REVIEWER IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS

THIRD FINAL EXAMINATION

 Logic
o Proposition: a statement which is true or false, but not both
 A statement is proposition if it is in declarative form or any expression with true/false value
(such as standard equation)
Ex.: Malayan Colleges Laguna is in Cabuyao
Ex.: 1 + 2 = 3
 A statement is not a proposition if the following is:
 Interrogative Sentence (Ex.: Are you going out somewhere?)
 Imperative Sentence (Ex.: Close the door)
 Exclamatory Sentence (Ex.: Oh no!)
 Expression with a non-true/false value (Ex.: 2 + 3; x = y + 2; z is less than 4)

o Proposition Logic: a branch of symbolic logic dealing with propositions as units and with their
combinations and the connectives that relate them
 It is the study of how simple propositions can come together to make more complicated
propositions
 Simple Proposition: a proposition that contains one idea only
 Compound Proposition: composed of at least two simple propositions joined together by logical
connectives

Operator Symbol Usage Order

Negation ∼ not 1st (Highest)
Conjunction ∧ and 2nd
Disjunction ∨ or 2nd
Conditional → if, then 3rd
Biconditional ↔ if and only if 4th (Lowest)

Logical Connectives
 Negation: a unary operator that turns a false proposition to true and the opposite for a
true proposition
 Scenario 1: p is true, so ∼p is false
 Scenario 2: p is false, so ∼p is true
 Conjunction: a binary operator in that it operates two propositions when creating
compound proposition
 Other words that can be used in place of the connective “and’ – “but”, “also”,
“moreover”, “while”
 For it to be true, both propositions should be true
 Disjunction: a binary operator which becomes true when at least one of the components
is true
 Other word that can be used in place of the the connective “or” – “unless”
 For it to be true, at least one of the propositions should be true
 Conditional (Implication): only partly similar/comparable to the English usage of “if,
then”, “implies”, “only if”, or “is sufficient for”
 For it to be true, it should follow the convention of: (a) true-true, (b) false-true,
or (c) false-false
 Biconditional: for it to be true, the two propositions must have the same truth value;
otherwise, it is false

Cases of Compound Propositions

 Contradiction: a compound proposition that is false for all possible truth values of its
component propositions
 Tautology: a compound proposition that is true for all possible truth values of its
component propositions
 Contingency or Contingent Proposition: a compound proposition that is neither a
tautology nor a contradiction
 REVIEWER IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
THIRD FINAL EXAMINATION
 Truth Table: a mathematical table used in logic to compute the functional values of logical
expressions on each of their functional arguments, that is, on each combination of values taken
by their logical variables

o Logical Equivalence: two propositions are logically equivalent if they have the same truth tables; denoted
by the symbol “≡”
 Rules of Replacement: a statement may be replaced by any statement logically equivalent to it

Identity Laws (IL)

Contradiction (Contra) Absorption (ABS)
P∧T≡P
P ∧ ∼P ≡ F P→Q ≡ P→(P ∧ Q)
P∨F≡P
Domination Laws (DomL) Commutative Laws (CL)
Material Implication (MI)
P∨T≡T P∨Q≡Q∨P
(P→Q) ≡ (∼P ∨ Q)
P∧F≡F P∧Q≡Q∧P
Idempotent Laws (ID) Associative Laws (AL)
Material Equivalence (ME)
P∨P≡P (P ∨ Q) ∨ R ≡ P ∨ (Q ∨ R)
P↔Q ≡ (P→Q)∧(Q→P)
P∧P≡P (P ∧ Q) ∧ R ≡ P ∧ (Q ∧ R)
Distributive Laws (DisL)
Double Negation Law Exportation (Exp)
P ∨ (Q ∧ R) ≡ (P ∨ Q)∧(P ∨ R)
∼(∼P) ≡ P (P ∧ Q)→R ≡ P→(Q→R)
P ∧ (Q ∨ R) ≡ (P ∧ Q)∨(P ∧ R)
De Morgan’s Laws (DM)
Tautology (Taut)
∼(P ∨ Q) ≡ (∼P ∧ ∼Q)
P ∨ ∼P ≡ T
∼(P ∧ Q) ≡ (∼P ∨ ∼Q)
 REVIEWER IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
THIRD FINAL EXAMINATION
PRACTICE EXERCISES:
1. Identify whether the following statements are proposition or not a proposition:

a) 144 is an even number. ________________________

b) All dogs can bark. ________________________
c) Manny Pacquiao is a doctor. ________________________
d) Doctors have bad handwritings. ________________________
e) Wash your hands. ________________________
f) Did you cheat in the exam? ________________________
g) 8 + 4 = 12 ________________________
h) y is greater than 12. ________________________
i) Jose Rizal is our national hero. ________________________
j) Oh my goodness! ________________________

