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\\\\ In adipose tissue energy is stored in the form \\\ oxidation of fatty acids
of: \\\ oxidation of glycerol
\\\ Glycogen \\\ oxidation of ketone bodies
\\ Triacylglycerols
\\\ Proteins \\\\ For the functioning of the body we need the
\\\ ATP sufficient amount of the energetical sources. If we
can’t receive the sufficient energy with the food,
\\\\ Which of the following are the major the energy will be released from endogenic stores
regulatory hormones of carbohydrate metabolism? of the body, what provides:
\\\ glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids \\\ weight gaining
\\ Insulin and glucagon \\ weight loss
\\\ Thyroid and parathyroid hormones \\\ there is no change in weight
\\\ Growth hormone and prolactin \\\ neither answer is correct

\\\\ Triacylglycerols contain: \\\\ Which of the following is monosaccharide?

\\\ amino acids \\\ starch
\\ glycerol and fatty acid residues \\\ sacrose
\\\ glucose \\\ lactose
\\\ fructose \\ glucose

\\\\ If the BMI of adult person is 32,5, his weight \\\\ Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated
is: \\\ Kg2|m2
\\\ ideal \\\ Kg2|mK
\\\ less then ideal \\ Kg|m2
\\\ excessive \\\ Kg|m
\\\ this is obesity
\\\\ Increased concentration of hydrogen ions
\\\\ Which of the following is correct concerning provides:
the processes in the liver? \\\ increase affinity of O2 to deoxiHb
\\\ Triacylglycerols are stored \\\ conversion of T form of Hb into R form of Hb
\\\ The process of glucose uptake is activated in tissues
under the influence of glucagon \\ disociaiton of O2 from Hb
\\ glucose is stored like glycogen \\\ conversion of HbOw ( not(deoxiHb) into Mb.
\\\ glucose is converted into fatty acids
\\\\ Which of the following contains the highest
\\\\ Vitamins in the body act as: calories?
\\\ transporters \\ Lipids
\\\ energy source \\\ Proteins
\\\ enzymes \\\ Carbohydrates
\\ coenzymes \\\ Alcohol

\\\\ Which of the following processes occur
during starvation?
\\\ Glucose level doesn’t change
\\ activates liver glycogen degradation
\\\ activates glycogen biosynthesis
\\\ storage of fats increases
\\\\ Glucose is only source of energy for:
\\ erythrocytes
\\\ nervous cells
\\\ adipocytes
\\\ muscle cells
\\\\ Liver regulates glucose level in the body by:
\\ glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis
\\\\ Which is correct about starch?
\\\ is disaccharide
\\ is plant polysaccharide
\\\ is animal polysaccharide
\\\ is monosaccaride
\\\\ Catabolic pathways are:
\\ oxidation of energetical sources
\\\ mobilisation of energetical sources
\\\ biosynthetic processes
\\\ detoxification
\\\\ Which is the correct relation between the
digestive enzymes and their substrates?
\\\ pepsin – triacylglicerol
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\\ amilase – starch
\\\ lipase – sacrose \\\\ Which cell forms ATP only with anaerboc
\\\ tripsin – lactose pathway?
\\ Erythrocutes
\\\\ The main energetical source for the body \\\ Myocytes
during overnight starvation is: \\\ hepatocytes
\\\ Glycogen \\\ adipocytes
\\\ Glucose
\\\ aminoacids \\\\ for calculation of BMI important parameters
\\ fatty acids are:
\\\ Body weight and age
\\\\ How many energy is released after oxidation \\\ age, sex and physical activity
of ethanol? \\\ height and physical activity
\\\ 4 kcal/g \\ Body weight and height
\\\ 5kcal/g
\\\ 10 kcal/g \\\\ Body weight loosing from the bigining is
\\ 7 kcal/g caused by:
\\\ degradation of muscle proteins
\\\\ The height is 170 sm and weight is 60 kg, \\\ degradation of triqcylglycerols of adipose
what is BMI? tissue
\\\ 25,42 \\ degradation of muscle and liver glycogen
\\\ 20,76 \\\ decreaseing physical activity
\\\ 19,28
\\\ 23,64 \\\\ Which is the correct relation between the
digestive enzymes and their substrates?
\\\\ Which compounds are not essential? \\ pepsin – protein
\\\ Fatty acids \\\ amilase – triacylglicerol
\\\ vitamins \\\ lipase – starch
\\ glucose \\\ tripsin – lactose
\\\ minerals
\\\\ Which of the following does not belong to
\\\\ What are triacylglycerls? sources of energy?
\\\ proteins \\ vitamins
\\ lipids \\\ proteins
\\\ carbohydrates \\\ carbohydrates
\\\ vitamins \\\ fats

\\\\ Why the protons dissociate from the \\\\ Which of the following does not belong to
hemoglobin? sources of energy?
\\\ because pKa of the acid groups decrease \\\ proteins
\\\ because pKa of the acid groups increase \\\ carbohydrates
\\\ because partial pressure of O2 decresases \\\ fats
\\\ because concentration of CO increases. \\ minerals

\\\\ How the fats are stored in the body? \\\\ Which of the following is the monomer of
\\ as triacylglycerol proteins?
\\\ fatty acids \\\ glucose
\\\ diacylglicerol \\\ glycerol
\\\ cholesterol \\ amino acid
\\\ fatty acid
\\\\ which process is stimulated after carbohydrate
rich diet? \\\\ Which of the following is monosaccharide?
\\\ glucagon secretion \\\ starch
\\\ glyconeogenesis \\\ sacrose
\\\ oxidation of fatty acids \\\ lactose
\\ insulin secretion \\ glucose
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absorbed in the blood?
\\\\ Which of the following is monosaccharide? \\\ in the cells they are converted into proteins
\\\ isomaltose \\\ they are used for the synthesis of nitrogen-
\\\ sacrose containing compounds
\\\ lactose \\\ they are oxidized with reliese of energy
\\ fructose \\ in the body they are stored as a glycogen

\\\\ Which of the following is monosaccharide? \\\\ Which process is stimulated after high-
\\\ isomaltose carbohydrate containing meal?
\\\ sacrose \\\ glucagon secretion
\\\ lactose \\\ gluconeogenesis
\\ galactose \\\ oxidation of fats
\\ insulin secretion
\\\\ Which compouns can serve as energy source
for brain in fasting state? \\\\ In which lipoprotein the liver packs
\\\ glycogen triacylglycerols?
\\\ triacylglycerols \\ VLDL
\\\ proteins \\\ chylomicrons
\\ ketone bodies \\\ LDL
\\\ HDL
\\\\ What statement is correct concerning
anabolism? \\\\ In which organ the ketone bodies are
\\\ It is oxidation of energetical sources synthesized?
\\\ It is mobilization of energetical sources \\\ in muscles
\\ It is biosynthetic pathway \\ in liver
\\\ It is detoxication pathway \\\ in kidneys
\\\ in the brain
\\\\ What statement is correct concerning
catabolism? \\\\ Which one of the following processes go in
\\ It is oxidation of energetical sources the liver?
\\\ It is storage of energetical sources \\\ storage of triacylglyceros
\\\ It is biosynthetic pathway \\\ glycogen synthesis enhances under glucagon
\\\ It is detoxication pathway \\ glucose storage in form of glycogen
\\\ ketone bodies oxidation
\\\\ How the organism store carbohydrates?
\\ as glycogen \\\\ Which scheme is correct concerning digestive
\\\ as starch process?
\\\ as sacrose \\\ monosacharides-disacharides-polysacharides
\\\ as lactose \\\ amino acids - di- and tripeptides - proteins
\\ triacylglycerols- diacylglycerols -
\\\\ What is the substrate of amylase? monoacylglycerols
\\\ isomaltose \\\ chylomicrons - proteins - triacylglycerols
\\\ lactose
\\ starch \\\\ Which scheme is correct concerning digestive
\\\ sacrose process?
\\ polysacharides -disacharides- monosacharides
\\\\ Which of the following is not correct \\\ amino acids - di- and tripeptides - proteins
concerning glucose metabolism? \\\ diacylglycerols- triacylglycerols -
\\\ it is oxidized in most of the cells monoacylglycerols
\\\ it is stored in the liver and muscles as a \\\ chylomicrons - proteins - triacylglycerols
glycogen
\\\ it is the biosynthetic precursor of many other \\\\ Where does the resynthesis of
compounds triacylglycerols for chilomicrons go?
\\ in the body it is produced from palmitate \\\ in the adipose tissue
\\\ in the blood
\\\\ Which is not correct concerning amino acids \\ in the enterocytes' epithelium
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\\\ in the liver

\\\\ How many energy is released after oxidation

of 1g. of proteins?
\\\ 2 kcal/g
\\ 5kcal/g
\\\ 9 kcal/g
\\\ 7 kcal/g

\\\\ How many energy is released after oxidation

of 1g. of fats?
\\\ 2 kcal/g
\\\ 5kcal/g
\\ 9 kcal/g
\\\ 7 kcal/g

\\\\ Which fatty acid is essential?

\\\ palmitic acid
\\ linoleic acid
\\\ stearic acid
\\\ oleic acid

\\\\ Which fatty acid is essential?

\\\ palmitic acid
\\ arachidone acid
\\\ stearic acid
\\\ oleic acid
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Buffers, water
\\\\ The pKa for ammonium ion is about 9.4 and
\\\\ The pH of a sample of blood is 7.4, while the pH of blood is about 7.4. The ratio of
gastric juice is pH 1.4. The blood sample has: ammonia to ammonium ion (ammonia/ammonium
\\\ 5.29 times lower [H+] than the gastric juice. ion) in blood is about:
\\\ 6 times lower [H+] than the gastric juice. \\ 1/100
\\\ 6,000 times lower [H+] than the gastric juice. \\\ 1/10
\\ a million times lower [H+] than the gastric \\\ 10/1
juice. \\\ 100/1

\\\\ Which of the following is least likely to be

\\\\ Which of the following describes a universal soluble in water?
property of buffers? \\ nonpolar compound
\\\ Buffers work best at the pH at which they are \\\ strongly polar compound
completely dissociated. \\\ weak electrolyte
\\ Buffers work best at the pH at which they are \\\ strong electrolyte
50% dissociated.
\\\ Buffers work best at one pH unit lower than \\\\ Which of the following is not characteristic
the pKa. for water?
\\\ Buffers work equally well at all \\\ It is a polar molecule
concentrations. \\\ It is an excellent solvent
\\\ It has a high surface tension
\\\\ Which of the following \\ It interacts well with nonpolar molecules
physiologic/pathologic conditions is most likely to
result in an alkalosis, provided that the body could
not fully compensate? \\\\ Hydrogen bonds can be expected to form with
\\\ Production of lactic acid by muscles during hydrogen atom bonded to:
exercise \\\ carbon
\\ Repeated vomiting of stomach contents, \\ electronegative atom
including HCl \\\ hydrogen
\\\ Diarrhea with loss of the bicarbonate anions \\\ iodine
secreted in to the intestine
\\\ An infection resulting in a fever and \\\\ Which of the following processes does not
hypercatabolism describe the action of NAD+?
\\\ It is an oxidizing agent.
\\\\ In a polypeptide at physiologic pH, hydrogen \\ It is a reducing agent.
bonding may occur between: \\\ It is an electron acceptor.
\\\ the side chains of a leucine residue and a \\\ It's reducing form is NADH+H+.
lysine residue.
\\\ the terminal alpha-amino group and the \\\\ All of the following are considered "weak"
terminal a-carboxyl group. interactions in proteins except:
\\ the amide group in the peptide bond and an \\\ van der Waals forces.
aspartyl side chain. \\\ hydrogen bonds.
\\\ the SH groups of two cysteine residues. \\ peptide bonds.
\\\ hydrophobic interactions.
\\\\ The concentration of hydrogen ions in a
solution is measured by the pH, that numerically \\\\ Water (H2O) has a bent shape, resulting in an
is equivalent to: unequal distribution of the electrons. Oxygen,
\\\ log [H+] which is more electronegative than the hydrogens,
10 has a greater pull on the electrons, giving the
\\ -log [H+] oxygen a partial negative charge and the
10 hydrogens a partial positive charge. This unequal
\\\ log [H+] distribution is called a:
e \\\ Covalent bond
\\\ - log [H+] \\\ Tail
e \\\ Bent geometry
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\\ Dipole \\\ increased concentration of CO2 increases
breath frequency
\\\ increased concentration of CO2 decreases
\\\\ The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm blood pH
of the concentration of H+ ions. With this in mind,
which solution has the greatest concentration of \\\\ Buffers consist of:
H+ ions? \\\ strong acid and strong base
\\ A solution with pH=1 \\ weak acid and conjugated base
\\\ A solution with pH=7 \\\ weak acid and weak base
\\\ A solution with pH=2 \\\ weak acids
\\\ A solution with pH=10
\\\\ Protein kinase phosphorylates hydroxy-
\\\\ A sequence of amino acids in a certain protein groups. Which amino acids contain hydroxy
is found to be –Ser–Gly–Pro–Gly–. The group?
sequence is most probably part of a(n): \\\ Aspartate, glutamate, serine
\\ beta-turn. \\ Serine, treonine, tyrosine
\\\ parallel beta sheet. \\\ treonine, phenylalanine, arginine
\\\ alphasheet. \\\ lysine, arginine, proline
\\\ antiparallel beta sheet.
\\\\ Which is not correct about dissociation
\\\\ Which of the following is not correct capacity of weak acids?
concerning the water: \\\ pKa is negative logarithm of Ka
\\\ Water is donor, as well as acceptor of hydrogen \\\ as high is Ka, as strong is organic acid
ions \\\ as low is pKa, as weak is acid
\\ Each molecule of water can form 5 hydrogen \\ as high is pKa, as weak is acid.
bonds
\\\ high boiling temperature is characteristic for \\\\ Carboanhydrase catalyses:
water \\\ dissociation of carbonic acid into H+ and
\\\ Boiling temperature of water is 0 C HCO3-
\\ degradation of carbonic acid into CO2 and H2O
\\\\ Henderson-Haselbach equation presents \\\ Protonation of Hb
relation between: \\\ formation of carbaminohemoglobin
\\\ pH of the solution and Ka of the acid
\\ pH of the solution, Ka of the acid and \\\\ Which buffer system is not occure in the
dissociations level blood?
\\\ pKa of the acid and Kh of hydratation \\\ Hemoglobin
\\\ pH of the solution and Kh of hydratation \\\ bicarbonate
\\\ protein
\\\\ Blood pH is: \\ amonium
\\\ 1,5-2,5
\\\ 5,5-6,0 \\\\ Which of the following are the main
\\ 7.36-7.44 electrolytes of the extracellular matrix?
\\\ 8.36-9.15 \\\ K+ and SO42-
\\ Na+ and Cl-
\\\\ Which is correct about acidic environment? \\\ Mg2+ and HPO42-;
\\ Concentration of H+ is more than concentration \\\ Ca2+ and F2-
of OH-
\\\ Concentration of H+ is less than concentration \\\\ pH is:
of OH- \\\ log [H+]
\\\ Concentration of H+ and OH- are equal \\\ ln [H+]
\\\ pH = 8 \\ - log [H+]
\\\ - log[OH-]
\\\\ Which of the following is not correct about
blood pH:
\\\ in case of frequent breath blood pH increases
\\ increased concentration of CO2 rises blood pH
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\\\\ Which of the following is not correct
concerning the distribution of the water in the \\\\ What is the pH of water?
body? \\\ 8
\\\ distribution of the water in the compartments is \\\ 9
regulated by the osmolarity \\\ 10
\\\ Water is moved from the low concentration to \\ 7
high concentration.
\\ Water is moved from the high concentration to \\\\ Which of the following is characteristic for
low concentration. water, as for the best solvent?
\\\ Hyperglycemia increase the osmotic pressure \\\ High boiling temperature
of the blood and this is cause of wáter movement \\\ low boiling temperature
from the tissues into the blood \\ hydratation capacity
\\\ high evaporation capacity
\\\\ Which of the following is not correct
concerning carboanhydrase? \\\\ What is the pH of gastric juice?
\\\ it catalyses formation of carbonic acid by \\ 1,5 - 2,5
connecting H+ and HCO3-. \\\ 5,5 – 6,0
\\\ It fulfils the important role in the process of \\\ 7,36– 7,44
elimination of CO2. \\\ 8,36 – 9,15
\\ It converts the main part of CO2 to carbonic
acid. \\\\ Which are the main electrolytes of
\\\ it catalyses dehydratation of carbonic acid and intracellular fluid?
CO2 is produced. \\ K+ and HPO42-;
\\\ Na+ and Cl-;
\\\\ What is buffer? \\\ Mg2+ and SO42-;
\\ complex of nondissociated acid and conjugated \\\ Ca2+ and F2-;
base
\\\ complex of dissociated acid and conjugated \\\\ Water content in the body is:
base \\\ 40%
\\\ complex of nondissociated acid and \\ 60%
nonconjugated base \\\ 80%
\\\ complex of dissociated acid and nonconjugated \\\ 100%
base
\\\\ Extracellular fluid is contributed in the
\\\\ Which is wrong about acids? following compartments:
\\ Strong acids don’t dissociate completely \\\ Only in the lymph
\\\ Strong acids dissociate completely and give \\\ Only in the blood
rise to H+ and anion compound \\\ Only in the interstitial fluid
\\\ Weak acids dissociate partly (noncompletely) \\ In the blood, lymph and interstitial fluid
\\\ As more is proton dissociation capacity, as
high is it’s Ka
\\\\ Which is correct about extracellular fluid?
\\\\ What is characteristic for water? \\\ 40 % of body's whole water is extracellular
\\\ linear structure fluid
\\ nonlinear bended structure \\\ serum belongs to intracellular fluid
\\\ helix structure \\\ urine belongs to interstitial fluid
\\\ hexsaedral structure \\\ 60 % of body's whole water is extracellular
fluid
\\\\ Which of the following is not correct about
buffers? \\\\ How many hydrogen bonds can be formed by
\\ As low is buffer concentration, as high is its each molecule of water?
buffer capacity \\\ 2
\\\ they contain weak acids and conjugated base \\\ 3
\\\ each buffer has it’s pH \\ 4
\\\ buffer system is effective, when the system’s \\\ 5
pH=pKa
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\\\\ according to the acid-base theory, what is the
acid?
\\ H+ donor
\\\ H+ acceptor
\\\ OH- donor
\\\ OH- acceptor

