2.

PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES

2.1 PLUMBING PIPES
2.1.1 APPROVED MATERIALS – marked for identification
Embossed/Stamped – brass/copper fittings
Molded – plastic fittings
Indelible Marking – colored stripe/indelible letters
RED STRIPE – type M Copper (Rigid)
BLUE STRIPE – type L Copper (Flexible/Rigid)
GREEN STRIPE – type K Copper
YELLOW STRIPE – Drain, Waste & Vent (DWV)Copper

PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES

2.1 PLUMBING PIPES
2.1.2 WATER SERVICE PIPE – 160 psi/73.4 ºF
2.1.2.1 WATER SERVICE MATERIALS
1. ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) – for pressure-rated potable water
use
2. ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE – water mains
3. BRASS PIPE – metallic, threaded pipe (Water Service and Water
Distribution)
4. CAST IRON PIPE – not used for individual water supplies; “ductile pipe”
for water mains
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
2.1 PLUMBING PIPES
2.1.2 WATER SERVICE PIPE – 160 psi/73.4 ºF
2.1.2.1 WATER SERVICE MATERIALS
5. COPPER PIPE – copper tubing; copper pipe with without threads/gray color code
for water service use
6. COPPER TUBING – soft copper/rolls (water-service); rigid (water distribution)
3 TYPES: Type M thinnest
Type L middle (water service)
Type K thickest
7. cPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride) – white/cream colored plastic pipe for water
distribution
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
2.1 PLUMBING PIPES
2.1.2 WATER SERVICE PIPE – 160 psi/73.4 ºF
8. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE – with threaded fittings for water distribution; problem:
rust
9. PB (Polybutylene) – rolled coils/straight lengths
Water service – water distribution pipe
blue color – water service use
gray color – water service/water distribution
10. PE (Polyethylene) – black/bluish for water services
11. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) – drain/vent pipe
– white ; CWL (Cold Water Line) only
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURESND DISTRIBUTION
2.1 PLUMBING PIPES
2.1.3 WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPE
Minimum working pressure of 100 psi/temp. 180 ºF
Pressure-reducing valve at the water service to reduce the pressure to no more than 80 psi
1. BRASS PIPE – once popular
2. COPPER PIPE/TUBING (more common choice)
3. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE – rust-related problems
4. POLYBUTYLENE (PB) – ease of installation/resistance due to splitting due to freezing conditions/low cost
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
2.1 PLUMBING PIPES
2.1.4 DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE
Range from 1 ½” – 4” diameter
1. ABS – black/gray color/ Schedule 40 (used above or below ground/joined by solvent-weld cement);
2. ALUMINUM TUBING – above-ground use only/joined by mechanical joints/coated to prevent corrosive action
3. BOROSILICATE GLASS – used above or below ground/underground/heavy pipe schedule
4. BRASS PIPE – rarely used
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
2.1 PLUMBING PIPES
2.1.4 DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE
5. CAST IRON PIPE (CIP) - hub and spigot style (joined by oakum/molten
lead)
hubless (mechanical joints – rubber coupling)
referred as SOIL PIPE
service weight pipe
extra heavy pipe
6. COPPER PIPE – thin-walled/with yellow marking/time-consuming to
install/used above/below ground
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
2.1 PLUMBING PIPES
2.1.4 DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE
7. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE – not to be installed closer than 6” in to
the earth
8. LEAD PIPE – limited to above-grade installations
9. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE – white
rating of Schedule 40
solvent weld joint
become brittle in cold weather
for BUILDING SEWER (ABS, CI, Vitrified Clay, PVC, Concrete,
Asbestos Cement)
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