2. Give the truth value of the following:

a) If cats are birds, then cats are mammals. ___________________

b) 51 is a prime number if and only if 25 is a prime number. ___________________
c) If Laguna is in Luzon, then Davao is in Visayas. ___________________
d) If all cats are animals and all animals are plants,
then all cats are plants ___________________
e) All humans need water if only if water is not a vegetable. ___________________
f) The sun rises in the east or west. ___________________
g) Manny Pacquiao is a politician and a doctor. ___________________
h) All even numbers are prime and all odd numbers are
Composite if and only if some numbers are prime ___________________

i) Given the following facts:

Fact 1: Jollibee Chickenjoy is crispy.
Fact 2: Jollibee Chickenjoy is yummy.

If Jollibee Chickenjoy is not crispy then Jollibee Chickenjoy

Is yummy. ___________________

j) Given the following facts:

Fact 1: I will graduate on July 2019.
Fact 2: I passed in MAT01.

If I did not pass in MAT01, then I will not graduate on

July 2019. ___________________

3. Express the following propositions in symbols, where p, q, r, and s are defined as follows:
p: John is a big eater.
q: Jimmy has a big voice.
r: Joseph likes to travel.
s: Jeffrey likes blue.

a) If John is a big eater or Jimmy has a big voice, then Jeffrey likes blue. _________________________
b) Joseph likes to travel or he does not. _________________________
c) It may or may not be the case that Jeffrey likes blue. _________________________
d) John is a big eater or Jimmy has a big voice if and only if Jeffrey likes
blue and Joseph likes to travel. _________________________
e) While Jimmy has a big voice, John is not a big eater. _________________________
f) Either John is a big eater or Jimmy has a big voice, yet Jeffrey likes blue. _________________________
g) It is not true that John is a big eater and Jeffrey does not like violet. _________________________
 REVIEWER IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
THIRD FINAL EXAMINATION
4. Translate the following statements in symbolic form. Use indicated letters to represent each component proposition.

a) During a Public Storm Warning Signal No. 1 (S), banana trees maybe
tilted (T) or uprooted (U). __________________________
b) The Philippines ranked as 76th freest economy (F) and one of the top
ten most improved economies in the world in the 2015 Index of
Economic Freedom (E). __________________________
c) If a patient come (P), a nurse (N) and a doctor should attend to the
patient (P). __________________________
If p is prime (P), then either p is 2 (T) or p is odd (O). __________________________

5. Find the truth value of the following compound compositions if P, Q, and R are true.

a) P ∧ ∼P ___________________
b) (∼P ∨ Q)↔(P → Q) ___________________
c) (P ∧ ∼Q) → R ___________________

6. Find the truth value of the following compound compositions if P and Q are true, and R is false.

d) ∼P ∧ Q ___________________
e) P ∨ (P ∧ Q) ___________________
f) ∼Q → (P ∧ R) ___________________
g) P ∨ (∼P ∧ R) ___________________
h) ∼Q ↔ (P ∧ R) ___________________

7. Construct a truth table for the following compound propositions. Identify whether it is contradiction, tautology, or
contingency.

a) P ∧ ∼P

b) (∼P ∨ Q) ↔ (P → Q)

c) P ∧ ∼Q → R
 REVIEWER IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
THIRD FINAL EXAMINATION
8. Using a truth table, determine whether the given pairs of propositions are logically equivalent or not.
a) P→Q and ∼Q→P

b) P↔Q and (P→Q)∧(Q→P)

c) P→(Q∧R) and (P→Q)∧(P→R)

9. Using rules of replacement, prove that the following propositions are true or equivalent.

a) ∼(P→∼Q) ≡ (P∧Q)

b) P→(Q∧R) ≡ (P→Q)∧(P→R)
 REVIEWER IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
THIRD FINAL EXAMINATION
c) (P∧Q)→P ≡ T [T is true]

d) (P→R) ∨ (Q→R) ≡ (P∧Q)→R

e) (∼P→R) ∧ (∼P→∼R) ≡ P

f) (P∧∼Q)∨Q ≡ P∨Q

g) (P∧Q)→(P∨Q) ≡ T [T is true]
 REVIEWER IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
THIRD FINAL EXAMINATION
h) (P→Q)∨(P→R) ≡ P→(Q∨R)

i) (P→R) ∧ (Q→R) ≡ (P∨Q) → R

j) ∼(P∨(∼P∧Q)) ≡ (∼P ∧ ∼Q)