Signal transduction
\\\\ The effects of acetylcholine on the
postsynaptic ion channel are mainly due to:
\\\ protein cleavage (proteolysis).
\\ protein conformational changes.
\\\ protein phosphorylation.
\\\ protein synthesis.
\\\\ Protein kinase A (PKA) is:
\\\ activated by covalent binding of cyclic AMP.
\\ allosterically activated by cyclic AMP.
\\\ competitively inhibited by cyclic AMP.
\\\ noncompetitively inhibited by cyclic AMP.
\\\\ Which of the following is not involved in
signal transduction by the beta-adrenergic
receptor pathway?
\\\ ATP
\\\ Cyclic AMP
\\ Cyclic GMP
\\\ GTP
\\\\ Which of the following does not involve
cyclic AMP?
\\\ Regulation of glycogen synthesis and
breakdown
\\\ Regulation of glycolysis
\\ Signaling by acetylcholine
\\\ Signaling by glucagon
\\\\ Hormone-activated phospholipase C can
convert phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to:
\\ diacylglycerol + inositol triphosphate.
\\\ glycerol + inositol + phosphate.
\\\ glycerol + phosphoserine.
\\\ phosphatidyl glycerol + inositol + phosphate.
\\\\ What is Calmodulin?
\\\ allosteric activator of calcium-dependent
enzymes.
\\\ allosteric inhibitor of calcium-dependent
enzymes.
\\\ cell surface calcium receptor.
\\ regulatory subunit of calcium-dependent
enzymes.
\\\\ Which of the following is a general
characteristic of all chemical messengers?
\\\ They are secreted by one cell, enter the blood,
and act on a distant target cell.
\\\ To achieve a coordinated response, each
messenger is secreted by several types of cells.
\\ Each messenger binds to a specific protein
receptor in a target cell.
\\\ Chemical messengers must enter cells to
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transmit their message.
\\\\ Which of the following is a characteristic of
chemical messengers that bind to intracellular
transcription factor receptors?
\\\ They are usually cytokines or polypeptide
hormones.
\\\ They exert rapid actions in cells.
\\ They are transported through the blood bound
to proteins.
\\\ They are always present in high concentrations
in the blood.
\\\\ SH2 domains on proteins are specific for
which of the following sites?
\\ Certain sequences of amino acids containing a
phosphotyrosine residue
\\\ PI-3,4,5 trisphosphate in the membrane
\\\ Ca2+-calmodulin
\\\ Receptor domains containing phosphoserine
residues
\\\\ Which of the following is incorrect for
acetylcholine receptor?
\\\ It is gated–ion channel receptor
\\ It is gene-specific transcriptional factor
\\\ binding of acetylcholine to the receptor opens
the closed conformation.
\\\ irritation of the receptor in the nerve-muscular
synapsis results in muscle contraction
\\\\ Which of the following is the first messenger?
\\\ cAMP
\\\ DAG
\\ epinephrine
\\\ IP3
\\\\ Which of the following is the second
messenger?
\\ cAMP
\\\ insulin
\\\ epinephrine
\\\ glucagon
\\\\ Which of the following is cytoplasmic
receptor?
\\\ gated –ion channel receptor
\\ gene-specific transcriptional factor
\\\ Heptahelical receptor
\\\ Tyrosine-kinase receptor
\\\\ Which of the following statements is not
characteristic for protein phosphatases?
\\\ Protein phosphatases remove phosphate groups
from proteins that have been phosphorylated
\\\ Insulin activates protein phosphatases and
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removes phosphate groups added by the cAMP \\\ Thyroid hormone
cascade \\\ Retinoic acid
\\\ The cAMP cascade can inhibit phosphatases
\\ It takes a long time for the phosphatases to \\\\ Which of the following is lipid second
reverse the action of the cAMP cascade messenger?
\\\ cAMP
\\\\ G.M. has been fasting (500 kcal/day) for \\ diacylglycerol (DAG)
several days. Which one from the following \\\ cGMP
statements would be decreased? \\\ Ca2+
\\\ Cyclic-AMP in adipose tissue
\\\ The activity of hormone sensitive lipase in \\\\ Which enzymes catalyze proteins
adipose tissue phosphorylation in the intracellylar signal
\\ The concentration of glycerol phosphate in transduction?
adipose tissue \\\ Phosphodiestherases
\\\ The amount of free fatty acid entering the liver \\\ Protein phosphatases
mitochondria \\ Protein kinases
\\\ Phosphohydrolases
\\\\ Which of the following is the first messenger?
\\\ GMP \\\\ What is desensitization?
\\\ DAG \\ Loss of sentitivity of target cells’ receptors
\\ glucagon towards agonists
\\\ IP3 \\\ The starting step of signal transduction
\\\ Receptor’s increased affinity towards agonist
\\\\ Which of the following is the second \\\ Signal propogation inside the cell
messenger?
\\ DAG \\\\ Which description is correct concerning G
\\\ cortisole protein cycle?
\\\ insulin \\\ In basal state G proteins are homotrimeres
\\\ epinephrine \\ Alpha subunit has GTP-ase activity
\\\ Alpha- GTP is nonactive conformation
\\\\ Which of the following does not involve towards effector
cyclic AMP? \\\ Alpha- GDP is active conformation towards
\\\ regulation of glycogen synthesis and effector
breakdown
\\\ regulation of glycolysis \\\\ Which of the following is the major
\\\ signaling by epinephrine messenger in the relaxation process of blood
\\ signaling by acetylcholine vessels?
\\\ DAG
\\\\ In which pathway of signal transduction the \\\ PIP3
signal molecule is carried by the blood? \\\ cAMP
\\ Endocrine \\ cGMP
\\\ Paracrine
\\\ Sinaptic \\\\ What is called the type of intercellular
\\\ Autocrine signaling, when it occures between the distant
cell?
\\\\ Which signal molecul’s target cells’ receptor \\\ Autocrine
has the high affinity to the ligand? \\ Endocrine
\\\ Local mediator’s \\\ Contact-dependent
\\\ Neurotransmitter’s \\\ Paracrine
\\\ Hormone’s
\\\ Large polipeptide growth factor’s \\\\ Which statement is correct concerning
intracellular receptors?
\\\\ Which of the following molecule can’t cross \\\ As a rule they connect to hydrophilic ligands
the cell plasma membrane? \\\ They are situated in the cytosol in complex
\\\ Steroid hormone with protein
\\ Growth factor \\ After connecting to ligand, they regulate gene

transcription
\\\ Have ability to connect DNA specific
consequences without connection to ligand
\\\\ What of the following is correct concerning
membrane receptors?
\\\ It connects only with large molecules
\\ After binding to ligand it activates enzyme
cascade
\\\ After binding to protein opens the ionic
chanells
\\\ Produces second messengers without binding
with proteins
\\\\ Which statement opposites of the signal
transduction pathway based on the protein
phosphorylation?
\\ Tyrosin kinase is always part of receptor
protein
\\\ Phosphorylation may go on Serine or
Threonine
\\\ protein kinase cascade causes signal
amplification
\\\ phosphorylation changes protein structure and
function
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\\\ Tripthopan and phenylalanine
\\ Serine and threonine
\\\\ Which amino acid radical is the subject of
phosphorylaton during protein kinase cascade?
\\\ valine
\\\ phenylalanine
\\\ Tripthopan
\\ tyrosin
\\\\ What is not thought in the termination
mechanism of signal transduction?
\\\ decreasing the agonist concentration in the
environment
\\\ Internalization of agonist-receptor complex
\\\ Receptor inactivation
\\ increasing affinity between agonist and receptor
\\\\ What is not characteristic for tyrosin kinase
receptors?
\\ Existence of several transmembrane domeins
\\\ Dimerization after binding with ligand
\\\ Autophosphorylation
\\\ binding to intracellular specific proteins with
recognizing site

\\\\ How the termination of signal transduction go \\\\ High affinity of target cells’ receptors towards
with help of cell membrane receptors? hormones provides:
\\\ With increasing agonist concentration \\\ Formation of contact –dependent transduction
\\ With internalization and degradation of of signal
receptor-agonist complex \\\ binding of any hormone despite of their
\\\ With increasing the receptor sensitivity concentration in the blood
towards agonist \\ Specific binding of any hormone even in case
\\\ With increasing the amount receptors of their low concentration in the blood
\\\ Easy dissociation of hormone from hormone-
\\\\ What is Calmodulin? receptor complex
\\\ Nonspecific kinase
\\ Ca2+-binding protein \\\\ Which is not second messenger?
\\\ Second messenger \\ Epinephrine
\\\ Protein channel which is activator of Ca+ \\\ cAMP
influx \\\ diacylglycerol
\\\ PIP3
\\\\ Which statement is correct about G protein?
\\\ G protein is directly bound to the hormone on \\\\ Which signal molecules are used for signal
the cell surface transduction in synaptic way?
\\ Alpha subunits may have stimulatory activity, \\\ Citokines
as well as inhibiting activity \\ Neurotransmitters
\\\ Hydrolysis of GTP is essential for separation \\\ Steroid hormones
of GTP \\\ Prostaglandines
\\\ in the resting state GTP is bound with G-
protein \\\\ From the following which one has no
intracellular receptors?
\\\\ Which amino acids radicals are the subjects of \\\ Derivatives of Vit.D3
phosphorylaton during protein kinase cascade? \\ Epinephrine
\\\ Glycine and valine \\\ Thyroid hormones
\\\ Proline and methionine \\\ Steroid hormones

\\\\ Which statement is correct concerning second
messengers?
\\ They are small sized molecules, which are
generating after binding agonist with receptor and
provide signal intracellular transduction
\\\ They are large sized molecules, which transmit
signals to target cells
\\\ All of them are water soluble
\\\ All of them are organic molecules
\\\\ Which signal molecule is responsible for
inflamatory and immune response?
\\\ Neurotransmitter
\\\ Protein hormones
\\ Cytokines
\\\ Steroid hormones
\\\\ Which statement is not true concerning
heterotrimeric G protein?
\\\ It is coupled with 7 transmembrane containing
receptor
\\\ Contains with alpha, beta, gama subunits
\\\ Alpha subunit has guanin nucleotide-binding
and GTP-ase acitvity
\\ s subunits of Gs proteins inhibit
adenylatcyclase
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epinephrine with activation of cAMP cascade?
\\\ Beta1-adrenergic receptor
\\\ Beta2-adrenergic receptor
\\ Alpha1-adrenergic receptor
\\\ Beta3-adrenergic receptor
\\\\ Which is the second messenger?
\\ cAMP
\\\ Cortisole
\\\ Insulin
\\\ Epinephrin
\\\\ Functioning of PIP system starts with
phospholipase C activation, what initiates the
proceeding of concequent events. Which of the
following is not relevant for this process?
\\ IP3 releases with help of phopholipase A
\\\ Increase concentration of intracellular
concentration of Ca2+
\\\ Activation of proteinkinase A
\\\ phophorylation of cytoplasmic proteins

\\\\ Which enzyme increases intracellular

concentration of cAMP?
\\\ Phosphoprotein phosphatases
\\ Adenylate cyclase
\\\ Guanylate cyclase
\\\ Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase

\\\\ To which enzymes’ activity is connected NO?

\\ Soluble guanylate cyclase
\\\ cGMP-dependent proteinkinase
\\\ cAMP-dependent proteinkinase
\\\ adenylate cyclase

\\\\ Which neurotransmitter regulates anion-

selective receptors?
\\ Acetylcholine
\\\ Gama- aminobutirate
\\\ Glutamate
\\\ serotonine

\\\\ Which does not belong to plasma membrane

receptors?
\\\ Ion-channel type receptors
\\ Gene-specific transcriptional factor
\\\ Heptahelical receptors
\\\ Tyrosin kinase receptors

\\\\ Which receptor does not respond to


Proteins, amino acids
\\\\ Which is characteristic concerning
chymotripsin?
\\ Chymotripsin is a serine-protease
\\\ Chymotripsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds
containing alanine, glycine and proline
\\\ The covalent intermediates are formed before
the formation of enzyme-substrate complex.
\\\ Lysine is providing the reactive group for the
active site.
\\\\ Which amino acid from 20 standard amino
acids is optically inactive?
\\\ alanine
\\ glycine;
\\\ valine
\\\ lysine
\\\\ What is the reason of optical inactivity of
glycine?
\\\ Side chain contains a simple methyl group
\\ Side chain contains a hydrogen atom
\\\ Side chain contains unbranched
\\\ Side chain forms a covalent bond with the
amino group
\\\\ Which two amino acids of the standard 20
contain sulfur atoms?
\\\ cysteine and serine.
\\\ cysteine and threonine.
\\ methionine and cysteine
\\\ methionine and serine
\\\\ What group is characteristic for all of the
amino acids that are found in proteins, except for
proline?
\\ amino group.
\\\ carbonyl group.
\\\ carboxyl group.
\\\ ester group.
\\\\ Which of the following statements about
cystine is correct?
\\ Cystine forms when the —CH2—SH R group
is oxidized to form a —CH2—S—S—CH2—
disulfide bridge between two cysteines.
\\\ Cystine is an example of a nonstandard amino
acid, derived by linking two standard amino acids.
\\\ Cystine is formed by the oxidation of the
carboxylic acid group on cysteine.
\\\ Two cystines are released when a —CH2—S
—S—CH2— disulfide bridge is reduced to —
CH2—SH.
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\\\\ Why amino acids are called as ampholytes?
\\ they can function as either an acid or a base.
\\\ they can function as either a neutral molecule
or an ion.
\\\ they can function as either a polar or a
nonpolar molecule.
\\\ they can function as either a transparent or a
light-absorbing compound.
\\\\ In an aqueous solution, protein conformation
is determined by two major factors. One is the
formation of the maximum number of hydrogen
bonds. What is the other reason?
\\\ formation of the maximum number of
hydrophilic interactions.
\\\ minimization of entropy by the formation of a
water solvent shell around the protein.
\\ placement of hydrophobic amino acid residues
within the interior of the protein.
\\\ placement of polar amino acid residues around
the exterior of the protein.
\\\\ What is the reason of sickle cell anemia?
\\ substitution of Glu with Val in beta-chain of
hemoglobin
\\\ substitution of Met with Asp in beta-chain of
hemoglobin
\\\ substitution of Leu with ILe in beta-chain of
hemoglobin
\\\ substitution of Phe with Gln in beta-chain of
hemoglobin
\\\\ How in the alpha helix the hydrogen bonds
are arranged?
\\ are roughly parallel to the axis of the helix.
\\\ occur mainly between electronegative atoms of
the R groups.
\\\ occur only between some of the amino acids of
the helix.
\\\ occur only near the amino and carboxyl
termini of the helix.
\\\\ How in an alpha helix, the R groups on the
amino acid residues are arranged?
\\\ alternate between the outside and the inside of
the helix.
\\ are found on the outside of the helix spiral.
\\\ cause only right-handed helices to form.
\\\ generate the hydrogen bonds that form the
helix.
\\\\ A D-amino acid would interrupt an alpha helix
made of L-amino acids. What is the naturally
occurring hindrance to the formation of an 
helix?
\\\ a negatively charged Arg residue.
\\\ a positively charged Lys residue.

\\ Pro residue.
\\\ two Ala residues side by side.
\\\\ Proteins often have regions that show
specific, coherent patterns of folding or function.
What these regions are called?
\\ domains.
\\\ oligomers.
\\\ sites.
\\\ subunits.
\\\\ Which of the following is known not
involved in the process of folding of proteins?
\\\ Chaperonins
\\\ Disulfide interchange
\\\ Heat shock proteins
\\ Peptide bond hydrolysis
\\\\ Which one describes an allosteric interaction
between a ligand and a protein?
\\\ binding of a molecule to a binding site affects
binding of additional molecules to the same site.
\\ binding of a molecule to a binding site affects
binding properties of another site on the protein.
\\\ binding of the ligand to the protein is covalent.
\\\ two different ligands can bind to the same
binding site.
\\\\ Which of the following secondary structures
is most likely to be found in a membrane-
embedded portion of a protein?
\\ An alpha helix composed entirely of
hydrophobic residues
\\\ An amphipathic alpha helix
\\\ An open beta sheet composed of antiparallel
beta strands
\\\ An open beta sheet composed of parallel beta
strands
\\\\ Which of the following shows the linear
sequence of atoms joined by covalent bonds in a
peptide backbone?
\\ -N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-
\\\ -N-C-O-N-C-O-N-C-O-
\\\ -N-H-C-C-N-H-C-C-N-H-C-C
\\\ -N-H-C-O-H-N-H-C-O-H-N-C-C-
\\\\ Different preparations of insulin contain some
insulin complexed with protamine that is absorbed
slowly after injection. Protamine is a protein
preparation from rainbow trout sperm containing
arginine-rich peptides that bind insulin. Which of
the following provides the best explanation for
complex formation between protamine and
insulin?
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\\ Arginine is a basic amino acid that binds to
negatively charged amino acid side chains in
insulin.
\\\ Arginine is a basic amino acid that binds to
the alpha-carboxylic acid groups at the N-
terminals of insulin chains.
\\\ Arginine is a large bulky hydrophobic amino
acid that complexes with leucine and
phenylalanine in insulin.
\\\ Arginine forms disulfide bonds with the
cysteine residues that hold the A and B chains
together.
\\\\ Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins only at
certain hydroxyl groups on amino acid side
chains. Which of the following groups of amino
acids all contain side chain hydroxyl groups?
\\\ aspartate, glutamate,and serine
\\ serine, threonine, and tyrosine
\\\ threonine, phenylalanine, and arginine
\\\ lysine, arginine, and proline
\\\\ Which of the following is a characteristic of
globular proteins?
\\\ Hydrophilic amino acids tend to be on the
inside.
\\\ Hydrophobic amino acids tend to be on the
outside.
\\ Tertiary structure is formed by hydrophobic and
electrostatic interactions between amino acids,
and by hydrogen bonds between amino acids and
between amino acids and water.
\\\ secondary structures are formed principally by
hydrophobic interactions between amino acids.
\\\\ Autopsies of patients with Alzheimer's disease
show protein aggregates called neurofibrillary
tangles and neuritic plaques in various regions of
the brain. These plaques exhibit the characteristic
staining of amyloid. Which of the following
structural features is the most likely characteristic
of at least one protein in these plaques?
\\ A high content of beta-pleated sheet structure
\\\ A high content of alpha-helical structure
\\\ A high content of random coils
\\\ Disulfide bond crosslinks between
polypepride chains
\\\\ Which of the following amino acid interrupts
helical conformation?
\\\ Valine
\\\ Alanine
\\ Proline
\\\ Cysteine
\\\\ Which is incorrect for alpha–helix?
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\\\ The side chains are on the outside of the spiral \\\ The carboxyl group of aspartate
structure. \\\ The reactive hydrogen of histidine
\\ The side chains are directed toward the center
of the helix. \\\\ Which of the following has quaternary
\\\ alpha–helix is the right-handed structure with structure?
hydrogen bonds between the first and every fourth \\\ alpha-chymotripsin
amino acid. \\ hemoglobin
\\\ consists of only one polypeptide chain. \\\ myoglobin
\\\ insulin
\\\\ Which of the following is incorrect for beta–
structure? \\\\ What is characteristic for chaperones?
\\\ The structure has a pleated-sheet-like form and \\\ All require ATP to exert their effect.
the chains may have parallel, as well as \\\ cleave incorrect disulfide bonds, allowing
antiparallel direction; correct ones to subsequently form
\\\ There are inter-chain hydrogen bonds in the \\ are involved in the transport of proteins across
structure; mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum
\\ Interchain disulfide bonds are necessary for membranes
stabilization of the structure; \\\ act primarily on fully synthesized polypeptide
\\\ increasing content of beta-structure causes chains, unfolding incorrect structures so they can
increse in hydrophobisity of proteins. It explains refold correctly.
PrPcs agregates formation during the
encephalopathy induced by prion-proteins . \\\\ alpha–helix and beta-sheet are the types of
which below listed structures?
\\\\ Which of the following best describes an \\\ primary
alpha-helical region of a polypeptide? \\ secondary
\\\ Left-handed, 5,4 aa/turn; \\\ tertiary
\\\ Left-handed, 6,5 aa/turn \\\ quaternary
\\ Right-handed, 3,6 aa/turn
\\\ Right-handed, 7,0 aa/turn \\\\ Which interaction is characteristic for primary
structure?
\\\\ Sulphur-containing amino acid is: \\\ hydrogen bonding
\\\ Valine \\\ hydrophobic interaction
\\\ Phenylalanine \\\ van der Waals forces
\\ Methionine \\ peptide bonding
\\\ Leucine
\\\\ Which is positively charged amino acid?
\\\\ Which of the following amino acids is \\\ alanine
synthesized only after incorporation of a precursor \\ Arginine
into a polypeptide? \\\ valine
\\\ Lysine \\\ glutamate
\\ Hydroxyproline
\\\ Glutamate \\\\ Which is negatively charged amino acid?
\\\ Serine \\ aspartate
\\\ lysine
\\\\ Which of the following is the catalytic triad of \\\ serine
chymotripsin? \\\ tyrosine
\\\ Phenylalanine-Lysine-Glycine
\\\ Tyrosine-Isoleucine-Leucine \\\\ Which is positively charged amino acid?
\\ Aspartate-Histidine-Serine \\\ phenylalanine
\\\ Arginine-Cysteine-Methionine \\ histidine
\\\ valine
\\\\ Glutathione is continuously being reduced \\\ tyrosine
and oxidized. Which group on the molecule is
actually being reduced and oxidized: \\\\ Which is positively charged amino acid?
\\\ The hydroxyl group of threonine \\ lysine
\\ The sulfhydryl group of cysteine \\\ aspartate
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\\\ glutamic acid S S
\\\ proline
The peptide shown above:
\\\\ Which is neutral charged amino acid? \\\ has arginine in position 1 of the sequence;
\\\ histidine \\ contains a derived amino acid;
\\ leucine \\\ is basic
\\\ glytamate \\\ consists entirely of amino acids with charged
\\\ cystein or nonpolar side chanes.
\\\ contains more amino acids with side chains
\\\\ Which is neutral charged amino acid? that are charged then ones with electrically neutral
\\\ lysine side chains at pH 7,0.
\\ isoleucine
\\\ glutamate
\\\ threonine

\\\\ Which is neutral charged amino acid?

