Development of the Atomic Theory

Democritus J.J. Thomson

 460 BC - Greek philosopher proposes the
existence of the atom
 He pounded materials until he made them
into smaller and smaller parts
 He called them atoma which is Greek for
“indivisible”.
 1897 - English chemist and physicist;
discovered 1st subatomic particles
Plum Pudding Model or Raisin Bun Model
Proposed by J.J. Thomson

His Theory:

 All atoms:
 Are small hard particles
 Are made of a single material formed into
different shapes and sizes
 Are always moving, and they form different
materials by joining together
John Dalton
 1803 - British chemist; elements
combine in specific proportions to
form compounds
 Solid Sphere Model or Bowling Ball
Model
 Proposed by John Dalton
His Theory:
 Atoms contain negatively charged
particles called electrons and positively
charged matter.
 Created a model to describe the atom
as a sphere filled with positive matter
with negative particles mixed in
 Referred to it as the plum pudding
model
Ernest Rutherford
 1912 - New Zealand physicist
discovered the nucleus

Nuclear Model
Proposed by Ernest Rutherford
His Theory:

 All substances are made of atoms

that
cannot be created, divided, or
destroyed.
 Atoms join with other atoms to make
new substances. His Theory:
 Atoms of the same element are
exactly alike  Small, dense, positively charged particle
 Atoms of different elements are present in nucleus called a proton
different in mass and size.  Electrons travel around the nucleus, but
 His ideas account for the law of their exact places cannot be described.
conservation of mass (atoms are
neither created nor destroyed)
 The law of constant composition
(elements combine in fixed ratios).
 His Theory:
 Neutrons have no electrical charge.
Niels Bohr
 Neutrons have a mass nearly equal to
 1913 - Danish physicist; discovered the mass of a proton.
energy levels  Unit of measurement for subatomic
particles is the atomic mass unit
(amu).
Bohr Model or Planetary Model
Proposed by Niels Bohr Modern Theory of the Atom

 Atoms are composed of three main

His Theory:
 Electrons travel around the nucleus in
definite paths and fixed distances.
 Electrons can jump from one level to a
path in another level.
Erwin Shrodinger
 1924 - Austrian physicist; developed the
electron cloud model
subatomic particles: the electron, proton,
and neutron.
 Most of the mass of the atom is
concentrated in the nucleus of the atom
 The protons and neutrons are located within
the nucleus, while the electrons exist
outside of the nucleus.
 In stable atoms, the number of protons is
equal to the number of electrons.
 The type of atom is determined by the
number of protons it has.
 The number of protons in an atom is equal
to the atomic number.
 The sum of the number of protons and
neutrons in a particular atom is called the
atomic mass.
 Valence electrons are the outermost
electrons.

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

Electron Cloud Model
Proposed by Erwin Schrodinger  Atoms of the same element that have
His Theory: different numbers of neutrons are called
 The exact path of electrons cannot be isotopes.
predicted.  Due to isotopes, mass #s are not round #s.
6 7
 The region referred to as the electron  Li (6.9) is made up of both Li and Li.
cloud,  Often, at least one isotope is unstable.
 Is an area where electrons can likely be  It breaks down, releasing radioactivity.
found.  These types of isotopes are called
radioisotopes
James Chadwick Q- Sometimes an isotope is written without its
35
1932 - English physicist; discovered neutrons atomic number - e.g. S (or S-35). Why?

Q- Draw B-R diagrams for the two Li isotopes.

A- The atomic # of an element doesn’t change

although the number of neutrons can vary,
atoms have definite numbers of protons.

