COMPUTATIONS

The figure below shows the level net connecting the four benchmarks. The arrows indicate the
directions of higher elevations.

Figure X. Level network and their differences in elevation.

Condition Equations:
−𝑙1 − 𝑙2 − 𝑙3 + 𝑙4 = 0
−𝑙1 − 𝑙5 + 𝑙4 = 0
−𝑙2 − 𝑙3 + 𝑙5 = 0

−(𝑙1 + 𝑣1 ) − (𝑙2 + 𝑣2 ) − (𝑙3 + 𝑣3 ) + (𝑙4 + 𝑣4 ) = 0

−(𝑙1 + 𝑣1 ) − (𝑙5 + 𝑣5 ) + (𝑙4 + 𝑣4 ) = 0
−(𝑙1 + 𝑣1 ) − (𝑙3 + 𝑣3 ) + (𝑙5 + 𝑣5 ) = 0

So that,
𝑣1 = −𝑣2 − 𝑣3 + 𝑣4 − 1.367 − 0.785 − 11.923 + 12.295
𝑣1 = −𝑣5 + 𝑣4 − 1.367 − 12.187 + 12.295
𝑣2 = −𝑣3 + 𝑣5 − 0.785 − 11.923 + 12.187

Function to minimize:

∅ = 𝑣12 + 𝑣22 + 𝑣32 + 𝑣42 + 𝑣52

 ∅ = (−𝑣2 − 𝑣3 + 𝑣4 − 1.78)2 + (−𝑣3 + 𝑣5 − 0.521)2 + 𝑣32 + 𝑣42 + 𝑣52

To minimize, the partial derivatives with respect to 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , 𝑣4 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣5 were equated to 0:

𝜕∅
= 2(−𝑣2 − 𝑣3 + 𝑣4 − 1.78)(−1) = 0
𝜕𝑣2
𝜕∅
= 2(−𝑣2 − 𝑣3 + 𝑣4 − 1.78)(−1) + 2(−𝑣3 + 𝑣5 − 0.521)(−1) + 2𝑣3 = 0
𝜕𝑣3
𝜕∅
= 2(−𝑣2 − 𝑣3 + 𝑣4 − 1.78) + 2𝑣4 = 0
𝜕𝑣4
𝜕∅
= 2(−𝑣3 + 𝑣5 − 0.521) + 2𝑣5 = 0
𝜕𝑣5

Solving simultaneously,
𝑣1 = 0
𝑣2 = −1.259
𝑣3 = −0.521
𝑣4 = −0
𝑣5 = −0.521

Finally, the adjusted differences in elevation are:

𝑙1 = 1.367 𝑚
𝑙2 = −0.474 𝑚
𝑙3 = 11.402 𝑚
𝑙4 = 12.295 𝑚
𝑙5 = 11.666 𝑚
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The accuracy of each loop were checked by connecting the observations of each leveling line that
are within the respective loops. The allowable errors were computed and the difference between
the set and the observed elevation was determined for both the forward and backward runs.

Loop Allowable Error Difference in Elevation (cm)

(cm) Forward Run Backward Run
Kam-Vinz-Oble-Kam 1.28093 5.99 5.73
Vinz-Oble-SC-Vinz 1.43657 7.96 7.75
Kam-Oble-SC-Vinz- 1.49972 1.97 2.02
Kam

The table above shows the allowable error and the difference in elevation of the BMs for each of
the loop. The difference in elevation of the three loops were not able to meet the allowable error
of the 2nd order accuracy. The loop with the smallest difference in elevation was the outside loop
(KAMIA-OBLE-SC-VINZONS-KAMIA) with an average difference in elevation (at BM
KAMIA) of 1.995cm. The other 2 loops had elevation differences of about 6cm and 8cm. it may
be observed that line VINZ-OBLE is common to both loops with the larger elevation difference,
whereas the one with the smallest did not contain this line. It may be concluded that this line
(VINZ-OBLE) may have contributed the largest source of error among all the leveling lines.
A possible source of error could have resulted from the placing of some of the benchmarks such
as the one near Quezon Hall which was located on the base of a lamppost and not on the actual
ground. The higher elevation of BM OBLE due to its location made taking measurements more
difficult and made the group resort to taking measurements on the ground right beside the
benchmark and then applying adjustments to the backsight and foresight readings. This could have
added to the error in elevation difference between the two points.
***NOTE: Keith, pabasa kung tama and kung oks lang na isama sa report.
After each leveling lines were adjusted and the c-factor was applied, the difference in elevations
between the benchmarks in each line was determined. The table below summarizes all the
elevation differences between the benchmarks.
BM1 BM2 Elevation Difference (m)
KAMIA VINZONS -0.785
VINZONS OBLE 12.187
OBLE SC -12.295
KAMIA OBLE 11.923
VINZONS SC -1.367

The observations in the table above were used to formulate the condition equations that was used
in the least squares adjustment. The final level network diagram after least squares adjustment is
shown below.

Figure X. Final level network loop.

BM1 BM2 Elevation Difference (m)

KAMIA VINZONS -0.474
VINZONS OBLE 11.666
OBLE SC -12.295
KAMIA OBLE 11.402
VINZONS SC -1.367

Apparently, the benchmark near Kamia Residence Hall turns out to be of lower elevation
than that of the benchmark located near Vinzons Hall. The benchmark near the oblation also seems
to have the lowest elevation amongst all the benchmarks used. The stations with the greatest
elevation difference were BM SC and BM OBLE, while the stations with the least were between
BM VINZONS and BM KAMIA.