2.1 PLUMBING PIPES
2.1.5 STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALS: interior/underground (for storm sewer)
INSIDE STORM DRAINAGE
(ABS, DWV Copper, Type L Copper, Asbestos Cement, Cast Iron, Vitrified
Clay
Brass, Galvanized, PVC, Type M Copper
Type K Copper, Bituminized Fiber, Concrete
Aluminum, Lead, Black Steel
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
2.1 PLUMBING PIPES
2.1.5 STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALS:
SUBSOIL DRAINS – collect/drain water entering the soil
(Asbestos Cement, Vitrified Clay, Cast Iron
Bituminized Fiber, PVC, PE)
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
PLASTIC PIPES
TYPES APPLICATION
uPVC Unplasticized ; electrical and telephone cables, sewer pipes and potable water supply .
PVC Polyvinyl chloride: third most widely produced after PE and PPR. PVC is widely used
in construction because it is cheap, durable, and easy to assemble.
cPVC Chlorinated: thermoplastic produced by chlorination of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin; hot and
cold water pipe, and industrial liquid handling.
LDPE used in sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, drainage systems, laboratories, industrial process
lines, agricultural piping, irrigation and many other public utilities.
HDPE used water main schemes, potable water house connections, sprinkler and drip irrigation
systems, drainage systems, laboratories, industrial process lines, agricultural piping, irrigation
PP-R used in the manufacturing piping systems; both ones concerned with high-purity and ones
designed for strength and rigidity (use in potable plumbing, hydronic heating and cooling, and
reclaimed water); joined by heat fusion rather than gluing
PE-X Cross-linked polyethylene; PEX or XLPE, is a form of polyethylene with cross-links;
hydronic radiant heating systems, domestic water piping and insulation for high tension (high
voltage) electrical cables; used for natural gas and offshore oil applications, chemical
transportation, and transportation of sewage and slurries.
PB used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.
QUALITY OF MATERIALS - free from defects
PIPE - cylindrical conduit/conductor; “pipe size”/(I.D.)
ROUGHING-IN - plumbing work before fixtures/finishing
DURHAM SYSTEM - soil or waste system; threaded pipe, tubing, rigid construction using recessed drainage fittings
BENDING PIN (IRON) – tool; straightening/bending lead pipe
HORIZONTAL PIPE - angle of not more than 45°
VERTICAL PIPE - more than 45° with the vertical line
ABS - Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride. Potable water(blue); Drainpipes (gray, orange, brown)
PB - Polybutylene; black, oval; water service connection
PE - Polyethylene; black, circular
TUBE - cylindrical conduit/conductor; (OD)
SIZE AND TYPE OF TUBING - (DIAMETER)
DIAMETER - nominal internal diameter (N.I.D.) except brass and copper tubing
I.P.S. - Iron Pipe Size
INVERT - the lowest portion of the inside of any pipe
BELL OR HUB – enlarged to receive end of pipe
B & S - Brown and Sharpe (Specification)/Bell and Spigot (ends of pipes)
HUBLESS PIPES – CISP with plain ends connected with bolted stainless steel bands and neoprene gaskets
LENGTH OF PIPE - the length as measured along
DEVELOPED LENGTH - the length along the center line of pipe and fittings
DEAD END - the extended portion of the pipe that is closed to one end
2.2 COMMON METHODS OF JOINTING PIPES
1. Caulking
2. Threading
3. Flanging
4. Soldering
5. Welding
BLANK FLANGE - not drilled for bolt holes
BLIND FLANGE - closes the end of a pipe
BRAZED JOINT - melt at higher than 449°C
CALKING - plugging an opening with oakum, lead
OAKUM – hemp soaked in oil/tar to make it waterproof
SHIELDED COUPLING - elastromeric sealing gasket
SLIP JOINT - compression nut, a friction ring, compression washer, fit a threaded adapter fitting or a standard taper
pipe thread
SOLDERED JOINT - melt at below 427°C/above 149°C
WELDED JOINT OR SEAM - plastic molten state