\\\ histidine
\\ valine
\\\ aspartate
\\\ arginine

\\\\ Which amino acid contains OH group?

\\\ valine
\\\ arginine
\\ tryptophan
\\\ phenylalanine

\\\\ Which amino acid contains OH group?

Fig. titraional curve
\\\ isoleucine
\\\ arginine
\\\\ The figure above shows the titration curve of
\\ tyrosin
one of the common amino acids. From this curve
\\\ phenylalanine
we can conclude:
\\\ the amino acid contains two carboxyl groups;
\\\\ Which amino acid contains OH group?
\\ at point B amino acid is zwitterionic;
\\\ valine
\\\ the amino acid contains an aromatic hydroxyl
\\\ aspartate
group;
\\ serine
\\\ point D corresponds to the pKa’ of an
\\\ glutamin
ionizable group;
\\\ at point E the amino acis has a net negative
\\\\ Which amino acid is aromatic?
charge.
\\\ alanine
\\ phenylalanine
\\\\ NH3+- CH –CO – NH – CH – CO –NH-
\\\ proline
-
\\\ aspartate
CH-COO
| |
\\\\ Which of the following is imino acid?
|
\\\ glicine
CH2 CH2
\\\ isoleucine
CH-CH3
\\ proline
| |
\\\ asparagine
|
COO- SH
\\\\ Refer to the following structure for the
CH2
following question:
|
Gly – Ser – Cys – Glu – Asp – Cys – Arg
| |
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CH3 \\\ lysine
\\ leucine
The peptide consists of the following amino acids:
\\ Asp-Cys- Ile \\\\ In the process of proteins folding the critical
\\\ Met-Cys-Val role has:
\\\ Phe-Gly-Glu \\\ net charge of protein
\\\ Asp-Met-Leu \\ noncovalent strength
\\\ molecular weight
\\\ polypeptide lenght
\\\\ The peptide consists of the following amino
acids: \\\\ The net charge of Aspartate on pH 7,4 is:
\\ -1
+ \\\ -2
NH -CH –CO – NH – CH – CO –NH- CH-CO \\\ 0
3 \\\ +1
– NH – CH2- COO-
| | | \\\\ Which is characteristic for alpha–spiral
CH2OH CH2 CH2 regions?
| | \\\ Each has the same primary structure
\\ alpha–spiral forms with hydrogen bonds
formed between the peptide bond’s oxygen atom
of carbonyl group and peptide bond’s hydrogen
atom of amide group
| \\\ they form with hydrogen bonds between the
OH peptide bond’s carbonyl atom and hydrogen atom
of side chain.
\\ Ser-Phe-Tyr-Gly \\\ they form with hydrogen bonds between the
\\\ Thr-Tyr-Phe-ala neighbor amino acids in primary structure.
\\\ Val- His- Arg- Cys
\\\ Ser-Leu-Ile-gly \\\\ Which is the correct concerning ionized
groups?
\\\\ 42-amino acids peptide related to the \\ pKa of acid group is not depend on the
extracellular Alzheimer amyloid deposits has the environment
last few residues immersed in the membrane \\\ pKa of basic amino acids are high.
bilayer. Based on your knowledge about \\\ pKa of acidic amino acids are high.
membrane proteins, which of the following \\\ acidic amino acids in physiological conditions
sequences most probably identifies the last five are positively charged.
amino acids in this 42 residue peptide?
\\\ Ala-Glu-Phe-Arg \\\\ Which amino acids’ deficiency involving in
\\ Val-Val-Ile-Ala collagen may be caused by deficiency of vitamin
\\\ Asp-Ser-Gly-Tyr C?
\\\ Lys-Val-His-His-Gln \\ Hydrxyproline
\\\ allysine
\\\\ Under physiological conditions, which of the \\\ Cystein
following processes is not an important method \\\ Methionine
for regulating the activity of enzymes?
\\\ Phosphorylation. \\\\ Which answer is correct concerning globular
\\ Temperature changes. proteins?
\\\ Adenyl addition. \\\ Hemoglobin has 2-binding site of oxygen
\\\ Disulfide reduction. \\\ mioglobin is fibrous protein
\\ hemoglobin is tetramer with quaternary
\\\\ protein has one transmembrane domain, structure
which is alpha-helix. which amino acid is feasible \\\ mioglobin is quaternary structure protein.
in this transmembrane domain?
\\\ arginine \\\\ Which amino acids are characteristic for
\\\ glutamate elastin?
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\\\ Leucine and isoleucin \\\\ If the amino acid is frequently occur in the
\\\ alanine and phenylalanine same positions of similar proteins of different
\\ Desmosin and Isodesmosin species, the amino acid is:
\\\ asparagin and asparagine acid \\\ varable amino acid
\\\ positively charged amino aci
\\\\ Which derived amino acid is unique for \\\ negatively charged amino acid
collagen? \\ invariant amino acid
\\\ Cystein
\\\ Desmosin \\\\ Which of the following does not belong to
\\\ Isodesmosin fibrous proteins?
\\ hydroxyprolin \\\ Collagen
\\\ Tropomyosin
\\\\ Which is correct for collagen? \\ Hemoglobin
\\\ Collagen spiral n=2 \\\ Elastin
\\ Glycine is every third position
\\\ spiral is stabilizes with intrachain hydrogen \\\\ Which amino acid occur in a high amount in
bonds collagen?
\\\ transverse covalent bonds are formed with \\\ methionine
alanine modification \\ Prolin
\\\ Triptophan
\\\\ What is the function of fibrous proteins? \\\ Valine
\\\ transport \\\ Asparagine
\\ structural
\\\ catalytic \\\\ Which amino acid is feasible on the surface of
\\\ defense globular proteins?
\\ Serine
\\\\ Which amino acid content achieves to 33% \\\ Leucine
in collagen molecule? \\\ Alanine
\\ glycine \\\ Isoleucine
\\\ valine
\\\ asparagines \\\\ What is characteristic for quaternary structure
\\\ glytamine of proteins?
\\\ sequence of amino acids
\\\\ How many polypeptide chains contains \\\ structural motives
alpha-keratin? \\ asossiation of subunits
\\\ 1 \\\ contains disulfide bridges
\\\ 5
\\\ 7 \\\\ Which is the wrong statement about heme?
\\ 3 \\\ contains protoporphirin IX ring
\\ heme molecule exist only in hemoglobin
\\\\ Which is incorrect concerning elastin? \\\ is nonprotein part
\\\ There are derived amino acids in elastin, \\\ Fe2+ in the centre of the moleculen make 6
among them desmosin and isodesmosin have high coordinative bonds
importance
\\\ Elastin provides elasticity of tissues \\\\ Repetitive tandem sequences are characteristic
\\ It has regular secondary structure for the following structure of proteins:
\\\ Elastin is in a high amount in the skin, gut, \\\ Primary
tendoms, lungs, etc. \\ Secondary
\\\ Tertiary
\\\\ Tertiary structure of the protein mean: \\\ Quaternary
\\\ sequence of amino acids
\\ conformation of protein \\\\ Which feature is not characteristic for fibrous
\\\ association of subunits proteins?
\\\ type of regular structure \\\ high amount of secondary structures
\\ good solvation in water
\\\ long thread-like form
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\\\ structural function

\\\\ Which feature is characteristic for collagen?

\\\ contains high amount of arginine
\\ molecule is alpha-helix
\\\ contains high amount of proline and glycine
\\\ it is lipoprotein

\\\\ How many polipeptide chains contain

collagen (tropocollagen) molecule?
\\\ 1
\\\ 2
\\\ 4
\\ 3

\\\\ Which particular amino acid is characteristic

for elastin?
\\\ Histidine
\\\ Asparagine
\\ Desmosin
\\\ Valine

\\\\ Which is characteristic for fibrous proteins?

\\ bad solvation in water
\\\ spherial form
\\\ dinamic function
\\\ globular form

Enzymes
\\\\ What is characteristic for competitive
inhibitor?
\\ increases Km without changes of Vmax
\\\ decreases Km without changes of Vmax
\\\ increases Vmax without changes of Km
\\\ decreases both Vmax and Km
\\\\ Which of the following is the oxidative-
reduction coenzyme?
\\ NAD+
\\\ pyridoxalphosphatre
\\\ coenzyme A
\\\ biotin
\\\\ Which one of the following is not among the
six internationally accepted classes of enzymes?
\\\ Hydrolases
\\\ Ligases
\\ Polymerases
\\\ Transferases
\\\\ Why are enzymes potent catalysts?
\\\ They are consumed in the reactions they
catalyze.
\\\ They are very specific and can prevent the
conversion of products back to substrates.
\\\ They increase the equilibrium constants for the
reactions they catalyze.
\\ They lower the activation energy for the
reactions they catalyze.
\\\\ Which of the following statements is true of
enzymes as catalysts?
\\\ Their catalytic activity is independent of pH.
\\\ They can increase the equilibrium constant for
a given reaction by a thousand fold or more.
\\ They can increase the reaction rate for a given
reaction by a thousand fold or more.
\\\ To be effective, they must be present at the
same concentration as their substrate.
\\\ What feature differs enzymes from other
catalysts?
\\\ are not consumed in the reaction.
\\ display specificity towards a single reactant.
\\\ form an activated complex with the reactants.
\\\ lower the activation energy of the reaction
catalyzed.
\\\\ To what fact refers the concept of “induced
fit” ?
\\\ enzyme specificity is induced by enzyme-
substrate binding.
\\\ enzyme-substrate binding induces movement
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along the reaction coordinate to the transition
state.
\\ substrate binding may induce a conformational
change in the enzyme, which then brings catalytic
groups into proper orientation.
\\\ when a substrate binds to an enzyme, the
enzyme induces a loss of water (desolvation) from
the substrate.
\\\\ How does competitive inhibitor act?
\\\ binds at several different sites on an enzyme.
\\\ binds only to the ES complex.
\\ binds reversibly at the active site.
\\\ lowers the characteristic Vmax of the enzyme.
\\\\ What is characteristic for allosteric enzymes?
\\\ are regulated primarily by covalent
modification.
\\\ usually catalyze several different reactions
within a metabolic pathway.
\\ usually have more than one polypeptide chain.
\\\ usually have only one active site.
\\\\ What type(s) of inhibition can be reversed?
\\\ competitive
\\\ noncompetitive
\\\ mixed
\\ All of the above
\\\\ Which of the following describes a
characteristic of most allosteric enzymes?
\\\ They are composed of single subunits.
\\\ In the absence of effectors, they generally
follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
\\ They show cooperativity in substrate binding.
\\\ They have allosteric activators that bind in the
catalytic site.
\\\\ What is Km ?
\\\ equal to the product concentration at initial
reaction conditions.
\\ equal to the substrate concentration when the
reaction rate is half its maximal value.
\\\ proportional to the standard free energy.
\\\ All of the above.
\\\\ Which of the following statements about
buffers is true?
\\\ A buffer composed of a weak acid of pKa = 5
is stronger at pH 4 than at pH 6.
\\\ The pH of a buffered solution remains constant
no matter how much acid or base is added to the
solution.
\\\ The strongest buffers are those composed of
strong acids and strong bases.
\\ When pH = pKa, the weak acid and salt

concentrations in a buffer are equal.
\\\\ Which of the following is characteristic for a
competitive inhibitor of an enzyme-catalyzed
reaction?
\\\ The inhibitor binds covalently to the enzyme.
\\\ The inhibitor binds noncovalently to the
substrate.
\\ In the presence of the inhibitor, the reaction
exhibits an apparent increase in KM.
\\\ In the presence of the inhibitor, the reaction
exhibits an apparent decrease in Vmax.
\\\\ Which of the following best describes the type
of reaction catalyzed by a kinase?
\\\ Adenylylation
\\\ Hydrolysis
\\\ Phosphorolysis
\\ Phosphorylation
\\\\ Which statement from the following is true for
the primary structures of enzymes catalyzing the
same reaction in a single individual?
\\\ are exactly the same from cell type to cell type,
although the amount of enzyme may differ.
\\\ stay the same throughout the lifetime of that
individual.
\\\ are identical if the enzymes are paralogs.
\\ may differ between different cellular
compartments of the same cell.
\\\\ While studying a novel pathway in a remote
species of bacteria, you discover a new globular
protein that phosphorylates a substrate, using ATP
as the phosphate donor. This protein most likely
contains which of the following structures?
\\ An actin fold
\\\ An immunoglobulin fold
\\\ A nucleotide binding fold
\\\ A globin fold
\\\\ Which of the following describes a
characteristic feature of an enzyme obeying
Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
\\\ The enzyme velocity is at 1/2 the maximal rate
when 100% of the enzyme molecules contain
bound substrate.
\\ The enzyme velocity is at 1/2 the maximal rate
when 50% of the enzyme molecules contain
bound substrate.
\\\ The enzyme velocity is at its maximal rate
when 50% of the enzyme molecules contain
bound substrate.
\\\ The velocity of the reaction is independent of
the concentration of enzyme.
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\\\\ Methanol (CH3OH) is converted by alcohol
dehydrogenases to formaldehyde (CH2O), a
compound that is highly toxic in the human.
Patients who have ingested toxic levels of
methanol are sometimes treated with ethanol
(CH3CH2OH) to inhibit methanol oxidation by
alcohol dehydrogenase. Which of the following
statements provides the best rationale for this
treatment?
\\\ Ethanol is a structural analog of methanol, and
might therefore be an effective noncompetitive
inhibitor.
\\ Ethanol is a structural analog of methanol that
would be expected to compete with methanol for
its binding site on the enzyme.
\\\ Ethanol would be expected to alter the Vmax
of alcohol dehydrogenase for the oxidation of
methanol to formaldehyde.
\\\ Ethanol would be an effective inhibitor of
methanol oxidation regardless of the concentration
of methanol.
\\\\ Which of the following would NOT require
NADPH?
\\\ The reduction of antioxidant vitamins
\\\ The reductive biosynthesis of cholesterol
\\\ The biosynthesis of palmitate
\\ The beta-oxidation of fatty acids
\\\\ What is characteristic for active site of
enzymes?
\\\ contains the substrate-binding site
\\\ is contiguous with the substrate-binding site in
the primary sequence.
\\\ contains a metal ion as a prostethic group
\\ contains the amino acid side chains involved in
catalyzing reaction.
\\\\ Which of the following cofactors contains
thiamin group?
\\\ NAD
\\\ FAD
\\ TPP
\\\ Pyridoxal phosphate
\\\\ Drugs, that act as enzyme inhibitors:
\\ may function as competitive inhibitors
\\\ Unlike antibiotics, are free of the danger of
drug resistance.
\\\ Must be harmless to the patient
\\\ Generally mimic the three dimensional
structure of the enzyme’s active site.
\\\\ Which of the following necessarily results in
formation of an enzyme-substrate intermediate?
\\\ substrate strain
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\\\ acid-base catalysis \\\ Competitive inhibitor is is structural analog of
\\\ allosteric regulation substrate.
\\ covalent catalysis \\\ Competitive inhibition is irreversible
\\\ Increased substrate concentration doesn’t
\\\\ In which conditions enzymatic reaction reflect on this type of inhibition
becomes irreversible? \\ Increased substrate concentration reverses this
\\ if the products are thermodynamically far more type of inhibition.
stable than the reactants.
\\\ under equilibrium conditions \\\\ To which class of enzymes dehydrogenases
\\\ at high enzyme concentrations belong?
\\\ at high temperature. \\\ Transferases
\\ Oxidoreductases
\\\\ An holoenzyme is \\\ lyases
\\\ a coenzyme \\\ isomerases
\\ an enzyme with its cofactor
\\\ an enzyme lacking its cofactor \\\\ Isozymes are not different with:
\\\ a cofactor \\\ Primary structure
\\\ Physical-chemical features
\\\\ Which of the following statements is true \\ Substrate specificity
concerning enzymes, as catalysts? \\\ Tissue localization
\\\ To be effective, they must be present at the
same concentration as their substrate. \\\\ Which class of enzymes requires energy for
\\\ They can increase the equilibrium constant for catalysis which releases from ATP or NTP
a given reaction by a thousand-fold or hydrolysis?
more. \\\ Transferases
\\ They lower the activation energy for \\\ Oxidoreductases
conversion of substrate to product. \\ ligases
\\\ Their catalytic activity is independent of pH. \\\ isomerases

