2.

FREQUENCY MODULATION AND WAVEFORM GENERATION

NAME: BRANCH: LAB SECTION:

ID NO:

Pre Lab Session In Lab Session Post Lab VIVA(5 M) Total Marks
Work(5M) Work (15 M) Session Work (30 M)
(5 M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of Instructor Marks Awarded

Objectives:
1. To Generate FM signal.
2.. To determine Modulation index of FM signal
Pre-Lab Work:
1. Understand Basic theory of Frequency Modulation techniques.

2. Understanding the circuit diagrams of FM generation.

3. Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiment.
Equipment and Components:
1. Signal generator
2. CRO
3. IC XR-2206
4. Resistors
4. Capacitors.
5. Connecting wires & probes
Basic Theory:
Modulation is concerned with changing some characteristics of a high
frequency carrier wave in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating
signal to be transmitted. Frequency modulation is a system in which the
frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the amplitude variations
 of the message signal; whereas the amplitude of the carrier remains
unaltered. In FM the information is being carried by the carrier in its
frequency variations and not in amplitude. This is a great advantage in FM
because the noise generally affects the amplitudes of the waveform. XR2206
is also known as function generator IC, It has capability to produce Sine,
triangular , Square wave and FM modulated wave

Circuit diagram for FM generation:

Fig 1: FM generation using XR2206

Procedure for FM generation

1. Connect the Frequency Modulation circuit diagram shown in above Fig 1.

2. Measure the frequency of the carrier signal at the FM output terminal
when the modulating signal is zero.
3. Apply the modulating signal of 500HZ with1Vp-p.
4. Observe the modulated wave on the C.R.O
5. Find the modulation index by measuring minimum and maximum
frequency deviations from the carrier frequency using CRO.
6. Determine the bandwidth of FM wave
7. Repeat the steps 5 and 6 by changing the amplitude and /or frequency
of the modulating Signal.
 Observations:

S.No Am fc fm fmax fm Modulation

Volts Hz Hz Hz in (fmax-fmin)/2 index
Hz = Δf Δf/fm

Output waveforms:

Fig 2: Frequency of carrier changing with respect to carrier (FM wave)

 Precautions:

1. Connections should be made according to the circuit diagram.

2. The components must be identified properly before giving the circuit connections.
3. The components must be properly inserted into the breadboard.

Post Lab Requirements

1.Save the screenshot of waveforms obtained, and bring printout of waveforms in

Next lab.
2. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.
3. Submit practical report in next lab for correction

Results: FM modulated wave have been generated using XR 2206 IC.

Viva Question:

1. Define frequency deviation in FM.

2. Give different FM generation methods.
3. Carrier swing defined as
4. Define sensitivity.
5. Compare FM with AM
6. Compare different FM generation methods.
7. What is FM
8. What is AM
9. Compare different modulations.
10. Define bandwidth of FM
11. Define theoretical bandwidth of FM.
12. Theoretical bandwidth of FM how much?
13. Define angle modulation
14. Write about direct method
15. Classify the different types of waves.
16. What are the disadvantages of balanced slope detector?
17. What is the maximum frequency deviation allowed in commercial FM
broadcasting?
18. What is the maximum modulating frequency allowed in commercial FM?
19. Define percentage modulation?
20. What is the range of modulating frequency for Narrow band FM?
21.Which IC is used in experiment.?
22. How much VCC is applied in experiment?
23. What is the formula for MI?
24. What is the message frequency taken?
25. What is carrier frequency taken?
26. Why carrier frequency is always higher then message?
27. Differentiate between AM and FM
28.Explain bandwidth of FM.
29.How FM is different from PM?
30.What is duty cycle?
31. From which pin you will get square wave?
32. From which pin you will get sine wave?
33. From which pin you will get triangular wave?
34.In which pin message signal is applied for FM generation
35.How will you see frequency spectrum of FM.
36 How will you see frequency spectrum of Square wave.
37.Did you used variable power supply in this experiment?
38.How you can calculate frequency deviation?
39.What are the use of curser in CRO.
40. Draw circuit diagram of FM generation.
41. Draw circuit diagram of Sine signal generation
42. Draw circuit diagram of Square signal generation
43. Draw circuit diagram of triangular signal generation
44. Can XR2206 can be used as function generator?
45. How you can vary the frequency of sine wave generated?
46. Which has more bandwidth: AM or FM
Waveform Generation: Sine, Triangular and Square Signal. (Optional)

Fig1: Sine, triangular, Square Waveform generation using XR2206

Procedure for waveform generation (Sine, Triangular and Square

Signal) :

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig 1.

2. Connect pin 11 with CRO to observe square wave.
3. To observe Sine wave, connect pin 2 with CRO and connect pin 13 and
pin 14 with jumper as shown in Fig 1.
4. To observe Triangular wave, connect pin 2 with CRO and remove
jumper connecting pin 13 and pin 14.
 Output Waveforms:

Fig 2: Sinusoidal and Square wave (Top), Triangular and Square

Wave(bottom)

Result: Sine , Square and Triangular wave have been generated using XR
2206.