2.3 COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS (cast iron, copper,

plastic; steel)
NIPPLE –lesser than 12” length/threaded on both ends;
more than 12” – Cut Pipe; 1/8” to 12” Ф; brass/steel
Close – when fittings or valves are to be joined very
close to each other
Short – small amount of pipe exists (shoulder)
Long – larger amount of bare pipe exists
COUPLING – wrought iron, cast metal, brass
Extension Piece – male threaded at one end
RETURN BENDS
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
2.3 COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS (cast iron, copper, plastic; steel)
TEES – branch of 90/right angles
PLUG – closing end of a pipe or fitting having female
thread; square head; four-sided counter-sunk head –
(small size); hexagon-head – (larger sizes); 1/8” – 12”;
Ground-joint union
CLEANOUT PLUGS: (raised square heads) –
plastic/brass; brass-metallic fittings
BUSHINGS – connect the male end of a pipe to a fitting of
a larger size; reducing/enlarging fitting
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
2.3 COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS (cast iron, copper, plastic; steel)
ELBOWS – 45°/90° - gas, water, steam; 22 ½°/60 –
special angles; CI drainage fitting elbows: 5 5/8” 22 ½°
60° 11 ¼°45° 90°
CAPS – closing the end of a pipe or fitting male threaded
plain and flat band/beaded caps
FLANGE – for closing flanged fittings/flange pipe lines;
closet flanges (plastic – ¼” thick); (brass – 1/8” thick); (for
caulking – ¼” thick); screw/bolts - brass
WYE
CAP - closing the end of the pipe
OFFSET - combination of elbows or bends
DOUBLE OFFSET - two offsets in succession
FERRULE - a metallic sleeve, for the purpose of
cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe
RETURN BEND - made up of two 90° bends with inside
threads and outside threads; 180° bend
TAILPIECE - connects the outlet of a fixture to a trap
TAPPED TEE - tapped to receive a threaded pipe or
fittings
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
SIAMESE CONNECTION - connected to a
hydrant/same nozzle/hose fitting with clapper valves
WYE - hose connection with two-gated outlets
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
STANDPIPE - a vertical pipe, or a reservoir, into which
water is pumped to give it a head, classified as:
1.WET STANDPIPE - water pressure maintained
2. AUTOMATIC STANDPIPE SYSTEM - operates
automatically by opening a hose valve
3.MANUALLY – OPERATED STANDPIPE SYSTEM –
remote control device at each hose station
4. DRY STANDPIPE – no permanent water inside
Pipe

Wet Pipe Sprinkler System

A wet pipe sprinkler system is a sprinkler
system employing automatic sprinkler heads
attached to a piping system containing water
and connected to a water supply so that
water discharges immediately from sprinklers
opened by heat from a fire.

Dry Pipe Sprinkler Systems

A dry pipe sprinkler system is sprinkler
system employing automatic sprinklers that
are attached to a piping system containing
air or nitrogen under pressure, the release
of which (as from the opening of a sprinkler)
permits the water pressure to open a valve
known as a dry pipe valve, and the water
then flows into the piping system and out
the opened sprinklers.
Dry pipe sprinkler systems are installed in
areas where wet pipe systems may be
inappropriate such as areas where freezing
temperatures might be expected.
Pre-Action Sprinkler Systems
A pre-action sprinkler system is
similar to a deluge sprinkler system
except the sprinklers are closed.
This type system is typically used in
areas containing high value
equipment or contents and spaces
which are highly sensitive to the
effects of accidental sprinkler water
discharge. The pre-action valve is
normally closed and is operated by
a separate detection system.
Activation of a fire detector will
open the pre-action valve, allowing
water to enter the system piping.
Water will not flow from the
sprinklers until heat activates the
operating element in individual
sprinklers. Opening of the preaction
valve effectively converts the
system to a wet pipe sprinkler
system.
Deluge Sprinkler Systems
A deluge system is sprinkler
system employing open sprinklers
that are attached to a piping system
that is connected to a water supply
through a valve that is opened by
the operation of a detection system
installed in the same areas as the
sprinklers. When this valve opens,
water flows into the piping system
and discharges from all sprinklers
attached thereto.
Deluge systems are used where
large quantities of water are needed
quickly to control a fast-developing
fire. Deluge valves can be
electrically, pneumatically or
hydraulically operated.
A foam-water sprinkler system is a special system that is pipe-connected to a source of foam
concentrate and to a water supply. The system is equipped with appropriate discharge devices for
extinguishing agent discharge and for distribution over the area to be protected. The piping system
is connected to the water supply through a control valve that usually is actuated by operation of
automatic detection equipment that is installed in the same areas as the sprinklers. When this valve
opens, water flows into the piping system, foam concentrate is injected into the water, and
the resulting foam solution discharging through the discharge devices generates and distributes
foam. Upon exhaustion of the foam concentrate supply, water discharge follows and continues until
shut off manually. Foam-water systems shall be of the wet pipe, dry pipe, deluge, or preaction
type. Foam-water deluge systems are applicable to the protection of two-dimensional flammable
liquid hazards.

Types of Water Closets

– Siphon Jet (SJ)
– Siphon Vortex (SV)
– Reverse Trap (RT)
–Wash Down (WD)
– Blow Out (BO)

2.4.1.2 URINAL
Types of Urinals
1. Trough Urinal
2. Wall-Hung
3. Pedestal Urinal
4. Stall Urinal
2.4.1 SOIL FIXTURES
How a Waterless Urinal Works
Cartridge acts as funnel. The non-stick, non-porous construction and funnel ensure urine
passes to the cartridge and through sealant liquid that floats on top of the liquid beneath it.
Sealant liquid provides an airtight barrier between urine restroom to prevent odors from
escaping the drain, but allows urine to pass through because it is lighter than water. Urine
penetrates the sealant liquid and flows to the drain. Uric sediment is collected by the
cartridge, leaving an odor-free environment, clean pipes and absolutely no water waste.