\\\\ The role of an enzyme in an enzyme-catalyzed \\\\ Which coenzyme is involved in trasferase
reaction is to: reactions?
\\\ ensure that the product is more stable than the \\\ NAD+
substrate. \\\ Ubiquinone
\\\ make the free-energy change for the reaction \\ Pyridoxalphosphate
more favorable. \\\ FAD
\\ increase the rate at which substrate is
converted into product. \\\\ Which of the following statements is not true
\\\ ensure that all the substrate is converted to about enzymes, as catalysts?
product. \\\ They increase the rate of chemical reaction
million and milliard times
\\\\ A small molecule that decreases the activity of \\\ They have high specificity
an enzyme by binding to a site other than \\ As a rule, they act during high temperature (100
the catalytic site is termed a(n): degree of Celciuse)
\\\ alternative inhibitor. \\\ The rate of enzymatic reaction is directly
\\ allosteric inhibitor. proportional with enzyme concentration
\\\ stereospecific agent.
\\\ competitive inhibitor. \\\\ To which class of enzymes oxidases belong?
\\\ Transferases
\\\\ Enzymes are classified by the: \\ Oxidoreductases
\\\ Size of the enzyme \\\ lyases
\\\ Size of the substrate \\\ isomerases
\\ Type of reaction they catalyze
\\\ Rate of reaction \\\\ To which class of enzymes does
lactatedehydrogenase belong?
\\\\ What is true regarding competitivive \\\ Transferases
inhibition? \\ Oxidoreductases
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\\\ lyases \\\ Enzymatic system of respiratory chain
\\\ isomerases
\\\\ Which coenzyme contains vitamin B6?
\\\\ Which class of enzymes catalyze biosynthetic \\ Piridoxalphosphate
reactions? \\\ NAD+
\\\ Oxidoreductases \\\ CoA
\\\ Transferases \\\ TPP
\\ Synthetases
\\\ Lyases \\\\ Which enzymes coenzyme is NAD+?
\\\ Aminotransferases
\\\\ Which class of enzymes catalyze cleavage of \\ Dehydrogenases
intramolecular bindings with help of water? \\\ Dehydratases
\\ Hydrolases \\\ Carboxylases
\\\ Transferases
\\\ Synthetases \\\\ Which enzymes coenzyme is FAD?
\\\ Lyases \\\ Proteases
\\ Dehydrogenases
\\\\ Which class of enzymes catalyze transfer of \\\ Carboxylases
any group between compounds? \\\ Peptidases
\\\ Lyases
\\\ Ligases \\\\ Which enzymes coenzyme is FMN?
\\\ isomerases \\\ Proteases
\\ Transferases \\\ Peptidases
\\ Dehydrogenases
\\\\ Which class of enzymes catalyze oxidative- \\\ Carboxylases
reductive reactions?
\\\ Transferases \\\\ Substrate-H2 + NAD+ ------- substrate +
\\ Oxidoreductases NADH+ + H+ What is the enzyme of this
\\\ lyases reaction?
\\\ hydrolases \\\ FAD-dependent dehydrogenase
\\\ Pyruvate dehydrogenase
\\\\ What feature is characteristic for active site of \\\ NADH-dehydrogenase
enzyme? \\ NAD-dependent dehydrogenase
\\ It has three-dimentional structure
\\\ Maintains conformation during enzyme- \\\\ Which enzymes’ coenzyme is NAD?
substrate complex formation \\\ Succinate dehydrogenase
\\\ Only one amino acid is involved in the \\\ NADH dehydrogenase
formation of active site \\ Lactate dehydrogenase
\\\ Active site forms hydrophilic pocket in the \\\ Pyruvate carboxilase
enzyme molecule
\\\\ Which enzymes’ coenzyme is pyridoxal
\\\\ What is characteristic for allosteric phosphate?
regulation? \\\ Oxidoreductases
\\\ Allosteric inhibition is irreversible \\ Transferases
\\ Allosteric centre is the regulatory site of \\\ Hydrolases
enzyme \\\ Isomerases
\\\ Allosteric modulator irreversibly binds with
enzyme Which enzymes’ coenzyme is ascorbate?
\\\ Allosteric modulator does not change \\\ Transferases
conformation of active site \\\ Ligases
\\\ Isomerases
\\\\ Which of the following does not belong to \\ Oxidoreductases
multienzymatic systems?
\\\ Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex \\\\ Which vitamin is part if pyridoxal phosphate?
\\\ Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex \\\ B1
\\ Glycolytic enzymatic system \\\ B2
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\\\ B3 \\\\ Which enzymes’ coenzyme is FAD?
\\ B6 \\\ NADH dehydrogenase
\\\\ Which of the following belongs to \\\ Malate dehydrogenase
oxidoreductases? \\ Succinate dehydrogenase
\\\ Aldolase \\\ Pyruvate carboxilase
\\\ Glucokinase
\\\ Citrate syntase \\\\ Which class of enzymes hexokinase belongs
\\ Succinate dehydrogenase to?
\\\ Lyases
\\\\ Which of the following does not belong to \\\ Hydrolases
oxidoreductases? \\ Trasnferases
\\\ isocitrate dehydrogenase \\\ Oxidoreductases
\\\ malatedehydrogenase
\\ lipoprotein lipase \\\\ Which factor increases enzymes activity?
\\\ lactate dehydrogenase \\\ Decrease in substrate concentration
\\\ Increase in product concentration
\\\\ What is oxidative-reductive coenzyme? \\ Covalent modification
\\ NAD+ \\\ Gene repression
\\\ Pyridoxal phosphate
\\\ Coenzyme A \\\\ Which enzyme coenzyme is tiamin
\\\ Tiamin pyrophosphate pyrophosphate?
\\\ Succinate dehydrogenase
\\\\ How the noncompetitive inhibitor influences \\ Pyruvate dehydrogenase
on the kinetic indicators? \\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase
\\\ Decreases Km without changes of Vmax \\\ Fumarase
\\\ Increases Km without changes of Vmax
\\ Decreases Vmax without changes of Km \\\\ Which coenzyme participate in carboxylation
\\\ Decreases both Vmax and Km reaction?
\\\ FAD
\\\\ Which coenzyme is the donor of hydrogen \\\ CoA
ions in the process of pyruvate reduction? \\ Biotin
\\\ FADH2 \\\ Vitamin C
\\\ FMNH2
\\ NADH \\\\ Which of the following is not participating in
\\\ NADPH oxidation-reduction processes?
\\\ FAD
\\\\ Which enzymes’ coenzyme is lipoic acid? \\ TPP
\\\ Isocytreate dehydrogenase \\\ NAD+
\\\ Malate dehydrogenase \\\ Vitamin E
\\\ Citrate synthase
\\ Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase \\\\ Which class of enzymes glukokinase belongs
to?
\\\\ Which does not belong to activation-transfer \\\ Lyases
coenzymes? \\\ Hydrolases
\\\ Biotin \\ Transferases
\\\ CoA \\\ Oxidoreductases
\\\ Pyridoxal phosphate
\\ FMN \\\\ Which enzymes activity increases in the
blood during hepatitis?
\\\\ Which does not belong to oxidation-reduction \\ Alanin aminotransferase
coenzymes? \\\ Glytamate decarboxylase
\\ Biotin \\\ Creatine phosphokinase
\\\ NAD+ \\\ Aldolase
\\\ Vitamin C
\\\ FMN \\\\ Which enzymes activity increases in the blood
during myocardial infarction?
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\\ Aspartate aminotransferase
\\\ Arginase
\\\ Glutamate dehydrogenase
\\\ Amylase

\\\\ Which vitamins form oxidative-reductive

coenzymes?
\\ PP and B2
\\\ B6 and H
\\\ K and A
\\\ D and B1

\\\\ The enzymes are inhibited irreversibly by:

\\ proteolytic cleavage
\\\ Modulator protein
\\\ Reaction product
\\\ Allosteric modification

\\\\ Which class of enzymes belong chymotripsin?

\\\ Oxydoreductases
\\ Hydrolases
\\\ Transferases
\\\ Lyases

TCA cycle
\\\\ Which of the following is not true of the citric
acid cycle?
\\ All enzymes of the cycle are located in the
cytoplasm, except succinate dehydrogenase,
which is bound to the inner mitochondrial
membrane.
\\\ Oxaloacetate is used as a substrate but is not
consumed in the cycle.
\\\ Succinate dehydrogenase channels electrons
directly into the electron transfer chain.
\\\ The Isocitrate dehydrogenase is subject of
allosteric regulation by ATP and NADH.
\\\\ Which of the following is an intermediate of
the citric acid cycle?
\\\ malonate
\\\ alanine
\\\ acyl-CoA
\\ alpha-Ketoglutarate
\\\\ In mammals, which one is not occur during
the citric acid cycle?
\\\ formation of alpha-ketoglutarate.
\\\ generation of NADH and FADH2.
\\\ metabolism of acetate to carbon dioxide and
water.
\\ net synthesis of oxaloacetate from acetyl-CoA.
\\\\ What is the net production of conversion of 1
mol of acetyl-CoA to 2 mol of CO2 and CoA via
the citric acid cycle?
\\\ 1 mol of citrate.
\\ 1 mol of FADH2.
\\\ 1 mol of NADH.
\\\ 7 mol of ATP.
\\\\ Which one of the following is not associated
with the oxidation of substrates by the citric acid
cycle?
\\\ CO2 production
\\\ Flavin reduction
\\\ Lipoic acid present in some of the enzyme
systems
\\ Pyridine nucleotide oxidation
\\\\ The oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-
ketoglutarate proceeds by means of multistep
reactions in which all but one of the following
cofactors is required. Which one is not required?
\\ ATP
\\\ Lipoic acid
\\\ FAD
\\\ Thiamine pyrophosphate
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\\\\ What reaction of the citric acid cycle is most
similar to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-
catalyzed conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
\\\ citrate to isocitrate.
\\\ fumarate to malate.
\\\ succinyl-CoA to succinate.
\\ alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.
\\\\ Which one of the following enzymatic
activities would be decreased by thiamine
deficiency?
\\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase
\\\ Malate dehydrogenase
\\\ Succinate dehydrogenase
\\ alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
\\\\ Which reaction of the citric acid cycle is
linked to the reduction of FADH2?
\\\ isocitrate dehydrogenase.
\\\ malate dehydrogenase.
\\\ pyruvate dehydrogenase
\\ succinate dehydrogenase.
\\\\ Which of the following cofactors is required
for the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the
citric acid cycle?
\\\ Biotin
\\ FAD
\\\ NAD+
\\\ NADP+
\\\\ For what reaction is required flavin coenzyme
In the citric acid cycle?:
\\\ condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.
\\\ oxidation of fumarate.
\\\ oxidation of isocitrate.
\\ oxidation of succinate.
\\\\ When decreases entry of acetyl-CoA into the
citric acid cycle ?
\\\ When [AMP] is high.
\\\ When NADH is rapidly oxidized through the
respiratory chain.
\\ When the ratio of [ATP]/[ADP] is high.
\\\ When the ratio of [NAD+]/[NADH] is high.
\\\\ NAD+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase and
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase are two key
regulatory enzymes of the citric acid cycle. What
are the inhibitors of these enzymes?
\\\ acetyl-CoA and fructose 6-phosphate.
\\\ AMP and NAD+.
\\\ ATP and NAD+.
\\ ATP and NADH.
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\\\\ For what of the following the inner \\\ formation of fumarate from succinate
mitochondrial membrane contains a transporter?
\\\ NADH \\\\ What enzyme is allosterically inhibited by
\\\ Acetyl CoA GTP and succinyl CoA in TCA cycle?
\\\ GTP \\\ malate dehydrogenase
\\ ATP \\ alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
\\\ citrate synthase
\\\\ What is the substrate of isocitrate \\\ pyruvate dehydrogenase
dehydrogenase?
\\ isocitrate \\\\ What reaction is catalyzed by pyruvate
\\\ citrate dehydrogenase complex?
\\\ alpha-ketoglutarate \\\ conversion of glucose into pyruvate
\\\ succinate \\ formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate
\\\ formation of oxalocetate from pyruvate
\\\\ In what reaction NADH+H+ is produced? \\\ alanine conversion into pyruvate
\\\ succinate dehydrogenase reaction
\\ malate dehydrogenase reaction \\\\ What is characteristic for regulation of
\\\ citrate synthase reaction pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
\\\ aconitase \\\ phosphorylated form of the enzyme is active
\\\ pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
\\\\ What is the major anaplerotic reaction of TCA dephosphorylates the enzyme
cycle? \\ Ca2+ ions activate the enzyme
\\\ alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase \\\ ATP is activator of the enzyme
\\\ malate dehydrogenase
\\\ enolase \\\\ In which compartment of the cell is TCA
\\ pyruvate carboxylase cycle going?
\\\ cytoplasm
\\\\ What is the substrate phosphorylation reaction \\\ rough endoplasmic reticulum
in TCA cycle? \\ mitochondria
\\\ formation of NADH+H \\\ lysosoms
\\\ formation of FADH2
\\ formation of GTP \\\\ How many ATP is formed from NADH+H+ in
\\\ oxidation of isocitrate electron transport chain?
\\\ 2
\\\\ What reaction’s product is GTP? \\ 2,5
\\\ succinate dehydrogenase reaction \\\ 3
\\\ malate dehydrogenase reaction \\\ 1,5
\\\ citrate synthase reaction
\\ succinyl CoA synthetase reaction \\\\ How many ATP is formed from FADH2 in
electron transport chain?
\\\\ Which of the following is reversible reaction \\\ 2
in TCA cycle? \\\ 2,5
\\\ formation of citrate from acetyl Co A and \\\ 3
oxaloacetate \\ 1,5
\\\ formation of alpha ketoglutarate from
isocitrate \\\\ How many ATP is formed from TCA cycle
\\ formation of oxaloacetate from malate with oxidative phosphorylation?
\\\ formation of succinyl CoA from alpha \\\ 10
ketoglutarate. \\\ 1
\\ 9
\\\\ Which of the following is irreversible reaction \\\ 12
in TCA cycle?
\\ formation of citrate from acetyl CoA and \\\\ How many ATP is formed from TCA cycle
oxaloacetate with substrate phosphorylation?
\\\ formation of malate from fumarate \\\ 10
\\\ formation of oxaloacetate from malate \\ 1
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\\\ 9 \\\ FAD
\\\ 12 \\\ ATP
\\ O2
\\\\ How many ATP is produced in TCA cycle
totally? \\\\ Which of the following is NOT true of the
\\ 10 citric acid cycle:
\\\ 1 \\ Most intermediates are activated by
\\\ 9 phosphorylation.
\\\ 12 \\\ It takes place in the mitochondria.
\\\ Many of the reactions are oxidation-reduction
\\\\ Which of the following statements about the reactions.
oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in aerobic \\\ It generates GTP by substrate -level
conditions in animal cells is correct? phosphorylation
\\ One of the products of the reactions of the
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a thioester of \\\\ The citric acid cycle is amphibolic, that is it
acetate. functions in both catabolism and anabolism.
\\\ The methyl (—CH3) group is eliminated as Certain intermediates are used to make other
CO2. biomolecules including amino acids, nucleotide
\\\ The process occurs in the cytosolic bases, fatty acids, and glucose. Several reactions
compartment of the cell. replenish these intermediates for use in the citric
\\\ The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex uses all acid cycle. These reactions are called:
of the following as cofactors: NAD+, lipoic acid, \\\ Parasynthetic
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and FAD. \\\ Amphipathic
\\ Anaplerotic
\\\\ The reaction of the citric acid cycle that \\\ Amphibolic
produces an ATP equivalent (in the form of GTP) \\\\ How many NAD is generated in the TCA
by substrate level phosphorylation is the cycle?
conversion of: \\\ 1
\\\ citrate to isocitrate. \\\ 2
\\ fumarate to malate. \\ 3
\\\ malate to oxaloacetate. \\\ 4
\\\ succinyl-CoA to succinate.
\\\\ How many FADH2 is generated in the TCA
\\\\ Which of the following reactions is cycle?
anaplerotic (replenishes intermediate pools) for \\ 1
the citric acid cycle? \\\ 2
\\\ Oxaloacetate + GTP ---- \\\ 3
phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2 + GDP \\\ 4
\\\ Malate + NAD+ ---- oxaloacetate + NADH
+ H+ \\\\ How many ATP are produced after pyruvate
\\\ Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA ----citrate + CoA oxidation (through the TCA cycle)?
\\ Pyruvate + HCO3+ ATP ----oxaloacetate + \\\ 10 ATP
ADP + Pi + H+ \\\ 30-32 ATP
\\ 12,5 ATP
\\\\ Which of the following intermediates is a \\\ 7,5 ATP
substrate for the only membrane-associated
enzymatic activity in the TCA cycle? \\\\ What is the functional group of NAD?
\\\ citrate \\\ Izoalloxazine ring
\\\ fumarate \\ Nicotinamide
\\\ oxaloacetate \\\ Adenine
\\ succinate \\\ Ribitole

\\\\ The ultimate acceptor of the electrons \\\\ How the regulations of metabolic ways
removed by oxidative decarboxylation in the TCA generally go?
cycle is: \\\ By the alterations of intracellular metabolites’
\\\ NAD+ concentration
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\\\ By the using of second messengers with \\\\ What is the delta-G of hydrolytic degradation
peptide hormones of ATP?
\\\ By repression-induction of the genes \\\ -5 kkal/mol
\\ By all of the followings \\ -7,3 kkal/mol
\\\ -14,6 kkal/mol
\\\\ What is the functional group of FAD? \\\ -20 kkal/mol
\\ Izoalloxazine ring
\\\ Nicotinamide \\\\ Which type of macroergic bond exists in
\\\ Adenosine residue acetyl-CoA?
\\\ Ribitole residue \\ Tyoesther
\\\ Phospho anhydride
\\\\ What is characteristic for TCA cycle? \\\ Phospho enolic
\\\ Energetical effect of TCA cycle is 8 ATP \\\ Phospho amide
\\ TCA cycle goes in aerobic conditions
\\\ The final products are ammonia and water \\\\ What is the product of isocitrate
\\\ 3 ATP are produced in TCA cycle dehydrogenase reaction?
\\\ Malate
\\\\ What type of enzyme is Isocitrate \\\ Cytrate
dehydrogenase? \\ Alpha-ketoglutarate
\\\ It is regulatory enzyme of glycolysis \\\ Succinyl-CoA
\\\ It is FAD-dependent enzyme
\\\ Belongs to transferases \\\\ What is the coenzyme of isocitrate
\\ It is decarboxylating dehydrogenase dehydrogenase reaction?
\\\ FAD
\\\\ How many macroergic bonds contain ATP? \\\ TPP
\\\ 1 \\\ CoA
\\ 2 \\ NAD+
\\\ 3
\\\ 4 \\\\ Which of the following is not necessary for
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction?
\\\\ How many macroergic bonds contain ADP? \\\ FAD
\\ 1 \\\ CoA
\\\ 2 \\\ NAD
\\\ 3 \\ ATP
\\\ 4
\\\\ What is energetical effect of alpha-
\\\\ How many macroergic bonds contain AMP? ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction?
\\ 0 \\\ 2 mole ATP
\\\ 1 \\ 2,5 mole ATP
\\\ 2 \\\ 3 mole ATP
\\\ 3 \\\ 6 mole ATP

\\\\ Which of the following is the marcroergic \\\\ How many ATP is synthesized in the electron
compound? transport chain after isocitrate dehydrogenase
\\\ AMP reaction?
\\ 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate \\\ 1
\\\ Malate \\ 2,5
\\\ Glucose-1-phosphate \\\ 3
\\\ 6,5
\\\\ Which of the following belongs to macroergic
compounds? \\\\ How many ATP is synthesized in the electron
\\\ AMP transport chain after succinate dehydrogenase
\\ ADP reaction?
\\\ GMP \\ 1,5
\\\ Glucose-1-phosphate \\\ 2
\\\ 3,5
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\\\ 6 \\ Citrate synthase
\\\ Succinate thyo kinase
\\\\ How many ATP is synthesized in the electron
transport chain after malate dehydrogenase \\\\ Which compounds’ excess amount causes
reaction? inhibition of oxidation of isocitrate?
\\\ 1 \\\ ADP
\\ 2,5 \\\ NAD
\\\ 3 \\ NADH
\\\ 6,5 \\\ FAD

\\\\ Which dehydrogenase is decarboxylating? \\\\ Which of the following activates the
\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase regulatory enzyme- isocitrate dehydrogenase?
\\\ malate dehydrogenase \\\ ATP
\\\ succinate dehydrogenase \\\ NADH
\\\ lactate dehydrogenase \\\ CoA
\\ ADP
\\\\ Which of the following is not involved in the
regulation of TCA cycle? \\\\ Isocitrate + NAD+ ---------- alpha-
\\\ Citrate synthatase ketoglutarate+CO2+NADH+H+
\\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase Which enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
\\\ alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase \\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase
\\ aconitase \\\ malate dehydrogenase
\\\ pyruvate dehydrogenase
\\\\ Which of the following is not regulatory \\\ succinate thyokinase
enzyme of TCA cycle?
\\\ Citrate synthatase \\\\ Fumarate+H20 ------ malate Which
\\ Malate dehydrogenase enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
\\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase \\\ malate dehydrogenase
\\\ alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase \\ fumarase
\\\ alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
\\\\ What are regulatory factors of TCA cycle? \\\ succinate dehydrogenase
\\\ FADH2/FAD
\\\ GTP/GDP \\\\ Which vitamin’s deficiency influences on
\\ NADH/NAD TCA cycle?
\\\ ATP/GTP \\\ Vitamin C
\\ Thiamin
\\\\ Which compound is the substrate of TCA \\\ Biotin
cycle? \\\ Vitamin E
\\\ NADH
\\\ NADPH \\\\ What is received in TCA cycle by substrate-
\\ CH3CO-SCoA level phosphorylation?
\\\ CH3COCOO- \\\ UTP
\\\ CTP
\\\\ Succinyl-CoA+ GDP+H3PO4 -- \\\ NADH
Succinate+GTP+HS-CoA Which enzyme \\ GTP
catalyzes this reaction?
\\\ Fumarase \\\\ Which compound inhibits the oxidation of
\\ Succinate thyokinase alpha-ketoglutarate?
\\\ Succinate dehydrogenase \\\ ADP
\\\ alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase \\\ FAD
\\ Succinyl-CoA
\\\\ Oxaloacetate+acetyl-CoA + H20 ---- \\\ TPP
citrate+HS-CoA Which enzyme catalyzes
this reaction? \\\\ In the TCA cycle the substrate of succinyl-
\\\ Isocitrate dehydrogenase CoA synthetase is:
\\\ Fumarase \\\ Alpha-ketoglutarate
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\\\ Fumarate
\\\ Succinate
\\ Succinyl-CoA

\\\\ In which compartment of the cell the TCA

cycle is localized?
\\\ Cytosole
\\\ Outer membrane if mitochondria
\\ In the matrix of mitochondria
\\\ In the nucleus
\\\\ Which conversion is impossible?
\\\ Lactate ---- pyruvate
\\\ Pyruvate ---- lactate
\\ Acetyl-CoA ---- pyruvate
\\\ Alanine ---- pyruvate

\\\\ How many NADH is generated in the process

of pyruvate decarboxylation?
\\\ 3
\\\ 4
\\ 1
\\\ 5

\\\\ How many carboxylic groups exist in citrate?

