Dimensional Measuring Tools

 Calipers
A caliper (British spelling also calliper, or in plurale tantum sense a pair of
calipers) is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite
sides of an object. Many types of calipers permit reading out a measurement
on a ruled scale, a dial, or a digital display. But a caliper can be as simple as
a compass with inward or outward-facing points. The tips of the caliper are
adjusted to fit across the points to be measured and then the caliper is then
removed and the distance read by measuring between the tips with a
measuring tool, such as a ruler.

 Micrometers
A device incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for accurate measurement
of components in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most
mechanical trades, along with other metrological instruments such
as dial, vernier, and digital calipers. Micrometers are usually, but not always, in
the form of calipers (opposing ends joined by a frame). The spindle is a very
accurately machined screw and the object to be measured is placed between the
spindle and the anvil. The spindle is moved by turning the ratchet knob or thimble
until the object to be measured is lightly touched by both the spindle and the
anvil.

Micrometers are also used in telescopes or microscopes to measure the

apparent diameter of celestial bodies or microscopic objects. The micrometer
used with a telescope was invented about 1638 by William Gascoigne, an
English astronomer.

 Dial Indicator
The classic mechanical version, called a dial indicator, provides a dial display
similar to a clock face with clock hands; the hands point to graduations in a
circular scales on the dial which represent the distance of the probe tip from a
zero setting. The internal works of a mechanical dial indicator are similar to the
precision clockworks of a mechanical wristwatch, employing a rack and
pinion gear to read the probe position, instead of a pendulum escapement to
read time. The side of the indicator probe shaft is cut with teeth to provide the
rack gear. When the probe moves, the rack gear drives a pinion gear to rotate,
spinning the indicator "clock" hand. Springs preload the gear mechanism to
minimize the backlash error in the reading. Precise quality of the gear forms and
bearing freedom determines the repeatable precision of measurement achieved.
Since the mechanisms are necessarily delicate, rugged framework construction
is required to perform reliably in harsh applications such as machine
tool metalworking operations, similar to how wristwatches are ruggedized.

 Bore Gauge
A bore gauge is a collective term for the tools that are unique to the process of
accurately measuring holes.

 Air Flow Meter

An air flow meter is a device that measures air flow, i.e. how much air is flowing through a
tube. It does not measure the volume of the air passing through the tube, it measures the
mass of air flowing through the device per unit time. Thus air flow meters are simply an
application of mass flow meters for a special medium. Typically, mass air flow
measurements are expressed in the units of kilograms per second (kg/s).
  Hardness, Surface Measurements

Hardness testing measures the strength of various materials by evaluating

their penetration resistance. Samples can be placed directly on bench or
stationary types of hardness testing equipment for accurate measurement.
Portable hardness testers are compact, multi-scale measurement devices.

 Feeler Gauge
A feeler gauge is a tool used to measure gap widths. Feeler gauges are mostly
used in engineering to measure the clearance between two parts.
https://www.transcat.com/products/dimensional-measuring-tools

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calipers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_(distance_amplifying_instrument)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_flow_meter

https://www.transcat.com/products/dimensional-measuring-tools/hardness-surface-testers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeler_gauge