Structural Analysis and Design of

Reinforced Concrete Slab

FEM (Finite Element Method)
 10-3 Moment and Shears in Continuous
Beams

• Usually when girders in a

one-way slab, beam and
girder system are loaded
by concentrated, the
appropriate moment
coefficient from Fig 10-
11 is used

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 Fig 10-12
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 • Fig 13-9a shows a rectangular slab
that is fixed on all sides on stiff
beams. One longitudinal and two
transverse strips are shown. The
deflected shape of these strips and
the corresponding moment
diagrams are shown in Fig 13-9b to
d
•Fig 13-10 shows section B-B
through the slab shown in Fig 13-9.
here the slab is represented by a
series of crossing beams, some
parallel to B-B and the others shown
in cross section parallel to C-C
•The slab strips perpendicular to the
Fig 13-9 section must twist as shown. This is
Relationship between slab curvatures and due to the mxy twisting Fig
moments
13-10
moments
Deflection of strip B of fig 13-9. note
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 Two-way Slab

Fig 13-11
Types of moment diagrams:
Slab fixed on four edges

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 Fig 13-14
Bending moments per
unit width in rectangular
slabs with simply
supported edges

Fig 13-15
Bending moments per unit
width in rectangular slabs
with fixed edges

Fig 13-16
Bending moments in edge and
corner slabs supported on stiff
beams or walls

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Analysis and Design Problems for two-way slabs

- Loads: thickness h=150 mm, d=120 mm, superimposed dead load: 0.8
kN/m2, and a uniform live load: 3.6 kN/m2. fc’=25 MPa

- Case A: all simply supported edges, lshort=5m, llong=8m

- Case B: all fixed supported edges, lshort=5m, llong=8m

- Calculate the positive and negative moments along the both

directions, and arrange the reinforcements on the top and bottom
layers.
 Fig 13-18
Moments in slabs

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 Fig 13-17
© 2006 Pearson Education Moments in a flat plate slab supported on isolated
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 Distribution of Moments within panels – Slabs without Beams between All
Supports
Statical Moment, M0
For design, the slab is considered to be a series of frames in the two
directions, as shown in Fig 13-23. These frames extend to the middle of
the panels on each side of the column lines. In each span of each of the
frames, it is necessary to compute the total statical moment, M0. We
thus have
2
wl 2ln
M0 = (13-5)
8

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Division of slab into frames for design
 Fig 13-25

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 Fig 13-26

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 Fig 13-29

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 Fig 13-30

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 Fig 13-31

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 Behavior of Slabs Failing in Two-Way Shear – Interior Columns

Fig 13-35
Shear Failures in a slab

•As shown in Section 13-5, the maximum moments in a uniformly loaded flat plate
occur around the columns and lead to a circular crack around each column
•After additional loading, the cracks necessary to form a fan yield line mechanism
develop (see section 15-3), and at about the same time, inclined or shear cracks form
on the truncated conical surface, shown in Fig 13-35b
•These cracks can be seen in Fig 13-36, which shows a slab that has been sawn
through along two sides of the column after the slab had failed in two-way shear
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 Fig 13-38
Location of critical shear perimeters

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 Fig 13-41 Fig 13-42
Critical sections and tributary areas for shear in a flat Definition or irregular shaped column
plate

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 For two-way shear, Vc is taken as the smallest of:
 4 f 'c bwd
(a) Vc =  2 +  (13-15)
 c  12

Where ßc is the ratio of long side to short side of the column, concentrated
load, or reaction area. For non rectangular columns, this is defined as shown in
Fig 13-42
 d  f 'c bo d
(b) Vc =  s + 2  (13-16)
 bo  12
Where as is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns, and 20 for corner
columns; and

(c) 1
Vc = f 'c bo d (13-17)
3

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EXAMPLE 13-5 Checking One-Way and Two-Way Shear
at an Interior Column in a Flat Plate