\\\ 1
\\\ 2
\\\ 4
\\ 3

\\\\ What is the irreversible reaction of TCA

cycle?
\\\ Malate dehydrogenase
\\\ Fumarase
\\ Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
\\\ aconitase

\\\\ What compound is necessary for receiving the

citrate from acetyl-CoA in the first reaction of
TCA cycle?
\\\ Isocitrate
\\\ Malate
\\ Oxaloacetate
\\\ Succinate

\\\\ What is the source of acetyl-CoA in the body?

\\\ Glycogenesis
\\\ Gluconeogenesis
\\ Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
\\\ Pentose phosphate pathway
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CARBOHYDRATES METABOLISM \\\ glucose-6-phosphatase
\\ glycogen phosphorylase.
\\\\ What is the net gain of anaerobic conversion \\\ glycogen synthase.
of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate ?
\\\ 1 mol of ATP. \\\\ Which of the following compounds cannot
\\\ 1 mol of NADH. serve as the starting material for the synthesis of
\\ 2 mol of ATP. glucose via gluconeogenesis?
\\\ 2 mol of NADH. \\ acetate
\\\ glycerol
\\\\ During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed \\\ lactate
in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase \\\ oxaloacetate
reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to
NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. What is the \\\\ What enzyme uses in both glycolysis and
most important reaction involved in the gluconeogenesis?
reoxidation of NADH ? \\ 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.
\\\ glucose 6-phosphate ---- fructose 6-phosphate \\\ glucose 6-phosphatase.
\\\ isocitrate ---- alpha-ketoglutarate \\\ hexokinase.
\\\ oxaloacetate ----- malate \\\ phosphofructokinase-1.
\\ pyruvate ----- lactate
\\\\ Which one of the following statements about
\\\\ pyruvate (producing during glycolysis) in the gluconeogenesis is false?
erythrocyte further metabolizes into: \\\ For starting materials, it can use carbon
\\\ CO2. skeletons derived from certain amino acids.
\\\ glucose. \\\ It employs the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase.
\\\ hemoglobin. \\\ It is one of the ways that mammals maintain
\\ lactate. normal blood glucose levels between meals.
\\ It produces metabolic energy (ATP or GTP).
\\\\ Which of these cofactors participates directly
in most of the oxidation-reduction reactions in the \\\\ Which of the following enzymes is involved
fermentation of glucose to lactate? only in the flow of carbon from glucose to lactate
\\\ ADP (glycolysis) and not in the reversal of this flow
\\\ ATP (gluconeogenesis)?
\\\ FAD/FADH2 \\\ 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.
\\ NAD+/NADH \\\ aldolase.
\\ phosphofructokinase-1.
\\\\ Which of the following is not involved in \\\ phosphoglucoisomerase.
steps of glycolysis between glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate? \\\\ What is characteristic feature of
\\\ catalysis by phosphoglycerate kinase. gluconeogenesis in humans?
\\ oxidation of NADH to NAD+. \\ can result in the conversion of protein into
\\\ the formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. blood glucose.
\\\ utilization of Pi. \\\ helps to reduce blood glucose after a
carbohydrate-rich meal.
\\\\ By what enzyme is catalyzed the first reaction \\\ is activated by the hormone insulin
in glycolysis that results in formation of an \\\ requires the enzyme hexokinase.
energy-rich compound (i.e., a compound whose
hydrolysis has a highly negative delta G'°)? \\\\ Which of the following substrates cannot
\\ glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. contribute to net gluconeogenesis in mammalian
\\\ hexokinase. liver?
\\\ phosphofructokinase-1. \\\ alanine
\\\ triose phosphate isomerase. \\\ glutamate
\\ palmitate
\\\\ What enzyme catalyzes glycogen conversion \\\ pyruvate
to monosaccharide units?
\\\ glucokinase. \\\\ What is the main function of the pentose
phosphate pathway?

\\\ provide a mechanism for the utilization of the
carbon skeletons of excess amino acids.
\\\ supply energy.
\\\ supply NADH.
\\ supply pentoses and NADPH.
\\\\ Which of the following enzymes acts in the
pentose phosphate pathway?
\\ 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
\\\ Glycogen phosphorylase
\\\ Phosphofructokinase-1
\\\ Pyruvate kinase
\\\\ What reaction is catalyzed by glycogen-
branching enzyme?
\\\ degradation of (alpha1 - 4) linkages in
glycogen
\\\ formation of (alpha1 - 4) linkages in glycogen.
\\ formation of (alpha 1 - 6) linkages during
glycogen synthesis.
\\\ glycogen degradation in tree branches.
\\\\ What is the characteristic for glycogenin:
\\\ catalyzes the conversion of starch into
glycogen.
\\\ is the enzyme responsible for forming
branches in glycogen.
\\\ is the gene that encodes glycogen synthase.
\\ is the primer on which new glycogen chains are
initiated.
\\\\ Which of the following is true of glycogen
synthase?
\\\ Activation of the enzyme involves a
phosphorylation.
\\ It catalyzes addition of glucose residues to the
nonreducing end of a glycogen chain by formation
of (alpha1 – 4) bonds.
\\\ It uses glucose-6-phosphate as donor of
glucose units
\\\ The conversion of an active to an inactive form
of the enzyme is controlled by the concentration
of cAMP.
\\\\ What is characteristic for the enzyme
glycogen phosphorylase?
\\\ catalyzes a cleavage of (beta 1- 4) bonds.
\\ catalyzes a hydrolytic cleavage of (alpha 1- 4)
bonds.
\\\ is a substrate for a kinase.
\\\ uses glucose 6-phosphate as a substrate.
\\\\ Gluconeogenesis must use “bypass reactions”
to circumvent three reactions in the glycolytic
pathway that are highly exergonic and essentially
irreversible. Reactions carried out by which three
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of the enzymes listed must be bypassed in the
gluconeogenic pathway?
\\\ Phosphoglycerate kinase, glycogen syntase,
aldolase
\\ Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase-1. Pyruvate
kinase
\\\ Lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate
dehydrogenase
\\\ Triosephosphate isomerase, aldolase, pyruvate
dehydrogenase
\\\\ What is allosteric inhibitor of cellular
isozymes of pyruvate kinase ?
\\\ high concentration of AMP.
\\ high concentration of ATP.
\\\ high concentration of citrate.
\\\ low concentration of acetyl-CoA.
\\\\ Which of the following is true of glycogen
synthesis and breakdown?
\\ Phosphorylation activates the enzyme
responsible for breakdown, and inactivates the
synthetic enzyme.
\\\ Synthesis is catalyzed by the same enzyme that
catalyzes breakdown.
\\\ The immediate product of glycogen
breakdown is free glucose.
\\\ Under normal circumstances, glycogen
synthesis and glycogen breakdown occur
simultaneously and at high rates.
\\\\ Which combination of cofactors is involved in
the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
\\\ Biotin, FAD, and TPP
\\\ NAD+, biotin, and TPP
\\\ Pyridoxal phosphate, FAD, and lipoic acid
\\ TPP, lipoic acid, and NAD+
\\\\ what is characteristic for glucokinase?
\\\ acts in the conversion of liver glycogen to
glucose 1-phosphate.
\\\ converts fructose-6-phosphate to glucose-6-
phosphate
\\\ converts glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-
phosphate.
\\ is a hexokinase isozyme found in liver
hepatocytes.
\\\\ What is The Cori cycle?
\\\ the conversion of lactate to pyruvate in skeletal
muscle to drive glycogen synthesis.
\\\ the interconversion between glycogen and
glucose l-phosphate.
\\ the production of lactate from glucose in
peripheral tissues with the resynthesis of glucose

from lactate in liver.
\\\ the synthesis of urea in liver and degradation
of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia by
bacteria in the gut.
\\\\ When blood glucose is abnormally high, what
is released from the pancreas?
\\\ epinephrine.
\\\ glucagon.
\\ insulin.
\\\ trypsin.
\\\\ When blood glucose is abnormally low, what
is released from the pancreas?
\\ glucagon.
\\\ glucose.
\\\ insulin.
\\\ trypsin.
\\\\ What type of linkages present between the
glucose units of glycogen?
\\\ alpha-1,4 linkages only
\\ alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 linkages.
\\\ beta-1,4 and beta-1,6 linkages.
\\\ alpha-1,6 linkages only.
\\\\ Which of the following statements is involved
in the conversion of alpha-limit dextrins in
intestinal carbohydrate digestion?
\\\ they cannot be digested further and are passed
in the feces.
\\\ cleavage and anaerobic fermentation by
bacteria in the lower gut.
\\ hydrolysis by exosaccharidases in the
glucoamylase complex.
\\\ hydrolysis down to maltotriose units by the
trehalase complex.
\\\\ What is the best characterization of glucose
transport into muscle?
\\\ transport is elevated during starvation.
\\\ sodium ions accompany glucose as it is taken
up into muscle.
\\\ uptake is mediated by GLUT-1 transporters in
muscle.
\\ transport is insulin-dependent.
\\\\ What is the most important determinant of
glucose homeostasis is normal individuals?
\\\ insulin.
\\ the ratio of glucagon to insulin.
\\\ levels of thyroid hormone.
\\\ plasma glucocorticoid concentrations.
\\\\ Which enzyme uses inorganic phosphate as a
substrate for phosphorylation during glycolysis?
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\\\ hexokinase
\\\ phosphofructokinase-1
\\\ pyruvate kinase
\\ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
\\\\ Which is the possible product of hexokinase?
\\ glucose-6-phosphate
\\\ 6-phosphogluconate
\\\ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
\\\ glucose-1-phosphate
\\\\ All of the following statements about
glycogen are true EXCEPT
\\\ A branched polymer made from glucose with a
variable molecular weight between 10 and 100
million
\\\ Contains chains of glucosyl units linked by
alpha-1,4 bonds with alpha-1,6 branches
\\ The many glucosyl residues that are attached to
the fatty acid glycogennin are designated as the
reducing ends of the polymer
\\\ The enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis
and degradation are bound to the surface of the
glycogen particles.
\\\\ Which of the following statements about
glycogen and its catabolism is NOT true?
\\\ The function of glycogen in liver is to supply
glucose to the blood when needed
\\\ The function of glycogen in muscle is to
supply energy for muscle contraction
\\\ When glycogenolysis in active in muscle,
glycolysis is usually active
\\ Muscle, but not liver, has the enzyme glucose-
6-phosphatase
\\\\ What processes are activated in the liver by
glucagon ?
\\\ Glycolysis and glycogenolysis
\\\ Glycolysis and glycogen synthesis
\\ Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
\\\ Gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthasis
\\\\ When glycogen is synthesized in the liver and
muscle, all of the following are true EXCEPT
\\\ Glucose enters the liver cell and is
phosphorylated by glucokinase to become
glucose-6-phosphate
\\\ The isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, converts
glucose-6-P to glucose-1-P
\\\ Glucose is transferred from UDP-glucose to a
glycogen molecule by glycogen synthase
\\ Glycogen synthase is activated by glucagon and
inhibited by insulin
\\\\ When glycogen is degraded (catabolized), all
of the following occur in both liver and muscle

EXCEPT
\\\ Active glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the
phosphorolysis of alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in
glycogen
\\\ Debranching enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis
of alpha-1,6-glucosidic bonds in glycogen
\\\ Glucose-1-P is converted to glucose-6-P by
phosphoglucomutase
\\ glycogen degradation process initiates after
taking high carbohydrate meal.
\\\\ All of the following statements about
glycogen storage diseases are true EXCEPT
\\ The pathology is usually associated with the
accumulation of too much glycogen in all cells of
the body
\\\ In McArdle’s disease the defect is in glycogen
phosphorylase
\\\ In McArdle’s disease, not enough energy can
be supplied by anaerobic glycolysis during
vigorous exercise
\\\ In Von Gierke’s disease, glucose-6-
phosphatase is deficient
\\\\ Which statement about glucose and liver is
NOT true?
\\\ A high carbohydrate meal will raise the level
of blood glucose
\\\ Since the entrance of glucose into liver cells is
passive, high blood glucose causes high glucose
concentrations in the cytosol
\\\ Glucokinase will convert glucose to glucose-6-
P when glucose concentrations are high
\\ High glucose concentrations will activate
gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver
\\\\ All of the following statements concerning
glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis are true
EXCEPT
\\\ High blood glucose and high insulin will
activate glycogen synthesis and inhibit glycogen
phosphorylase
\\\ A low insulin to glucagon ratio will activate
glycogen phosphorylase and inhibit glycogen
synthase
\\\ Exercise will increase catecholamines, activate
glycogen phosphorylase and inhibit glycogen
synthase
\\ Taking this test will inhibit glycogen
phosphorylase and activate glycogen synthase
\\\\ All of the following statements about blood
glucose and muscle are true EXCEPT
\\\ Increased blood glucose will increase insulin
and cause more Glut-4 (glucose transporter-4) to
enter the cell membrane
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\\\ Striated muscles do not have glucagon
receptors and so glucagon does not have an effect
on muscle glycogen phosphorylase
\\ Catecholamines cause more insulin to be
released during exercise
\\\ Catecholamines activate the cAMP cascade
and glycogen phosphorylase but inhibit glycogen
synthase
\\\\ The insulin to glucagon ratio is low as it
usually is in both Type I and Type II diabetics.
What would you expect during and immediately
after a high carbohydrate meal?
\\\ The storage of glucose in muscle to be less
than normal for type 2 patients but normal for type
1 patients
\\\ The storage of glucose in muscle to be less
than normal for type 1 patients but normal for type
2 patients
\\ The storage of glucose in muscle and liver to be
less than normal
\\\ The storage of glucose in muscle and liver to
be greater than normal
\\\\ At the same time that epinephrine activates
the beta receptors it also binds to alpha-1
receptors. When the alpha-1 is activated, all of
the following result EXCEPT
\\\ The inactivation of glycogen synthase
\\ The activation of glycogen phosphorylase by
cAMP pathway
\\\ The activation of phosphorylase kinase by Ca+
+-calmodulin
\\\ The activation of phospholipase C and the
production of diacylglycerol
\\\\ Which of the following will result in
activation of glycogen synthase?
\\\ Increased concentrations of AMP from
contraction of muscle
\\\ Increased cytosolic [Ca++]
\\ Increased protein phosphatase
\\\ Increased activity of phosphorylase kinase
\\\\ All of the following statements about the
pentose phosphate pathway are true EXCEPT
\\\ Its two functions are to produce NADPH and
ribose-5-P
\\\ It uses glucose-6-P as a substrate when
producing NADPH and CO2
\\\ Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the
control enzyme and it is regulated by the NADPH
concentration of the cell
\\ It is found in the mitochondria of liver, muscle
and brain but is absent from most other tissues of
the body

\\\\ If a cell only needs to synthesize ribose-5-P
and not NADPH, the enzymes of the hexose
monophosphate shunt what of the following
substrates would use from glycolysis?
\\\ Fructose-6-phosphate and NADPH
\\\ 3-Phosphoglycerate and fructose-6-phosphate
\\ Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and fructose-6-
phosphate
\\\ Glucose-1-phosphate and lactate
\\\\ What is the main function of NADPH in most
cells?
\\\ it serves as a substrate for the electron
transport chain
\\\ it produces ribose-5-P from glyceraldehyde-3-
P and fructose-6-P
\\ it serves as a agent in detoxification reactions
\\\ it serves as an oxidizing agent in reductive
biosynthesis
\\\\ You have a patient that has hemolytic anemia
as a result of eating fava beans. What enzyme
deficiency would the patient have?
\\\ Glucose-6-P phosphatase
\\\ Phospho fructo isomerase;
\\ Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase
\\\ 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase;
\\\\ You have a patient that has hemolytic anemia
as a result of eating fava beans. What
compound(s) deficiency would the patient have?
\\\ ribose-5-P and ribulose-5-P
\\ NADPH
\\\ NADH
\\\ FAD
\\\\ Your patient has glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase deficiency as a result of taking a
sulfa drug. He has never been diagnosed with this
disease before. He suffers from hemolysis while
his white blood cells look OK. What the
following statements is true?
\\\ He has no fairly common genetic disease
\\ This is probably the first time his system has
been challenged with a lot of free radicals
(reactive oxygen species)
\\\ He has severe deficiency of glucose-phosphate
dehydrogenase activity - more than most people
\\\ Most cells were lysed because the PPP is only
way for producing NADPH
\\\\ which of the following is a common
intermediate in the conversion of glycerol and
lactate to glucose?
\\\ Pyruvate
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\\\ Oxaloacetate
\\ Glucose 6-phosphate
\\\ Phosphoenolpyruvate
\\\\ A patient presented with a bacterial infection
that produced an endotoxin that inhibits
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. In this
patient, then, under these conditions, glucose
production from which of the following
precursors would be inhibited?
\\ Alanine
\\\ Glycerol
\\\ Phosphoenolpyruvate
\\\ Galactose
\\\\ The enzyme phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-
2,6-bisphosphatase plays a key role in the control
of glycolysis exerted by the insulin to glucagon
ratio. If the insulin to glucagon ratio increases,
what would happen to phosphofructokinase-
2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase?:
\\\ Become more phosphorylated and
phosphofructokinase-2 would become more active
\\\ Become less phosphorylated and
phosphofructokinase-2 would become less active
\\\ Become more phosphorylated and
phosphofructokinase-2 would become more active
\\ Become less phosphorylated and
phosphofructokinase-2 would become more active
\\\\ What would happen with liver enzyme
pyruvate kinase during a fast?
\\\ Becomes more active and more
phosphorylated
\\\ Becomes more active and less phosphorylated
\\ Becomes less active and more phosphorylated
\\\ Become less active and less phosphorylated
\\\\ A patient takes sulfa drugs for the first time
and develops hemolytic anemia. The other blood
cells appear normal. What is the best explanation
of this?
\\\ The red blood cells have more active glucose-
6-phosphate dehydrogenase
\\\ The red blood cells have more glutathione
reductase activity
\\\ The red blood cells have more NADH in their
cytosol
\\ The other cells have more active glucose-6-
phosphate dehydrogenase activity
\\\\ After ingestion of a high carbohydrate meal,
which of the following is true?
\\\ Glucose uptake and utilization by adipose
tissue is impaired.
\\\ Glycogen degradation is increased

