FORMATION OF THE DENTITIONS
teeth have been shed.
 Dental Anatomy: the study of the
development, morphology,
function, and identity of each of
the teeth in the human
dentitions, as well as the way in
which the teeth relate in shape,
form, structure, color, and
function to the other teeth in the
same dental arch and to the
teeth in the opposing arch.
 Primary or deciduous dentition:
- The first set of teeth to be
seen in the mouth
- begins to form prenatally
at about 14 weeks in utero and is
completed postnatally at about
3 years of age
 The first teeth in this
(primary) dentition begin to
appear in the oral cavity at the
mean age of 6
 The last emerge at a mean age
of 28 ± 4 months.
 Succedaneous or Permanent
teeth:
-the deciduous dentition
remains intact until the child is
about 6 years of age
- At about the time this
dentition will emerge
 Transition or mixed dentition
period:
- The emergence of these
permanent teeth begins this
period the in which there is a
mixture of deciduous and
succedaneous teeth present.
- The transition period lasts from
about 6 to 12 years of age
- Ends when all the deciduous
 Permanent dentition begins with
the emergence of the first
permanent molars, shedding of
the deciduous incisors, and
emergence of the permanent
incisors.
 After the shedding of the
deciduous canines and molars,
emergence of the permanent
canines and premolars, and
emergence of the second
permanent molars, the
permanent dentition is
completed (including the roots)
at about 14 to 15 years of age
 Except for the third molars, which
are completed at 18 to 25 years
of age
 In effect, the duration of the
permanent dentition period is 12+
years. The completed
 Permanent dentition consists of
32 teeth
NOMENCLATURE
 Mandibular: refers to the lower
jaw, or mandible.
 Maxillary refers to the upper jaw,
or maxilla
 The term primary can mean:
-“constituting or belonging
to the first stage in any process”
- can indicate a first
dentition
 The term deciduous can mean:
-“not permanent,
transitory”
 - can indicate that the first with the right second molar, letters A
dentition is not permanent, but through J, and for the mandibular
not unimportant teeth, letters K through T, beginning
 Milk tooth: one of the temporary with the left mandibular second
teeth of a mammal that are molar.
replaced by permanent teeth.
Also called baby tooth
 The term succedaneous can be
used to describe a successor
dentition and does not suggest
permanence.
 In 1861, Symbolic system for the
 The term permanent suggests a
permanent dentition was
permanent dentition, which may
introduced by Adolph Zsigmondy
not be the case due to dental
of Vienna
caries, periodontal diseases, and
 1874, he then modified for the
trauma.
primary dentition
FORMULAE FOR MAMMALIAN TEETH  Palmer also published the
symbolic system in 1870.

Zsigmondy/ (mostly on Palmer)

notation system:

TOOTH NUMBERING SYSTEMS

 In 1947 a committee of the

American Dental Association
(ADA) recommended the  Universal notation system for the
symbolic (Zsigmondy/Palmer) permanent dentition, the
system as the numbering method maxillary teeth are numbered
of choice. from 1 through 16, beginning with
 In 1968 the ADA officially the right third molar.
recommended the “universal”
The following universal notation
numbering system.
designates the entire permanent
Universal system of notation for the dentition:
primary dentition uses uppercase
letters for each of the primary teeth:
For the maxillary teeth, beginning
  The Zsigmondy/Palmer notation
for the permanent dentition is a
four-quadrant symbolic system in
which, beginning with the central
incisors, the teeth, are numbered
1 through 8 (or more) in each
arch.

The Palmer notation for the entire

permanent dentition is as follows:

THE CROWN AND ROOT

 In 1891, Viktor Haderup of  The crown is covered with

Denmark devised a variant of the
eight-tooth quadrant system in
which plus (+) and minus (−) were
used to differentiate between
upper and lower quadrants and
between right and left quadrants
Ex. +1 indicates the upper left central
incisor and 1− indicates the lower
right central incisor. Primary teeth
were numbered as follows: upper
right, 05+ to 01+
 Two-digit system:
- proposed by Fédération
Dentaire Internationale (FDI) for
both the primary and permanent
dentitions
- adopted by the World
Health Organization and other
organizations such as the
International Association for
Dental Research
The FDI system of tooth notation is as
follows:
enamel
 The root portion is covered with
cementum
 cementoenamel junction (CEJ):
where the crown and root join at.
Also called cervical line.
 The main bulk of the tooth is
composed of dentin
 Pulp chamber (in the crown
portion) and a pulp canal (in the
root protion), normally contain
the pulp tissue
 Pulp cavity: The spaces are
continuous with each other and
are spoken of collectively
The four tooth tissues
Hard tissues (except pulp)
1. enamel
2. cementum
3. dentin
4. pulp (soft tissue)
 Pulp tissue: furnishes the blood
and nerve supply to the tooth
 Alveolar process : that portion of
the jaw serving as support for the
tooth
 Alveolus: The bone of the tooth
socket
 Gingiva or gingival tissue, or
“gums.”: soft tissue of the mouth
partly covers the cervical third in
young adults
 central and lateral incisors and
canines as a group are called
anterior teeth
 Premolars and molars as a group,
posterior teeth.

SURFACES AND RIDGES

 labial surfaces: the surfaces

toward the lips (canine and
incisors)
 buccal surfaces: those facing the
cheek (premolars and molars)
 facial surfaces: When labial and
buccal surfaces are spoken of
collectively
 lingual surfaces: all surfaces
facing toward the tongue
 occlusal surfaces: The surfaces of
the premolars and molars that
come in contact (occlusion) with
those in the opposite jaw during
the act of closure
 incisal surfaces with respect to
incisors and canines
 proximal or proximate surfaces:
The surfaces of the teeth facing
toward adjoining teeth in the
same dental arch
o mesial surfaces: Those
proximal surfaces that,
following the curve of the
arch, are faced toward
the median line
o distal surfaces: distant
from the median line
 contact area: The area of the
mesial or distal surface of a tooth
that touches its neighbour in the
arch