Figure 13-45 shows an interior column in a large uniform flat-plate slab. The
slab is 150 mm thick and has d = 125 mm for reinforcement perpendicular to
the long side of the column and d = 110 mm in the other direction. The slab
supports a uniform superimposed dead load of 0.7 kN/m2 and a uniform
superimposed live load of 3 kN/m2. The concrete strength is 20 MPa. The
moments transferred from
the slab to the column (or vice versa) are negligible. Check whether the shear
capacity is adequate.
1. Determine the factored uniform load.

wu = 1.2(0.15 × 24 + 0.7) + 1.6 × 3 = 10 kN/m2

2. Check the one-way shear. One-way shear is critical at a distance d from

the face of the column. Thus, the critical sections for one-way shear are A–A
and B–B in Fig. 13-45. The loaded areas causing shear on these sections are
cross hatched. Their outer boundaries are lines of symmetry on which Since
the tributary area for section A–A Vu = 0. is larger, this section will be more
critical.
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 Fig 13-45
Critical sections for one-way
shear at interior column,
Example 13-5

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3. Check the two-way shear. Two-way shear is critical on a rectangular section
located at d/2 away from the face of the column, as shown in Fig. 13-46. The
load on the cross-hatched area causes shear on the critical perimeter. Once
again, the outer boundaries of this area are lines of symmetry, where Vu is
assumed to be zero. The average depth, d = 117.5 mm, will be used in these
computations.
(a) Compute Vu on the critical perimeter for two-way shear.

(b) Compute FVc for the critical section. Vc is the smallest of the following:

where

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 Fig 13-46
Loaded area and critical section
for two-way shear example 13-5

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Therefore,

where s = 40 for an interior column. Therefore,

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Therefore, the smallest of (a), (b), and (c) is Vc = 399.1 kN. The loads cause Vu =
246.8 kN, Vu ≥ Vc. Vc = 399.1 kN and Vc = 0.75 × 399.1 = 299.3 kN. Since
exceeds the slab is OK in two-way shear.

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 Shear Reinforcement
If øVc is less than Vu, the shear capacity can be increased by:
1. Thickening the slab over the entire panel
2. Using a drop panel to thicken the slab adjacent to the column
3. Increasing b0 by increasing the column size or adding a fillet or a
capital around the column
4. Adding shear reinforcement
• Shear reinforcement, although not widely used in slabs, is generally
one of the three types shown in Fig 13-47

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 13-9 Details And Reinforcement Requirements

Spacing Requirements, Minimum Reinforcement, and Minimum Bar Size

• ACI Sec 13.4.1 requires that the minimum area of reinforcement provided
for flexure should not be less than:
- 0.0020bh if Grade 300 deformed bars are used
- 0.0018bh if Grade 420 deformed bars or welded-wire fabric is used
• The maximum spacing of reinforcement at points of maximum positive
and negative moments in the middle and column strips shall not exceed
two times the slab thickness (ACI Sec 13.3.2) or 450mm. (ACI Sec 7.12.3)
• Although there is no code limit on bar size, it is recommended that top
steel in slab should not be less than No. 13-M bars at 300mm. on centers,
to give adequate rigidity to prevent displacement of the bars under
ordinary foot traffic before the concrete is placed

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Calculation of the Required Area of Steel
•The calculation of the steel required is based on Eq. 4-43 as
illustrated in Chapter 4
Mu
As =
f y jd (13-43)

Bar Cutoffs and Anchorages

•for slabs without beams ACI Sec. 13.3.8.1 allows the bars to be cut off
•Where adjacent spans have unequal lengths, the extension of the
negative moment bars past the face of the support is based on the length
of the longer span
•ACI Sec 13.3.4 requires that all negative moment steel perpendicular to
an edge be bent, hooked or otherwise anchored in spandrel beams,
columns and walls along the edge to develop fy in tensions
•If there is no edge beam this steel should still be hooked to act torsional
reinforcement

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© 2006 Pearson Education Minimum cutoff points
32 for slabs without beams
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