\\\ Glycolysis in the liver is decreased
\\ Glucose uptake by the brain is increased
\\\\ What enzyme is activated with increased
concentration of acetyl-CoA in the liver cell
during gluconeogenesis?
\\ Mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase
\\\ Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
\\\ Cytosolic pyruvate carboxylase
\\\ Cytosolic pyruvate kinase
\\\\ When pyruvate carboxylase and
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase are active, by
what is prevented futile cycling?
\\\ Phosphorylation and activation of pyruvate
kinase by insulin via cAMP
\\\ Dephosphorylation and inactivation of protein
kinase by glucagon via cAMP
\\\ Phosphorylation and activation of protein
kinase by insulin via cAMP
\\ Phosphorylation and inactivation of pyruvate
kinase by glucagon via cAMP
\\\\ What process is activated with increase in the
insulin/glucagon ratio?
\\ The dephosphorylation of pyruvate kinase and
an increase in the conversion of
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
\\\ The phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase and an
increase in the conversion of
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
\\\ The phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase and an
decrease in the conversion of
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
\\\ The dephosphorylation of pyruvate kinase and
an decrease in the conversion of
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
\\\\ What is characteristic for the hexose
monophosphate shunt?
\\\ Found mostly in the mitochondria of muscle
cells
\\\ Found mostly in the cytosol of cells that rely
heavily upon anaerobic glycolysis
\\\ Found in the mitochondria of all cells
\\ Found in the cytosol of all cells
\\\\ If a cell needs to make exactly twice the
amount of NADPH as ribose-5-phosphate, which
glycolytic substrate(s) would be used?
\\\ Glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate
\\ Glucose-6-phosphate
\\\ Fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate
\\\ Glucose-6-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
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\\\\ A person fasts for 12 hours and then eats a
high protein meal. About 45 minutes later their
blood is analyzed. What would be blood
indicators before ingestion?
\\ Insulin will be higher. Glucagon will be higher.
Liver gluconeogenesis will be active.
\\\ Insulin will be lower. Glucagon will be higher.
Liver glycolysis will be active.
\\\ Insulin will be lower. Glucagon will be higher.
Liver gluconeogenesis will be active.
\\\ Insulin will be higher. Glucagon will be lower.
Liver gluconeogenesis will be active.
\\\\ Regarding dietary glucose entering the liver
following a high caloric, high carbohydrate meal
which of the following statements is NOT true:
\\\ Some glucose is converted to glycerol
phosphate
\\ Some glucose is released from the liver
glycogen
\\\ Some glucose is used via aerobic glycolysis
\\\ Some glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
\\\\ When going from the fed state to the fasted
state, the activities of the glycolytic and
gluconeogenic pathways are changed. Which one
is the part of the mechanism for this change?
\\\ An increase in the activity of 3',5'-
phosphosdiesterase
\\\ An increase in the activity of
phosphofructokinase-2
\\ An increase in the activity of fructose-2,6-
bisphosphatase
\\\ A decrease in the activity of protein kinase
\\\\ You meet your patient in the emergency
room. She forgot that she took her first shot of
insulin last night and so she took a second shot.
She is now in a hypoglycemic coma. Which of the
following is contributing to the low blood sugar?
\\\ Insulin has activated the cyclic AMP cascade
in the liver
\\\ Insulin has activated the cyclic AMP cascade
in adipose tissue
\\\ Insulin has caused an increase in ketone bodies
synthesis in the liver
\\ Insulin has inhibited fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
in the liver
\\\\ By what of the following Ca2+ increases
glycogenolysis?
\\ activating phosphorylase kinase b, even in the
absence of cAMP
\\\ binding to phosphorylase b.
\\\ Inhibiting phosphoprotein phosphatase
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\\\ Activating phosphoprotein phosphatase
\\\\ Which of the following compounds is an
\\\\ What is the reason of von Gierke’s disease? allosteric activator of glycogen phosphorylase b
\\\ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in muscle?
deficiency \\ AMP
\\ glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency \\\ ATP
\\\ fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase deficiency \\\ Glucose
\\\ pyruvate kinase deficiency \\\ GTP

\\\\ In comparison with the resting state, actively
contracting human muscle tissue has a:
\\\ higher concentration of ATP.
\\ higher rate of lactate formation.
\\\ lower consumption of glucose.
\\\ lower ratio of NADH to NAD+.
\\\\ Which of the following statements is
incorrect?
\\\ Aerobically, oxidative decarboxylation of
pyruvate forms acetate that enters the citric acid
cycle.
\\\ In anaerobic muscle, pyruvate is converted to
lactate.
\\\ Reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerates a
cofactor essential for glycolysis.
\\ Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate does not
form because glycolysis does not occur.
\\\\ In humans, gluconeogenesis:
\\ can result in the conversion of protein into
blood glucose.
\\\ helps to reduce blood glucose after a
carbohydrate-rich meal.
\\\ is activated by the hormone insulin
\\\ requires the enzyme hexokinase.
\\\\ A 13 year-old patient with Type I diabetes
mellitus, home alone, takes an insulin injection
before lunch but then he gets concentrated in a
videogame he is playing and does not eat.
Approximately 3 hours later, he becomes sweat,
shaky and confused. These symptoms have
appeared as a consequence of:
\\\ increased glucagon release from the pancreas
\\\ increased insulin release from the pancreas
\\\ high sugar levels in blood
\\ low sugar levels in blood
\\\\ Which of the following sentences explain
better the role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in
glycolysis?
\\\ It antagonizes phosphofructokinase-1
\\\ It activates covalently aldolase
\\\ It inhibits allosterically hexokinase
\\ It allosterically activates phosphofructokinase-
1 \\\ adrenalin
\\\\ If a cell has high levels of ATP, which of the
following enzymes will be negatively affected?
\\\ Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase
\\\ Hexokinase
\\ Phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
\\\ Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen
synthase
\\\\ The Cori cycle describes the release of lactate
from active muscle into the bloodstream and its
subsequent uptake by the liver. The lactate in the
liver is then used for:
\\\ Glycogen synthesis
\\\ ATP phosphorylation
\\\ Phosphocreatine synthesis
\\ Glucose synthesis
\\\\ Why untreated diabetics develop ketosis?
\\\ The cells can utilize more amount of glucose,
than they need.
\\\ They have increased glycogen levels.
\\ The cells cannot utilize glucose.
\\\ Fatty acid synthesis is increased
\\\\ What is characteristic for hexokinase?
\\ High affinity for glucose
\\\ Low affinity for glucose
\\\ It has very high Km
\\\ Is induced by insulin
\\\\ What is characteristic for glucokinase?
\\\ High affinity for glucose
\\ Low affinity for glucose
\\\ It has low Km
\\\ Is inhibited by product of reaction
\\\\ Which enzyme decreases cAMP level?
\\\ adenylate cyclase
\\ phosphodiesterase
\\\ protein kinase
\\\ phospho protein phosphatase
\\\\ Which hormone activates
phosphodiestherase?
\\\ glucagon
\\ insulin
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\\\ growth factor \\\ muscular tissue
\\\ erythrocytes
\\\\ In which tissues is glucose transport depend
on the insulin? \\\\ Which compound provides activation of
\\\ in the lens gluconeogenesis?
\\\ in the liver \\\ NAD
\\ in the muscular tissue \\ acetyl-CoA
\\\ in the erythrocyte \\\ FAD
\\\ CoA
\\\\ In which tissues is glucose transport depend
on the insulin? \\\\ How glucagon and epinephrine prevent
\\\ in the lens decrease in glucose level in the blood?
\\\ in the liver \\ activation of gluconeogenesis
\\ in the adipose tissue \\\ inhibition of gluconeogenesis
\\\ in the erythrocyte \\\ enhancing lipogenesis
\\\ inhancing glycogenesis in the liver
\\\\ In which compartment pyruvate derived from
aerobic degradation of glucose is burnt? \\\\ How glucagon and epinephrine provide
\\\ Golji complex hyperglycemia?
\\\ endoplasmic reticulum \\\ activation of lipogenesis
\\ mitochondria \\\ activation of glycogenesis
\\\ lisosoms \\\ inhibition of gluconeogenesis
\\ activation of gluconeogenesis
\\\\ Which compound is inhibitor of pyruvate
dehydrogenase \\\\ Which compound is involved in the regulation
\\\ FAD of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
\\ Acetyl-CoA \\\ fructose-1,6 bisphosphate
\\\ Ca2+ \\ fructose-2,6 bisphosphate
\\\ NAD \\\ 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
\\\ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
\\\\ NADH+H+ produced in the glyceraldehyde
dehydrogenase reaction during anaerobic \\\\ Which hormone activates glycogene
conditions is used in: phosphorylase?
\\\ Respiratory chain \\\ Insulin
\\ Pyruvate reduction \\\ Tyroxin
\\\ pentose phosphate pathway \\\ Estrogens
\\\ glutathione oxidation reaction \\ Glucagon

\\\\ Which is the end product of glucose \\\\ Which enzyme is involved in the oxidative
degradation during aerobic conditions? decarboxylation of pyruvate?
\\\ lactate \\\ pyruvate carboxylase
\\\ pyruvate \\ pyruvate dehydrogenase
\\\ acetyl-CoA \\\ alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
\\ CO2 and H20 \\\ acetyl-CoA carboxylase

\\\\ In which tissue hexokinase does not catalyze \\\\ How insulin prevents increase in glucose level
phosphorylation of glucose? in the blood?
\\ liver \\\ by stimulation of gluconeogenesis
\\\ brain \\ by inhibition of gluconeogenesis
\\\ muscular tissue \\\ by inhibition of lipogenesis
\\\ erythrocytes \\\ by inhancing glycogenolysis in the liver

\\\\ In which tissue glucokinase catalyzes \\\\ Which is the substrate of enolase?
phosphorylation of glucose? \\\ citrate
\\ pancreas \\\ aconitate
\\\ brain \\\ phosphoenolpyruvate
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\\ 2-phosphoglycerate \\\ increased glycolysis
\\ Increased gluconeogenesis
\\\\ How the absorption of monosaccharides
proceeds? \\\\ In the cells stimulated by glucagon, the cAMP
\\\ Fructose is absorbed with the passive diffusion initiates an enzymatic cascade that begins with the
in the enterocytes activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and whose
\\\ specific transporter, exist on the lumen site of main results is:
enterocytes’ plasma membrane, provides glucose \\\ Increased glycolysis
absorption with passive facilitated diffusion \\\ Decreased gluconeogenesis
\\\ symport mechanism is characteristic for active \\ Increased fatty acid movilization
absorption of glucose. \\\ Decreased ketogenesis
\\ all answers are correct
\\\\ In the cells stimulated by glucagon, the cAMP
\\\\ During the gluconeogenic conversion of initiates an enzymatic cascade that begins with the
pyruvate into glucose in the liver, all of the activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and whose
following are involved EXCEPT main results is:
\\\ pyruvate carboxylase \\\ increased glycogenesis
\\ phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase \\\ increased glycolysis
\\\ phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase \\\ decreased gluconeogenesis
\\\ glucose 6-phosphatase \\\ Increased ketogenesis

\\\\ which enzyme is deficient during Pompe’s

disease (glycogen storage disease type II)?
\\\\ In the cells stimulated by glucagon, the cAMP \\\ glucose-6-phosphatase
initiates an enzymatic cascade that begins with the \\ alpha 1,4-glucosidase
activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and whose \\\ branching enzyme
main result is: \\\ glukokinase
\\ increased glycogenolysis
\\\ increased glycogenesis \\\\ which enzyme is deficient during McArdle’s
\\\ increased glycolysis disease (glycogen storage disease type V)?
\\\ decreased gluconeogenesis \\\ glucose-6-phosphatase
\\ muscle phosphorylase
\\\\ In the cells stimulated by glucagon, the cAMP \\\ branching enzyme
initiates an enzymatic cascade that begins with the \\\ liver phosphorylase
activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and whose
main results is: \\\\ which enzyme is deficient during Cori’s
\\\ Decreased glycogenolysis (glycogen storage disease type III) disease?
\\ Decreased glycogenesis \\\ glucose-6-phosphatase
\\\ Decreased fatty acid mobilization \\ debranching enzyme
\\\ Decreased ketogenesis \\\ branching enzyme
\\\ liver phosphorylase
\\\\ In the cells stimulated by glucagon, the cAMP
initiates an enzymatic cascade that begins with the
activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and whose
main results is:
\\\ Decreased glycogenesis
\\ Decreased glycolysis
\\\ decreased gluconeogenesis
\\\ decreased fatty acid mobilization

\\\\ In the cells stimulated by glucagon, the cAMP

initiates an enzymatic cascade that begins with the
activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and whose
main results is:
\\\ Decreased glycogenolysis
\\\ increased glycogenesis

FATTY ACIDS
\\\\ What is the action of lipoprotein lipase?
\\ hydrolysis of triacylglycerols of plasma
lipoproteins to supply fatty acids to various
tissues.
\\\ intestinal uptake of dietary fat.
\\\ intracellular lipid breakdown of lipoproteins.
\\\ lipoprotein breakdown to supply needed amino
acids.
\\\\ What is true about free fatty acids in the
bloodstream?
\\\ bound to hemoglobin.
\\ carried by the protein serum albumin.
\\\ freely soluble in the aqueous phase of the
blood.
\\\ nonexistent; the blood does not contain free
fatty acids.
\\\\ What is the role of hormone-sensitive
triacylglycerol lipase?
\\\ hydrolyze lipids stored in the liver.
\\ hydrolyze triacylglycerols stored in adipose
tissue.
\\\ synthesize lipids in adipose tissue.
\\\ synthesize triacylglycerols in the liver.
\\\\ What is required for transporting of fatty acids
from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix?
\\ ATP, carnitine, and coenzyme A.
\\\ ATP, carnitine, and pyruvate dehydrogenase.
\\\ ATP, coenzyme A, and hexokinase.
\\\ ATP, coenzyme A, and pyruvate
dehydrogenase.
\\\\ Fatty acids are activated to acyl-CoAs and the
acyl group is further transferred to carnitine. Why
is this process so important?
\\ acyl-carnitines readily cross the mitochondrial
inner membrane, but acyl-CoAs do not.
\\\ acyl-CoAs easily cross the mitochondrial
membrane, but the fatty acids themselves will not.
\\\ carnitine is required to oxidize NAD+ to
NADH.
\\\ fatty acids cannot be oxidized by FAD unless
they are in the acyl-carnitine form.
\\\\ Which of these is able to cross the inner
mitochondrial membrane?
\\\ Acetyl–CoA
\\ Fatty acyl–carnitine
\\\ Fatty acyl–CoA
\\\ Malonyl–CoA
\\\\ What is the correct order of function of the
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following enzymes of beta- oxidation?
\\\ beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase,
thiolase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, acyl-CoA
dehydrogenase
\\\ Thiolase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, acyl-CoA
dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase
\\ acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA
hydratase, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase,
thiolase
\\\ Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase , thiolase, enoyl-
CoA hydratase, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase,
\\\\ If the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid palmitate
is oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and
water (via the beta-oxidation pathway and the
citric acid cycle), and all of the energy-conserving
products are used to drive ATP synthesis in the
mitochondrion, What would be net yield of ATP
per molecule of palmitate?
\\\ 3.
\\\ 25.
\\ 108.
\\\ 1,000.
\\\\ Saturated fatty acids are degraded by the
stepwise reactions of beta-oxidation, producing
acetyl-CoA. Under aerobic conditions, how many
ATP molecules would be produced as a
consequence of removal of each acetyl-CoA?
\\\ 2
\\\ 3
\\ 4
\\\ 5
\\\\ Which of the following is (are) true of the
oxidation of 1 mol of palmitate (a 16-carbon
saturated fatty acid; 16:0) by the beta-oxidation
pathway, beginning with the free fatty acid in the
cytoplasm?
\\ Activation of the free fatty acid requires the
equivalent of two ATPs.
\\\ Carnitine functions as an electron acceptor.
\\\ 8 mol of FADH2 are formed.
\\\ There is no direct involvement of NAD+.
\\\\ Which of the following is (are) true of the
oxidation of 1 mol of palmitate (a 16-carbon
saturated fatty acid; 16:0) by the beta-oxidation
pathway, beginning with the free fatty acid in the
cytoplasm?
\\\ Activation of the free fatty acid requires the

equivalent of three ATPs.
\\\ Carnitine functions as an electron acceptor.
\\ 8 mol of acetyl-CoA are formed.
\\\ There is no direct involvement of NAD+.
\\\\ Which of the following statements apply to
the beta- oxidation of fatty acids?
\\\ The process takes place in the cytosol of
mammalian cells.
\\\ Before oxidation, fatty acids must be converted
to their CoA derivatives.
\\\ Carbon atoms are removed from the acyl
chain one at a time.
\\\ NADP+ is the electron acceptor.
\\ The products of beta oxidation can directly
enter the citric acid cycle for further oxidation.
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reaction contains biotin.
\\ FADH2 and NADH serve as electron carriers.
\\\ Oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid produces
six molecules of propionyl-CoA.
\\\ NADPH serves as an electron carrier.
\\\\ Which of the following is true of the beta-
oxidation of long-chain fatty acids?
\\\ The enzyme complex that catalyzes the
reaction contains biotin.
\\\ FMN serves as an electron carrier.
\\\ Oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid produces
six molecules of propionyl-CoA.
\\ Oxidation of a 15-carbon fatty acid produces at
least one propionyl-CoA.

\\\\ Which of the following statements concerning

the beta-oxidation of fatty acids is true? \\\\ The carbon atoms from a fatty acid with an
\\\ About 1,200 ATP molecules are ultimately odd number of carbons will enter the citric acid
produced per 20-carbon fatty acid oxidized. cycle as acetyl-CoA and:
\\\ One FADH2 and two NADH are produced for \\\ butyrate.
each acetyl-CoA. \\\ citrate.
\\ The free fatty acid must be converted to a \\ succinyl-CoA.
thioester before the process of beta-oxidation \\\\ alpha-ketoglutarate.
commences.
\\\ Two NADH are produced for each acetyl-CoA. \\\\ Ketone bodies are formed in the liver. By
which form are they transported to the
\\\\ Which compound is an intermediate of the extrahepatic tissues?
beta- oxidation of fatty acids? \\\ acetoacetyl-CoA.
\\\ CH3—(CH2)20—CO—COOH \\\ acetone.
\\\ CH3—CH2—CO—CH2—CO—OPO32– \\ beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
\\\ CH3—CH2—CO—CH2—OH \\\ lactic acid.
\\ CH3—CO—CH2—CO—S—CoA
\\\\ What is the major site of formation of
\\\\ What is the net formation of conversion of acetoacetate from fatty acids?
palmitoyl-CoA (16:0) to myristoyl-CoA (14:0) \\\ adipose tissue.
and 1 mol of acetyl-CoA by the beta-oxidation \\\ intestinal mucosa.
pathway? \\ liver.
\\ 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH. \\\ muscle.
\\\ 1 FADH2, 1 NADH, and 1 ATP.
\\\ 2 FADH2 and 2 NADH. \\\\ Which of the following is required in the
\\\ 2 FADH2, 2 NADH, and 1 ATP. synthesis of fatty acids?
\\ NADPH
\\\\ Which of the following is not true regarding \\\ pyridoxalphosphate
the oxidation of 1 mol palmitate (16:0) by the \\\ lipoic acid
beta- oxidation pathway? \\\ FADH2
\\\ 1 mol of ATP is needed.
\\\ 8 mol of acetyl-CoA are formed. \\\\ Which of the following is true of the reaction
\\ 8 mol of FADH2 are formed. producing malonyl-CoA during fatty acid
\\\ The reactions occur in the mitochondria. synthesis?
\\\ It is stimulated by cholesterol.
\\\\ Which of the following is true of the beta- \\\ It requires acyl carrier protein (ACP).
oxidation of long-chain fatty acids? \\ It requires CO2 (or bicarbonate) , ATP and
\\\ The enzyme complex that catalyzes the biotin.
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\\\ Three moles of ATP is converted to ADP + Pi \\\ hydrolyzed forms of triacylglycerols
for each malonyl-CoA synthesized. \\\ esterified cholesterols

\\\\ What is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid \\\\ What is the lipoprotein with the highest ratio
synthesis? of protein:lipid?
\\\ condensation of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. \\\ chylomicrons
\\\ formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate. \\\ VLDL
\\\ formation of malonyl-CoA from malonate and \\\ LDL
coenzyme A. \\ HDL
\\ the reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA
carboxylase. \\\\ What does the core of a typical lipoprotein
primarily consist of ?
\\\\ Which of these statements about \\\ apoB-100
triacylglycerol synthesis is correct? \\\ phospholipid
\\\ Humans can store more energy in glycogen \\\ cholesterol
than in triacylglycerols. \\ triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters
\\ Insulin stimulates conversion of dietary
carbohydrate into triacylglycerols. \\\\ What lipoprotein delivers dietary cholesterol
\\\ It is not a hormone-sensitive process. to the liver?
\\\ Mammals are unable to convert carbohydrates \\\ IDL
into triacylglycerols. \\ chylomicron remnants
\\\ LDL
\\\\ From which compound is synthesized \\\ HDL
cholesterol?
\\ acetyl-CoA. \\\\ Which lipoprotein accumulates in the
\\\ choline. bloodstream of patients with familial
\\\ lipoic acid. hypercholesterolemia?
\\\ malate. \\ LDL
\\\ IDL
\\\\ What is the 30-carbon precursor of the steroid \\\ HDL
nucleus? \\\ chylomicron
\\\ farnesyl pyrophosphate.
\\\ geranyl pyrophosphate. \\\\ What is the intracellular location of
\\\ lysolecithin. cholesterol biosynthesis?
\\ squalene. \\\ mitochondrial matrix
\\ cytoplasm
\\\\ Which of the following is derived from a \\\ golgi apparatus
sterol? \\\ nucleus
\\ Bile salts
\\\ Gangliosides \\\\ Where can cholesterol be synthesized?
\\\ Geraniol \\ in most mammalian cells
\\\ Phosphatidylglycerol \\\ in brain under anaerobic conditions
\\\ only in adipose tissue
\\\ only in the liver

\\\\ What is the largest energy store in a well- \\\\ In humans, by which form is cholesterol
nourished human? degraded and excreted?
\\\ ATP in all tissues. \\ bile salts.
\\\ blood glucose. \\\ CO2 and H2O.
\\\ muscle glycogen. \\\ bilirubin.
\\ triacylglycerols in adipose tissue. \\\ ketone bodies.