Law of Conservation of Mass
In a chemical reaction, no change in mass
takes place. The total mass of the products is equal
to the total mass of the reactant.
Antoine Lavoisier, a brilliant French chemist,
formulated this law by describing one of his
experiments involving mercuric oxide. He placed a
small amount of mercuric oxide, a red solid, inside a
retort and sealed the vessel tightly.
He weighed the system, and then subjected
it to high temperature. During the heating, the red
solid turned into a silvery liquid. This observation
indicated that a chemical reaction took place. After
which, the setup was cooled and then weighed. The
weight of the system was found to be the same as
before heating.
Law of Definite Proportion:
A compound always contains the same
constituent elements in a fixed or definite proportion
by mass.
If water samples coming from different sources are
analyzed, all the samples will contain the same ratio
by mass of hydrogen to oxygen.
Law of Multiple Proportions:
If two elements can combine to form more than one
compound, the masses of one element that will
combine with a fixed mass of the other element are
in a ratio of small whole numbers.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
This theory was proposed by John Dalton, can be
used to explain the laws of chemical change.
This theory is based on the following set of
postulates:
1. Elements are made up of very small particles
known as atoms.
2. All the atoms of an element are identical in mass
and size, and are different from the atoms of another
element.
Dalton used the different shapes or figures to
represent different elements, as follows:
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than
one element, combined in definite ratios with whole
number values.
4. During a chemical reaction, atoms combine,
separate, or rearrange. No atoms are created and
no atoms disappear.
Atomic number = number of protons = number of
electrons in a neutral atom
Mass number = number of protons + number of
neutrons
Isotopes – atoms of an element having the same
atomic number but different mass number. The
existence of isotopes was shown by mass
spectroscopy experiments, wherein elements were
found to be composed of several types of atoms,
each with different masses.
a. The atomic number identifies an element. The
atoms of isotopes of an element have the same
number of protons and electrons.
b. The atoms of isotopes of an element differ in the
number of neutrons.
Ions can be made up of only one atom
(monoatomic) or more than one type of atom
(polyatomic).
Monoatomic ions are named based on the element.
a. For cations, the name of the element is
unchanged. If an element can form two ions of
different charges, the name, which is usually derived
from its Latin name, is modified by the suffix –ic for
the ion with the higher charge, and –ous for that with
the lower charge.
b. For anions, the name of the element is modified
by the suffix –ide.
Several anions are polyatomic and are named
based on the atomic constituents and the suffix -ide.
The most common examples are:
a. OH- – hydroxide ion
b. CN- – cyanide ion
A number of polyatomic anions containing oxygen
atoms are named based on the root word of the
central (or non-oxygen) atom and the suffix –ate for
the one with more oxygen atoms and –ite for the
one with less oxygen atom.
a. NO3- – nitrate ion
b. NO2- – nitrite ion
c. SO3 2- – sulfite ion
d. SO42- – sulfate ion
e. PO43- – phosphate ion
Some anions have common names ending with the
suffix –ate.
a. C2H3O2- – acetate ion
b. C2O42- – oxalate ion
Chemical Formula. The formula consists of the
symbols of the atoms making up the molecule. If
there is more than one atom present, a numerical
subscript is used. Examples are the following:
a. O2 – oxygen gas
b. H2O – water
c. NaOH – sodium hydroxide (liquid Sosa)
d. HCl – hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid)
Molecular formula – gives the composition of the
molecule, in terms of the actual number of atoms
present. Examples are the following:
i. C6H12O6
ii. K3PO4
iii. Na2C2O4
Empirical formula – gives the composition of the
molecule, in terms of the smallest ratio of the number
of atoms present. Examples are the following:
i. CH2O
ii. NaCO2
Binary compounds – made up of two elements.
Ionic compounds – made up of a cation and an
anion. They are named by giving the name of the
cation first, followed by the name of the anion.
Ex: NaI – sodium iodide
MgCl2 – magnesium chloride
Molecular compounds – made up of two non-
metals. They are named by giving the name of the
first nonmetal and then that of the second nonmetal
modified by the ending -ide. Molecular compounds
are usually gases.
Ex: CO2 – carbon dioxide
SO3 – sulfur trioxide
Ternary Compounds – made up of three elements.
The naming of ternary compounds follows the same
rule as that of the binary ionic compound: the name
of the cation is given first, followed by the name of
the anion.
Ex: BaCrO4 – barium chromate
K2SO4 – potassium sulfate
Acids – yield hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions.
Binary acids – composed of hydrogen and another
element, usually a nonmetal. The first part of the
name starts with the prefix hydro- followed by the
name of the element, modified by the ending –ic.
The second part consists of the word ‘acid’. Name =
hydro- (root name of element) -ic + acid
Ex: HCl – hydrochloric acid
H2S – hydrosulfuric acid
Ternary acids – made up of hydrogen and an anion,
usually containing oxygen. The first part of the name
consists of the root word of the name of the element,
modified by the ending –ic. The second part consists
of the word ‘acid’. If there is another acid with the
same atoms, the suffix –ous is used to denote the
one with less number of atoms. Name = (root name
of element) -ic (or –ous) + acid
Ex: H2SO3 – sulfurous acid
H3PO4 – phosphoric acid