span pie Sliding External
r r supports fromwork
The principle of incremental launching:

casting in segment on the rear of the
abutment and trusting from pier to pier. planimetric: R = cost = ∞
Limit span: 600÷700 m Limitations
altimetric: R very large
“Bridge design”
Criteria for span choice

Δσ var
• Controlling parameter ⇒ Performance μ = μ =0
Δσ var + Δσ perm
⎧STEEL : μlim ≅ 0.5 Limit span

• Economical limit of performance ⎨
⎩CONCRETE : μlim = 0,10 − 0,15
• Comparison
C i off different
diff t performances
f ffor b
bridge
id type
t and
d materials
t i l
Type Material Economical limit span [m] Maximum span realized [m]
Wall web and continuous beam P.C. ~250 240 (Japan)
Wall web and continuous beam STEEL ~350 345 (Jugoslavia)
Stay cable P.C. ~500 400 (Thailand)
Stayy cable STEEL ~1800 404 ((France))
Trussed gerber beam STEEL 550÷600 549 (Canada)
Arch STEEL 350÷400 366 (Canada)
Trussed arch STEEL ~700
700 511 (U.s.a.)
Arch R.C. ~400 ~390 (Jugoslavia)
Suspended STEEL 3500 ~1900 (Japan)
“Bridge design”
Economical criteria for multispan bridges

C = Cd + C pf Cd ≅ A1 + A2l
From the back analysis
y
• C = Totall cost of existing bridges A4
• Cd = Deck cost C pf ≅ A3 +
• Cpf = Foundations and l
pier
i costt Cost/m2
Minimum cost
Cd
Deck cost ≅ Cost (pier + foundations)
A3
Cpf
Construction system
A1
Need for prefabrication and transport l
Quality of the soil
Economical span
Expensive protections is needed Aesthetic: l > h
“Bridge design”
Bridge
g transversal section shape
p
¾ Influencing parameters:
• Span, with reference to statical scheme
Span
• Depth or slenderness required (l/h)
• Available technology for execution
• Cost (slenderness implies increase of steel quantity)
• q/g ratio (live load/dead load) for dynamic behaviour
¾ Slab bridges cast in situ
Isostatic Span ≤ 20 m
25 ≤ depth ≤ 70 cm
H
Continuous Span ≤ 30 m
Good solution for skew crossing
or irregular
g shapes
p
Slenderless R.C. l/H = 15 ÷ 22

P.C. l/H = 18 ÷ 30
“Bridge design”
>10 cm
With depth > 70 cm ⇒ Voided slab

(pay attention to
durability!) >20 cm
Anchoringg devices
to avoid floating
Variable thickness slabs to

i
increase the
th aesthetic
th ti
YES
NO!
¾ T-beam cast in situ bridges
Very simple Best shape

shape
“Bridge design”
Typical configuration
Mono-beam Multi-beam
For both the sections:

h
l
≅ 20
l h
¾ Inverted T-beams (Channel bridges)
- Small depth
Typical - Heavy appearance
section - Bad
d for
f positive b
bending
d
moment
“Bridge design”
¾ T or V p
precast beams,, connected byy casting
g to the slab
Latticed
concrete
slab
Possible thickness
Increase in continuity
regions
¾ Box girder beams

l
High performance! η ≅ 0.5 ≤ 30 ( continuity )
h
Constant l < 60 m
Depth
Variable l > 60 m
Internal Railway
¾ Box girder with double deck
External Road
“Bridge design”
¾ Suspended
p slabs
Stay cable
Transverse beam
¾ Precast slabs
Shear keys
Cast in situ
l ≤ 20 m
“Bridge design”
¾ Slabs with infilled beams
l = 10 ÷ 15 m
¾ Composite steel-concrete deck, with double T-beams
l ≤ 50 ÷ 60 m
¾ Composite steel-concrete deck, with box girder beam
l ≥ 50 m
“Bridge design”
¾ Steel bridges with hortotropic deck

l ≥ 120 ÷ 150 m
Solution for
Deck bridge
continuous Box girder with hortotropic deck
beam 100 ≤ l ≤ 200 m
Stay-cable bridge with flexural

rigidity deck
Deck suspended in the central region
Solution for 200 ≤ l ≤ 300m
stay cable
stay-cable
bridges
Stay-cable bridge with
truss behaviour
300 ≤ l ≤ 1500m
“Bridge design”
¾ Cross section of suspended bridge with mixed traffic
“Bridge design”

Les 02 Basis of Design

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Les 02 Basis of Design

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1 Basis of design 1/70

1 Basis of design 2/70

Marco Polo describes a bridge

Italo Calvino – “Le città invisibili”

Input data in bridge design

• Planimetric configuration Layout (Radius of curvature, span...)

• Altimetric configuration Max and min depth, slope,…

• Required transverse section Live load

1 Basis of design 4/70

• Foundation Geological and geotechnical investigations

• Local conditions for Access roads

• Environmental and Expected water level

• Environmental conditions Open field

• Environmental Aesthetic requirements

• Functionality Deformability limitations

1 Basis of design 6/70

Classification criteria for

Land cutting Existing infrastructures

1 Basis of design 8/70

• Overpasses and underpasses Restraints Clearance

• 1° category road bridges

1 Basis of design 10/70

Girder bridges or slab bridges

• Gerber Internal actions distributions

• Continuous Best use of material

1 Basis of design 12/70

• Three hinges arches

• Two hinges arches

• Fully restrained arch

1 Basis of design 14/70

1 Basis of design 16/70

1 Basis of design 18/70

1 Basis of design 20/70

Framed arch, Maillart like

1 Basis of design 22/70

• With ground-anchored stays

• With stays anchored

The largest stay

1 Basis of design 24/70

The largest stay

The largest stay-cable

1 Basis of design 26/70

1 Basis of design 28/70

1 Basis of design 30/70

Most used construction system

Sliding beams of formwork

1 Basis of design 32/70

a) Falsework on the ground ( h ≤ ~ 10 m)

b) Falsework sliding on rollers from pier to pier

Completed deck Formwork

1 Basis of design 34/70

• Free cantilevering [Finsterwalder / dywidag]

Complete cantilever; when the key is

1 Basis of design 36/70

1 Basis of design 38/70

1 Basis of design 40/70

1 Basis of design 42/70

1 Basis of design 44/70

1 Basis of design 46/70

1 Basis of design 48/70

Pier-cap with first

1 Basis of design 50/70

1 Basis of design 52/70

Auxiliary tendons Auxiliary