\\\\ What are bile salts? \\\\ What is the key regulatory step in cholesterol
\\ amphipathic cholesterol analogs with detergent biosynthesis?
properties \\ HMG-CoA reductase
\\\ charged phospholipids \\\ mevalonate kinase
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\\\ prenyl transferase in a muscle cell. Choose the molecular complex in
\\\ phophomevalonate kinase the blood in which the palmitate residue is carried
from the lumen of the gut to the surface of the gut
\\\\ Malonyl ACP, a three-carbon unit, is the epithelial cell.
starting material for fatty-acid biosynthesis. \\\ VLDL
However, the product fatty acid, at least in \\\ Chylomicron
mammals, contains an even number of carbons. \\\ Fatty acid-albumin complex
How is this accomplished? \\ Bile salt micelle
\\\ Malonyl ACP transfers only one carbon to the
nascent fatty acid during the condensation step. \\\\ Which of the following steps in the
\\\ Only even numbers of malonyl groups are used biosynthesis of cholesterol is the committed rate-
in fatty-acid biosynthesis. limiting step?
\\ Malonyl ACP is decarboxylated during the \\\ The condensation of acetoacetyl-CoA with a
condensation step. molecule of acetyl-CoA to yield ß-hydroxy-β
\\\ Malonyl ACP is used as a temporary catalytic methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA)
carrier of two carbon units (acetyl ACP). \\ The reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate
\\\ The conversion of mevalonate to two activated
\\\\ What is the most abundant component of isoprenes
chylomicrons? \\\ The formation of farnesyl pyrophosphate
\\\ ApoB-48
\\ Triglyceride \\\\ Which one of the following apoproteins acts
\\\ Phospholipid as a cofactor activator of the enzyme lipoprotein
\\\ Cholesterol ester lipase (LPL)?
\\\ ApoCIII
\\\\ The conversion of nascent chylomicrons to \\ ApoCII
mature chylomicrons requires which of the \\\ ApoB-48
following? \\\ ApoE
\\\ Bile salts
\\\ Lipoprotein lipase \\\\ Which one of the following sequences places
\\ High-density lipoprotein the lipoproteins in the order of most dense to least
\\\ Lymphatic system dense?
\\\ HDL/VLDL/chylomicrons/LDL
\\\\ The apoproteins B-48 and B-100 are similar \\ HDL/LDL/VLDL/chylomicrons
with respect to which of the following? \\\ LDL/chylomicrons/HDL/VLDL
\\ They are synthesized from the same gene. \\\ VLDL/chylomicrons/LDL/HDL
\\\ ApoB-48 is a proteolytic product of apoB-100.
\\\ Both are found in mature chylomicrons. \\\\ Which vitamin is derived from cholesterol?
\\\ Both are found in very-low-density \\\ A
lipoproteins. \\\ B12
\\ D
\\\\ Which of the following is involved in the \\\ E
synthesis of triacylgycerols in adipose tissue?
\\ Fatty acids obtained from chylomicrons and \\\\ The delivery of free fatty acids from
VLDL lipoproteins into adipose tissue cells will be
\\\ Glycerol 3-phosphate derived from blood increased by:
glycerol \\\ Epinephrine
\\\ 2-Monoacylglycerol as an obligatory \\\ Diabetes
intermediate \\\ Glucagon
\\\ Lipoprotein lipase to catalyze the formation of \\ Insulin
ester bonds
\\\\ Newly synthesized fatty acids are not
\\\\ A molecule of palmitic acid, attached to immediately degraded. Which of the following
carbon 1 of the glycerol moiety of a best explains this fact?
triacylglycerol, is ingested and digested. It passes \\\ Tissues that synthesize fatty acids do not
into the blood, is stored in a fat cell, and contain the enzymes that degrade fatty acids.
ultimately is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water

\\\ High NADPH levels inhibit beta- oxidation.
\\\ In the presence of insulin, the key fatty acid
degrading enzyme is not induced.
\\ Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria is
inhibited under conditions in which fatty acids are
being synthesized.
\\\\ What is true about conversion of acetoacetate
to acetone?
\\\ might be non-enzymatic
\\\ changes one ketone body into another
\\\ occurs in the mitochondria
\\ all of the above
\\\\ Dietary fats (triglycerides) are imported into
the body by which tissues?
\\\ adipose tissue
\\ intestine
\\\ liver
\\\ pancreas
\\\\ In animals, HMG-CoA is synthesized
\\ in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix
\\\ on the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma
membrane
\\\ in the Golgi apparatus primarily
\\\ on the endoplasmic reticulum and outer
mitochondrial membrane
\\\\ Triacylglycerols are cellular metabolic fuels.
Which of the following are true about
triacylglycerols?
\\\ They are polar, hydrophobic molecules.
\\\ Most triacylglycerols have three fatty acid
groups that are identical.
\\\ They should be completely eliminated from
the human diet.
\\ Triacylglycerols from animals are solids at
room temperature while those from plants are
liquid.
\\\\ How the fats are absorbed by the body during
digestion?
\\\ They are hydrolyzed by amylase in the mouth.
\\ They are emulsified in the small intestine by
bile salts.
\\\ They are digested in the stomach by stomach
acids.
\\\ They are transported directly through blood
\\\\ Once fats are digested, they are transported by
lipoproteins in the blood to the peripheral tissues.
What is the role of lipoproteins?
\\\ They act as detergents.
\\\ They degrade triacylglycerols into fatty acids
and glycerol.
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\\\ They raise cAMP levels.
\\ They keep triacylglycerols in a soluble form
\\\\ beta-oxidation of fatty acids occurs on
activated fatty acids (fatty acyl CoA). After each
set of reactions, the fatty acid chain is reduced by
two carbons. These leave in the form of acetyl
CoA. Why is this important?
\\ Acetyl CoA goes on to further oxidation in the
citric acid cycle.
\\\ Acetyl CoA recycles back into b oxidation.
\\\ Acetyl CoA is further metabolized into
acetate.
\\\ Acetyl CoA used as a cholesterol precursor.
\\\\ Which enzyme catalyzes the production of
malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA in the process of
fatty acid synthesis?
\\\ Acetyl transferase
\\ Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
\\\ Malate dehydrogenase
\\\ Aconitase
\\\\ Which statement is correct about absorption
of lipids?
\\\ Bile salts derived from micelles are excreted
from the body with feces.
\\\ All products derived from lipids are easily
absorbed in the enterocytes
\\ TGs re-synthesized in enterocytes are
transported in the entherocytes’ lymph system in
the form of chylomicrons.
\\\ VLDL provides transport of absorbed lipids
\\\\ Which enzyme is hormone-dependent?
\\ triacylglycerol lipase
\\\ diacylglycerol lipase
\\\ monoacylglycerol lipase
\\\ pancreatic lipase
\\\\ Which is not produced from cholesterol in the
body?
\\\ Corticosteroids
\\\ provitamin D3
\\ Vitamin A
\\\ Bile acids
\\\\ Which one is correct about citrate?
\\\ Is allosteric activator of acyl-CoA
\\\ With help of this compound acetyl-CoA is
transported from mitochondria into the citosol
\\\ Oxaloacetate produced form degradation of the
citrate is the source for CO2 and NADPH which
are essential for fatty acid synthesis.
\\ All answers are correct
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\\ The regulatory enzyme of the process is
\\\\ What is characteristic for blood plasma triacylglycerol lipase
lipoproteins? \\\ The regulatory enzyme of the process is
\\\ TGs resynthesized in the enterocytes are diacylglycerol lipase
transported in the content of VLDL. \\\ triacylglycerol lipase is inhibited by adrenalin,
\\\ TGs resynthesized in the liver are transported glucagon, adrenocorticotropic hormone
in the content of chylomicrons \\\ insulin activates the process
\\\ HDL is characterized with high content of
HDL \\\\ Which hormone inhibits degradation of
\\ LDL involves in the transportation process of triacylglycerols (lipolysis)?
cholesterol and its esthers \\\ Adrenalin
\\\ Glucagon
\\\\ What is the function of LCAT (Lecitin \\\ Adrenocorticotropic hormone
cholesterol acyl trasnferase)? \\ Insulin
\\\ It catalyzes reaction between phospholipids
and free cholesterol on the surface of HDL \\\\ Which one is not lipid digestive enzyme?
\\\ Lisolecitin and esterified cholesterol are \\\ Phospholipase
produced after LCAT action \\\ Cholesterol esterase
\\\ esterified cholesterol which is produced with \\ Peptidase
LCAT reaction finally utilizes in the liver \\\ Lipase
\\ All listed concepts are correct
\\\\ Which is not correct concerning acetyl-CoA
\\\\ Which compound does not take place in the carboxylase?
process of cholesterol biosynthesis? \\\ Its prostethic group is biotin
\\\ Beta-hydroxy beta methyl glutaryl CoA \\\ Its allosteric activator is citrate
\\\ Mevalonate \\\ Its synthesis inductor is insulin
\\ Malonyl-CoA \\ Takes part in TCA cycle
\\\ Squalen
\\\\ What is not bile function?
\\\\ What is characteristic for cholesterol \\\ Neutralization of chymus’ acid reaction
metabolism? \\\ Taking part in the process of absorption of
\\\ Synthesis of cholesterol takes place in the lipid soluble vitamins
mitochondria \\\ Excretion of toxins from the body
\\\ Regulatory enzyme of the biosynthesis is \\ Digestion of protein
thyolase
\\ LDL is the richest fraction with cholesterol \\\\ Activation of fatty acids goes with:
\\\ LDL is the poorest fraction with cholesterol \\ CoA
\\\ CTP
\\\\ Which compounds are produced after action \\\ Carnitine
of pancreatic lipase? \\\ UTP
\\\ Triacylglycerol
\\ Free fatty acids and 2 mono acyl glycerol \\\\ Activation of fatty acids catalyzes with
\\\ Glycerol, fatty acids and cholin enzyme:
\\\ Fatty acids and cholesterol \\\ Carnitin palmitoil-transferase II
\\ Acyl-CoA synthetase
\\\\ Which is not characteristic for ketone bodies \\\ Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
metabolism? \\\ Translocase
\\\ Ketogenesis occurs in liver mitochondria
\\\ Ketogenesis intensifies because of inhancing \\\\ Which compound transfers acyl-CoA from
of lipolysis cytosol to mitochondria?
\\ Oxidation of ketone bodies goes in liver cells’ \\ carnitine
citosol \\\ ATP
\\\ Hiperketonemia is characteristic for diabetes \\\ GTP
mellitus \\\ CoA

\\\\ How the intracellular lipolysis is regulated? \\\\ How Acyl CoA is transported into the
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mitochondria?
\\\ With help of active transport \\\\ Which decarboxylating dehydrogenase is
\\ Carnitine is essential for entering of Acyl CoA involved in the process of palmitate biosynthesis?
in the mitochondria \\\ Pyruvate dehydrogenase
\\\ Carnitin palmitoil-transferase II catalyzes this \\\ Isocytrate dehydrogenase
reaction \\\ Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
\\\ Translocase is not involved in the process \\ Malic enzyme (cytosolic malate
dehydrogenase)
\\\\ Acyl-CoA ----- enoyl-CoA the enzyme of
the reaction is: \\\\ Which lipoprotein is source of Apo E and Apo
\\ Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase C for maturing the chylomicrons?
\\\ Succinate dehydrogenase \\\ LDL
\\\ Acyl-CoA synthetase \\\ VLDL
\\\ Beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase \\ HDL
\\\ IDL
\\\\ How many acetyl CoA is produced after beta-
oxidation of palmitate? \\\\ Which apolipoprotein exist in the immature
\\\ 6 chylomicron?
\\ 8 \\\ ApoC and Apo E
\\\ 9 \\ Apo B-48
\\\ 12 \\\ ApoC-1 and Apo-D
\\\ ApoB-100
\\\\ how many beta-spirals are required for beta-
oxidation of palmitate? \\\\ Which apolipoprotein exist in the immature
\\\ 6 VLDL?
\\ 7 \\ Apo B-100
\\\ 10 \\\ ApoA
\\\ 12 \\\ ApoE
\\\ ApoD
\\\\ how many macroergic bonds of ATP are
required for acyl-CoA synthetase reaction? \\\\ VLDL maturation occurs after addition of :
\\\ 1 \\\ ApoB-100 and ApoC
\\ 2 \\ ApoC and ApoE
\\\ 3 \\\ ApoE and ApoA
\\\ 6 \\\ ApoC-I and ApoB-48

\\\\ Fatty acids biosynthesis starts from: \\\\ Which lipoprotein is precursor of IDL?
\\\ Succinyl-CoA \\\ Chylomicron
\\ Acetyl-CoA \\ VLDL
\\\ Acetoacetate \\\ HDL
\\\ Succinate \\\ LDL

\\\\ Which compound participates in the process \\\\ HDL is:

of fatty acids’ elongation with 2 carbons? \\\ Chylomicron remnants
\\\ Lactate \\\ Bad lipoprotein
\\\ Malate \\ Lipoprotein, to which LCAT is attached
\\\ Propionate \\\ TAG-rich lipoprotein
\\ Malonyl-CoA
\\\\ Which is the inductor of acetyl-CoA
\\\\ How many NADPH are added to process of carboxylase synthesis?
palmitate biosynthesis from pentose phosphate \\\ Glucagon
pathway? \\\ Adrenalin
\\\ 3 \\\ Adrenopcorticotropic hormone
\\ 6 \\ Insulin
\\\ 7
\\\ 8 \\\\ in glycolytic pathway glycerol is involved by
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form of: \\\ lipoprotein lipase
\\\ Pyruvate \\ TG-lipase
\\ Dihydroxyaceton phosphate \\\ phospholipase
\\\ Lactate
\\\ Phospho enolpyruvate \\\\ What is the allosteric inhibitor of acetyl-CoA
carboxylase?
\\\\ How glycerol is activated? \\\ acetyl-CoA
\\\ By acetylation \\ palmitoyl-CoA
\\\ By uridylation \\\ Malonyl-CoA
\\\ By methylation \\\ acetoacetate
\\ By phosphorylation
\\\\ In duodenum lipid emulsification occurs by
\\\\ Which enzyme activates glycerol? action of:
\\\ Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase \\\ HCl
\\\ Thiolase \\ bile
\\ Glycerol kinase \\\ intestinal juice
\\\ aldolase \\\ gastric juice

\\\\ What is the common intermediate compound \\\\ Which statement is not characteristic for
of cholesterol biosynthesis and ketogenesis? ketone body metabolism?
\\\ Succinyl-CoA \\\ Their utilization occurs in liver
\\ HMG-CoA \\\ NADH/NAD+ ratio in mitochondria
\\\ Alpha ketoglutarate determines the ratio of beta-hydroxybutirate and
\\\ Chenodeoxycholic acid acetoacetate
\\ In case of high ratio of NAD/NADH+
\\\\ The starting compound of cholesterol concentration of beta-hydroxybutirate increases in
biosynthesis is: liver
\\\ acyl-CoA \\\ hyperketonemia causes ketoacidoses.
\\ acetyl-CoA
\\\ acetoacetate \\\\ Which enzyme’s low activity causes obesity?
\\\ cholic acid \\ triacylglycerol lipase
\\\ diacylglycerol lipase
\\\\ Which coenzyme is involved in cholesterol \\\ monoacylglycerol lipase
biosynthesis process? \\\ phospho lipase
\\\ NAD+
\\\ FAD \\\\ Which compound takes part in fatty acid
\\ NADPH elongation process?
\\\ TPP \\ acetyl-CoA
\\\ Lactate
\\\\ Which is not intermediate compound of \\\ Malonyl-CoA
cholesterol? \\\ Malate
\\ cholic acid
\\\ isopentenylpyrophosphate \\\\ What is the substrate of lipoprotein lipase?
\\\ pharnesipyrophosphate \\ TG existing in VLDL
\\\ mevalonate \\\ TG existing in LDL
\\\ TG existing in HDL
\\\\ How insulin acts on lipid metabolism? \\\ TG existing in membranes
\\\ intracellular cAMP concentration increases in
adipose tissue \\\\ Which lipoprotein inhibits cholesterol
\\\ triacylglycerol lipase activates biosynthesis?
\\\ activates intracellular lipolysis \\\ VLDL
\\ activates lipid storage process \\\ HDL
\\\ IDL
\\\\ Which enzyme degrades chylomicrons and \\ LDL
VLDL triacylglycerols?
\\\ HMG-CoA reductase \\\\ To which lipoprotein is LCAT (lecithin:
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cholesterol: acyl transferase) bound?
\\\ VLDL \\\\ What compound is necessary for transporting
\\ HDL long-chain fatty acids from cytosol into
\\\ IDL mitochondria?
\\\ LDL \\ transporter carnitine
\\\ Na+K+ATP-ase
\\\\ free fatty acids are produced after hydrolysis \\\ G-protein
of: \\\ UTP
\\\ Histons
\\ triacylglycerols \\\\ Which compound is received on the last stage
\\\ chromoproteins of beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
\\\ phosphoproteins \\ propionyl-CoA
\\\ Acetyl-CoA
\\\\ What is the role of citrate in lipid metabolism? \\\ Butiril-CoA
\\\ provides transport of acetyl-CoA from cytosol \\\ Succinyl-CoA
into mitochondria
\\\ inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase \\\\ What statement is not correct concerning
\\ oxaloacetate produced from citrate provides the acetyl-CoA carboxilase?
cells with NADPH \\\ catalyses rate limiting step of fatty acid
\\\ inhibits malic-enzyme. synthesis
\\ activates by palmitoil-CoA
\\\\ allosteric activator of acetyl-CoA-carboxilase \\\ requires biotin
is: \\\ inductor of the synthesis is insulin
\\ citrate
\\\ palmitoyl-CoA \\\\ In which metabolic pathway acetyl-CoA is not
\\\ acetyl-CoA used?
\\\ Malonyl-CoA \\\ in the oxidation pathway of acetyl-group for
energy generation
\\\\ Which is not involved in the process of \\\ in the process of ketone bodies synthesis
triacylglycerols? \\\ in the process of long-chain fatty acid
\\\ glycerol-3-phosphate synthesis
\\\ phosphatidic acid \\ in the gluconeogenetic process for increasing
\\\ lisophophatidic acid glucose concentration
\\ acetoacetate
\\\\ acetyl-CoA + HCO3-+ ATP --------- Malonyl-
\\\\ How insulin acts on lipid metabolism? CoA+H2O+ADP+Pi this reaction is:
\\ inhibits intracellular lipolysis \\ rate-limiting step of fatty acid synthesis
\\\ prevents triacylglycerol storage in adipose \\\ intermediate step in the process of TAG
tissue synthesis
\\\ causes repression of synthesis of acetyl-CoA \\\ the precursor reaction for TCA cycle
carboxylase \\\ example of anaplerotic reaction
\\\ prevents glucose conversion into glucose
\\\\ How the brain adapts for starvation?
\\\\ Which lipoprotein transports dietary \\\ with anaerobic oxidation of glucose
cholesterol to the liver? \\\ with beta-oxidation of fatty acids
\\ chylomicrons \\ with ketone bodies oxidation
\\\ LDL \\\ with glycerol oxidation
\\\ HDL
\\\ VLDL \\\\ How pharmacologic drugs – statins act as
hypocholesterolemic agents?
\\\\ What is wrong about long-chain fatty acids? \\ inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
\\\ Fatty acids are hydrophobic compounds \\\ activate HMG-CoA reductase
\\\ they have toxic features \\\ inhibit acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase
\\ fatty acid activation need GTP energy \\\ activate mevalonate kinase
\\\ palmitate and sterate belong to saturated long-
chain fatty acids. \\\\ Which statement is not correct concerning
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comparison of lipid and carbohydrate
metabolism?
\\ after oxidation of triacylglycerols less ATPs are
synthesized compared to glycogen
\\\ triacylglycerols are stored without water and
glycogen - with twice more water .
\\\ fats are not used as energy source in anaerobic
conditions
\\\ fats are slowly mobilized than glycogen

\\\\ Which of the following is characteristic for

insulin resistance during diabetes mellitus type 2 ?
\\\ obesity and insulin resistance does nor
correlate
\\\ tissues respond to insulin with hypersignaling
\\\ concentration of free fatty acids are declined in
the blood
\\ glucose utilization in muscles is declined

\\\\ Which clinical signs are not characteristic for

insulin resistance?
\\\ increased glucose level in the blood
\\\ increased insulin level in the blood
\\\ obesity
\\ decreased free fatty acid concentration in the
blood

\\\\ What is characteristic for starvation phase?