2.4.1.3 SERVICE SINK (SLOP SINK) – disposal of

scrub water; deep sink to accommodate a scrub pail

Types of Sinks
1. Kitchen Sink
2. Scullery Sink – pot sink
(restaurants and large kitchens)
3. Pantry Sink
4. Laundry Tub

2.4.3.2 BATHTUB
Types of Bathtubs
Built-In Bathtub
Foot Tub
Sitz Bath – used chiefly in the care of
invalids and the infirm
Bidet
Hospital Baths
Whirlpool

BIDET – washing the middle part of the body; genitals

(sitz bath/foot bath)
LATRINE - water closet with continuous trough
LAVATORY - (WASH BASIN)
BALL COCK - a faucet/valve opened/closed by the fall
or rise of a ball floating on the surface of water
BALL JOINT - cuplike shell allows movement in every
direction
BATHROOM - equipped with shower stall or bathtub
SWIMMING POOL - a water receptacle used for
swimming/water basin

FLUSH TANK - for flushing/removing excrements

FLUSH VALVE – flushing water directly from water
supply pipes/in connection (at the bottom of the tank)
FLUSHOMETER TANK - air accumulator vessel;
predetermined quantity of water for flushing purposes
FLUSHOMETER VALVE - actuated direct water
pressure
PRIVATE OR PRIVATE USE - intended for the use of
the family or individual
PUBLIC OR PUBLIC USE - public comfort stations; use
is similarly unrestricted
PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND FIXTURES
1. Bathtub drain in the floor is 3" below the finish
floor level and out 1 1/2" from the rough wall. The
tub drain is centered in 30" of space, the width of
the bathtub. Cut a minimum 6" by 12" access
hole in the subfloor, 11" in from the sidewall, for
the waste and overflow drains.
2. The spout is 5" above top edge of the bathtub.
3. The tub faucet is 10" to 12" above the top
edge of the bathtub. The shower faucet is 48"
from the finish floor.
4. Shower head 48" to 54" from the tub faucet.
5. The toilet drain from center of drain to the
rough framing is 12 1/2" and is centered in 30"
minimum of finished space
6. The water supply is 6" up from the finish floor
and is 6" to the left of the center of the toilet drain
facing the wall. Bring water supply line out 5" to
6" from rough framing (cut off later when shutoff
valve is installed.
7. The wash basin drain is 18" to 20" above the
finish floor, and is centered in a minimum of 24"
of cabinet space.
8. The water supply lines are 4" to the left and
right of the drain. Bring lines out 4" to 6" from the
rough framing and 22" to 24" off the finish floor.

PLUMBING ROUGHING – IN AND

FIXTURES
1. Mainline, Y with cleanout ,plug, up with 3”
PVC pipe.
2. 3” reducing Y into main waste stack for GF
fixtures.
3. 2”PVC with 2” Y with cleanout, long radius
elbow.
4. 2” T for sink wastewater and 1 ½ “ vent to
vent line.
5. 2” sink trap with slip fittings to hook up to
sink drain.
6. 3” reducing Y into main stack with 2”
reducer for sink or washer.
7. Waste T with side inlet for closet bend and
sink wastewater.
8. 2” trap for shower/bath or sink.
9. 3” closet bend for the toilet
10. 3” reducing T into main waste stack for
lavatory trap access.
11. 2”lavatory trap.
13. PVC wastewater pipe and bath/shower
trap on 2F
14. Closet bend for 2F toilet.
15. 3” reducing T into main stack (sink, bath,
or washer)
16. Trap for sink, bath, or washer.
17. 3” reducing T into main waste stack.
Reducer -1 ½ for vent.
18. Main waste stack through roof for proper
vent
19. 2” Y with cleanout back into the stack for
sink wastewater.
20. 22-½ ˚ elbow for wastewater to flow
smoothly into Y.
21. 2” waste T for access to sink and vent.
22. 2” sink trap.
23. Vent T – 2” or 1 ½” for venting.
24. Vent elbow and run line back down to 2”
T wastewater fitting