\\\ storage of glycogen and triacylglycerols
\\ utilization of ketone bodies by the brain for
energetical issues
\\ inhibition of gluconeogenesis in liver
\\\ decreasing concentration of free fatty acids and
glycerol in the blood

\\\\ After synthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate from

glycerol makes this compound available for
glycolitic and gluconeogenetic pathways. Which
enzyme provides phosphorylation of glycerol?
\\ glycerol kinase
\\\ glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
\\\ glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
\\\ triose phosphate dehydrogenase

Hormones
\\\\ What process of maturation of insulin from its
precursor (preproinsulin) involves:
\\\ acetylation.
\\\ phosphorylation.
\\ proteolysis.
\\\ reduction.
\\\\ What is the effect of elevated insulin level in
the blood?
\\\ inhibion of glucose uptake by the liver.
\\\ inhibition of glycogen synthesis in the liver
and muscle.
\\\ stimulation of glycogen breakdown in liver.
\\ stimulation of synthesis of fatty acids and
triacylglycerols in the liver.
\\\\ What is the effect of elevated insulin level in
the blood?
\\\ fatty acid mobilization in adipose tissue.
\\\ gluconeogenesis in liver.
\\\ glycogen breakdown in muscle.
\\ glycogen synthesis in liver.
\\\\ What process is activated by anabolic
hormone insulin?
\\\ Degradation of proteins with formation of
amino acids
\\\ Convertion of glycogen to glucose
\\\ The conversion of amino acids to glucose
\\ The conversion of glucose to fatty acids and
triacylglycerol
\\\\ Which of the following is not called counter
regulatory (they counter the effects of insulin)
hormone?
\\\ Glucagon
\\\ Norepinephrine
\\\ Cortisol
\\ Growth factor
\\\\ In which of the following processes the
hormone insulin is not participating?
\\\ The synthesis of fatty acids from glucose
\\\ The synthesis of triacylglycerols in liver and
adipose tissue
\\ The mobilization of amino acids from proteins
for gluconeogenesis
\\\ The synthesis of proteins
\\\\ You would expect that the release of insulin
would be the greatest, when:
\\\ digging ditches for 4 hours
\\\ running from a gorilla
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\\ eating a high carbohydrate
\\\ eating a high protein meal
\\\\ You would expect the release of glucagon to
be least
\\\ When eating a high protein meal
\\ When eating a high carbohydrate meal
\\\ When pushing a car for 20 miles
\\\ During hypoglycemia
\\\\ As a group, you would expect the stress
hormones to
\\\ Increase the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver
\\\ Increase triacylglycerol synthesis in liver and
adipose tissue
\\ Increase the utilization of muscle protein for
glucose synthesis
\\\ Increase glycogen synthesis
\\\\ Which one of the following events regarding
the synthesis of insulin is true?
\\\ Insulin is not synthesized as a preprohormone,
it’s synthesized like steroid hormones
\\\ Cleavage of the signal peptide in the
endoplasmic reticulum converts the active insulin
to inactive prohormone form.
\\ Formation of disulfide bonds and cleavage of
the C-peptide and a few amino acids by proteases
converts the prohormone into insulin
\\\ Insulin precipitates with protamine in the
storage vesicles of beta-cells of the pancreas
\\\\ Which of the following is true about the
release of insulin from beta-cells?
\\\ Insulin secretion increases during illness
because of epinephrine binding to receptors
\\\ Insulin secretion decreases following the
initiation of exercise because of epinephrine
binding to receptors
\\\ Insulin secretion impaires following a high
protein diet in response to increased
concentrations of amino acids
\\ Insulin secretion increases following a high
carbohydrate meal in response to increased
concentrations of glucose
\\\\ Which of the following is true concerning the
release of glucagon from alpha-cells?
\\\ Insulin will bind to alpha-cells and increase the
release of glucagon
\\\ A high carbohydrate meal will increase the
release of glucagon
\\\ Hyperglycemia will increase the release of
glucagon
\\ Trauma and other types of stress will increase
the release of glucagon

\\\\ When insulin increases, it binds to insulin
receptors on muscle cells. What is the result of
this?
\\ The receptor changes conformation and
autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor occurs
\\\ Before autophosphorylation, the insulin
receptor phosphorylates seryl residues on the IRS
protein
\\\ A chain of reactions occur that eventually
activate cAMP
\\\ cAMP initiates a sequence of events that
results in Glut-1 moving from storage vesicles to
the membrane so that there is an increase in
glucose transport
\\\\ When a fasting person eats a high
carbohydrate or mixed meal, the concentration of
glucagon may decreases or remains the same, but
the second messenger system of glucagon is
wiped out. How this process is explained?
\\ Insulin activates cAMP phosphodiesterase, an
enzyme that converts cAMP into AMP
\\\ Insulin activates protein kinases that
phosphorylates proteins that were
dephosphorylated by protein kinase A
\\\ Proteins like liver phosphofructokinase-
2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase are phosphorylated
by protein kinases
\\\ Proteins like pyruvate kinase are
phosphorylated by protein phosphatase
\\\\ What process will promote when glucagon
binds to its receptor on the liver membrane?
\\\ A change in conformation of the glucagon
receptor results in binding to Gi protein and
release of bound GTP
\\\ The binding of GTP to Gs protein causes
association of the alpha subunit with beta-gamma
subunit
\\\ cAMP will convert into AMP by
phosphodiesterase.
\\ Active protein kinase A, activated by cAMP,
will phosphorylate other proteins and the activity
of regulatory enzymes will be changed
\\\\ Your patient has an insulinoma and suffers
from fasting hypoglycemia. Which of the
following would help explain why the abnormally
high insulin levels would cause fasting
hypoglycemia?
\\\ Insulin is signaling cells to degrade liver
glycogen, thus increase the blood glucose
\\ Insulin is inhibiting gluconeogenesis so blood
glucose cannot be renewed from this source
\\\ Insulin is activating glycolysis and fatty acid
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synthesis in muscle so these sources of ATP are a
lot.
\\\ Insulin is activating the release of free fatty
acids from adipose so even more glucose is
needed to maintain the ATP of most cell types
\\\\ Your patient has an insulinoma and suffers
from fasting hypoglycemia. Which of the
following statements would be true?
\\\ Hypoglycemia is caused by the release of
epinephrine and glucagon
\\\ Both glucagon and epinephrine decrease the
concentration of glucose in the blood.
\\\ Insulin will activate the release of glucagon
from alpha-cells
\\ Insulin is released in fasting state also.
\\\\ Which of the following statements about
hormonal levels during different states is true?
\\\ During the time you are eating a high
carbohydrate mixed meal, the insulin/glucagon
ratio will decrease
\\\ When passing from the fed to fasting state,
insulin and glucagon usually decrease
\\\ When playing basketball, epinephrine is
usually low and insulin is high
\\ After running for 20 miles, epinephrine,
glucagon and cortisol are high and insulin is low
\\\\ When the insulin/glucagon ratio falls (when
you begin to exercise, run, etc.) which of the
following will occur?
\\\ Glycogen synthase will be activated by
phosphorylation by protein kinase A
\\\ Glycogen phosphorylase will be deactivated by
phosphorylation by phosphorylase kinase
\\ Phosphorylase kinase will be activated by
phosphorylation by protein kinase A
\\\ Increased cAMP will bind to and combine the
regulatory and catalytic subunits of protein kinase
A
\\\\ insulin activates protein phosphatase, what is
the result of action of protein phosphatase?
\\ activates glycogen synthase by
dephosphorylation
\\\ Inactivates phosphorylase kinase by
dephosphorylation
\\\ Inactivates glycogen phosphorylase by
phosphorylation
\\\ Activates acetyl CoA carboxylase by
phosphorylation
\\\\ Which of the following statements best
describes glucagon?
\\\ It acts as an anabolic hormone.

\\ It acts primarily on the liver and adipose tissue.
\\\ Its concentration in the blood increases after a
high-carbohydrate meal.
\\\ Its concentration increases in the blood when
insulin levels increase.
\\\\ Which of the following is most likely to occur
in a normal individual after ingesting a high-
carbohydrate meal?
\\ Only insulin level increases.
\\\ Only glucagon level increases.
\\\ Both insulin and glucagon levels decrease.
\\\ Both insulin and glucagon levels increase.
\\\\ After binding of glucagon to a liver cell, what
process is activated?
\\\ G-protein binds to ATP
\\ Adenylate cyclase is activated
\\\ Protein phosphatase is activated
\\\ Cyclic-AMP is decreased
\\\\ After a 24 hour fast, the maintenance of blood
glucose is largely a result of the change in the
insulin to glucagon ratio. Which of the following
help to explain this mechanism?
\\\ More free fatty acids and glycerol are stored in
adipose tissue
\\\ More malonyl-CoA is produced from free fatty
acids in the liver
\\ Acetyl CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase
\\\ Oxaloacetate is used as the principal source of
energy to drive gluconeogenesis
\\\\ All of the following actions of glucagon are
true EXCEPT
\\\ Glucagon will inhibit glycogen synthesis and
activate glycogenolysis
\\\ Glucagon will activate fatty acid mobilization
(release) in adipose tissue
\\ Glucagon will activate triacylglycerol synthesis
in liver and adipose tissue
\\\ Glucagon will remove amino acids for
gluconeogenesis and thus increase the
mobilization of amino acids from proteins
\\\\ When the glucagon concentration outside a
liver cell is decreased suddenly, there is rapid
change in the activation of many of the pathways
influenced by glucagon. Which of the following is
not responsible for the rapid termination of signal?
\\\ Without glucagon bound, receptors can no
longer activate Gs protein
\\ The G-beta-gama subunit hydrolyzes GTP and
is no longer active
\\\ cAMP phosphodiesterase removes cAMP from
the cell
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\\\ Protein phosphatases remove phosphate groups
and cause some enzymes to be more active
\\\\ When epinephrine is bound to the following
receptors, which one activates the IP3 pathway?
\\ Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor
\\\ Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
\\\ Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
\\\ Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
\\\\ Assume that you find a patient with a
glucagon-secreting pancreatic tumor
(glucagonoma). Which one of the following is
most likely to result from hyperglucagonemia?
\\ Hyperglycemia
\\\ Increased muscle protein synthesis.
\\\ Increased liver glycolytic rate
\\\ Increased glycogenesis
\\\\ Assume that you find a patient with a
glucagon-secreting pancreatic tumor
(glucagonoma). Which one of the following is
most likely to result from hyperglucagonemia?
\\ increased lipolysis
\\\ Increased muscle protein synthesis.
\\\ Increased liver glycolytic rate
\\\ Increased glycogenesis
\\\\ A typical characteristic of hormones that use
the second messenger mechanism is that:
\\ they can not pass through the plasma membrane
\\\ the receptor is located in the cytosol
\\\ the receptor is not necessary
\\\ the receptor binds to the hormone to allow it to
enter the cell
\\\\ Receptors for steroid hormones can be found:
\\\ in the plasma membrane
\\ in the cytosol
\\\ in the mitochondria
\\\ in the ribosomes
\\\\ The binding of insulin to the insulin receptor
triggers:
\\\ the activation of adenyl ciclase
\\\ the activation of phospholipase C
\\\ a decrease of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane
\\ tyrosine kinase activity
\\\\ Which of the of the following hormones use
cAMP as second messenger?
\\\ Insulin
\\\ Thyroxin
\\\ Progesterone
\\ Glucagon
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\\\\ Hormones that act through Phospholipase C
activation, in fact are using three second
messengers:
\\\ cAMP, , Ca++ and Diacylglycerol
\\\ cAMP, Diacylglycerol and Inositol 1,4,5
triphosphate
\\\ Ca++, Diacylglycerol and ceramide
\\ Ca++, Diacylglycerol and Inositol 1.4.5
triphosphate

\\\\ What do insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine

have in common?
\\\ They increase blood glucose levels.
\\ They act through signal transduction.
\\\ They are all proteins.
\\\ They are all released by the pancreas.

AMINO ACIDS
\\\\ In amino acid catabolism, what is the first
reaction for many amino acids?
\\\ decarboxylation requiring thiamine
pyrophosphate (TPP).
\\\ hydroxylation requiring NADPH and O2.
\\\ oxidative deamination requiring NAD+.
\\ transamination requiring pyridoxal phosphate
(PLP).
\\\\ What is the source of the coenzyme required
for all transaminases?
\\\ niacin.
\\\ pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
\\\ riboflavin.
\\\ ciancobalamin (vitamin B12).
\\\\ Which coenzyme is involved in a
transaminase reaction?
\\\ lipoic acid.
\\\ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADP+).
\\ pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
\\\ thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
\\\\ Transamination from alanine to alpha-
ketoglutarate requires the coenzyme:
\\\ NADH.
\\\ No coenzyme is involved.
\\ pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
\\\ thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
\\\\ Which statement is correct for the conversion
of glutamate to an alpha-ketoacid and NH4+?
\\\ does not require any cofactors.
\\\ is a reductive deamination.
\\\ is accompanied by ATP hydrolysis catalyzed
by the same enzyme.
\\ is catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase.
\\\\ Primarily in which tissues urea synthesis takes
place in mammals?
\\\ brain.
\\\ kidney.
\\ liver.
\\\ small intestine.
\\\\ Which substance is involved in the production
of urea from NH4+ via the urea cycle?
\\\ mevalonate
\\\ TTP
\\ Carbamoyl phosphate
\\\ Malate
\\\\ Which of these directly donates a nitrogen
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atom for the formation of urea during the urea
cycle?
\\\ Adenine
\\ Aspartate
\\\ Creatine
\\\ Ornithine
\\\\ Which of these amino acids are both
ketogenic and glucogenic?
\\ Isoleucine
\\\ Valine
\\\ Histidine
\\\ Arginine
\\\\ The nitrogens in urea are directly derived
from which of the following compounds?
\\\ Ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate
\\\ Ornithine and aspartate
\\\ Ornithine and glutamate
\\ Carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate
\\\\ Which one of the following enzymes can fix
ammonia into an organic molecule?
\\\ Alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase
\\ Glutamate dehydrogenase
\\\ Arginase
\\\ Argininosuccinate synthetase
\\\\ which of the following is the major regulated
step of urea cycle?
\\ Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1
\\\ Ornithine transcarbamoylase
\\\ Argininosuccinate synthetase
\\\ Argininosuccinate lyase
\\\\ Which of the following enzyme reactions
takes place during the synthesis of urea from
ammonium ion and glutamate?
\\\ Carbamoyl phosphate + citrulline = ornithine
\\ Aspartate + citrulline + ATP =
argininosuccinate + AMP + PPi
\\\ CO2 + NH4+ + 2 ADP = carbamoyl phosphate
+ 2 ATP
\\\ Argininosuccinate = arginine + urea
\\\\ Which of the following would be expected to
increase the activity of the urea cycle:
\\\ Antibiotics
\\\ Switching to a high carbohydrate diet
\\ An increase in gluconeogenesis
\\\ High insulin concentration
\\\\ Which of the following is an essential amino
acid?
\\\ Alanine
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\\\ Glycine glutamate is not true:
\\ Valine \\\ It can be synthesized in the transaminase
\\\ Aspartate reaction using alanine as a substrate
\\\ It can be synthesized by the glutamate
\\\\ The urea cycle is regulated by: dehydrogenase reaction using alpha-ketoglutarate
\\\ Acetyl CoA and free ammonium ion as substrates
\\\ Malonyl CoA \\\ It can transfer it's amino group to oxaloacetate
\\ N-acetylglutamate in a one step reaction
\\\ Cytoplasmic carbamoyl phosphate \\ It can transfer it's amino group to citrulline in a
one step reaction
\\\\ By which form the carbon structure of this
amino acid can be converted in a single enzyme
step into an interemediate in either the TCA cycle
or the urea cycle?
\\\ Arginine
\\\ Citrulline
\\ Aspartate
\\\ Glutamine

\\\\ Which of the following is an essential amino

acid:
\\\ Alanine
\\ Tryptophan
\\\ Glutamine
\\\ Asparagine

\\\\ Which of the following amino acids is

ketogenic?
\\ Leucine
\\\ Alanine
\\\ Glutamate
\\\ Phenylalanine

\\\\ Which of the following is characteristic for

aminotransferases?
\\\ usually require alpha-ketoglutarate or
glutamine as one of the reacting pair.
\\\ catalyze irreversible reactions.
\\ require pyridoxal phosphate as an essential
cofactor for the reaction.
\\\ are not able to catalyze transamination
reactions with essential amino acids.

\\\\ Which of the following is not true of the

reaction catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase?
\\ It is similar to transamination in that it involves
the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
\\\ NH4+ is produced.
\\\ The enzyme can use either NAD+ or NADP+
as a cofactor.
\\\ The enzyme is glutamate-specific, but the
reaction is involved in oxidizing other amino
acids.

\\\\ Which of the following statements about


Hemoglobin, myoglobin
\\\\ When oxygen binds to a heme-containing
protein, by what of the following two
coordination bonds of Fe2+ are occupied?
\\\ one O atom and one amino acid atom.
\\ one O2 molecule and one amino acid atom.
\\\ one O2 molecule and one heme atom.
\\\ two O2 molecules.
\\\\ What curve is characteristic for oxygen
binding to myoglobin?
\\ hyperbolic.
\\\ linear with a negative slope.
\\\ linear with a positive slope.
\\\ sigmoidal.
\\\\ What is characteristic for myoglobin and the
subunits of hemoglobin?
\\\ They have no obvious structural relationship.
\\\ They have very similar primary and tertiary
structures.
\\\ They have very similar primary structures, but
different tertiary structures.
\\ They have very similar tertiary structures, but
different primary structures.
\\\\ by what is triggered the transition from T
state to R state (low to high affinity) in
hemoglobin?
\\\ Fe2+ binding.
\\\ heme binding.
\\ oxygen binding.
\\\ subunit association.
\\\\ The amino acid substitution of Val for Glu in
Hemoglobin S results in aggregation of the
protein. What type of interactions between
molecules is the main reason of the aggregation?.
\\\ covalent
\\\ disulfide
\\ hydrophobic
\\\ ionic
\\\\ The fundamental cause of sickle-cell disease
is a change in the structure of:
\\\ blood.
\\\ capillaries.
\\ hemoglobin.
\\\ the heart.
\\\\ What chains are found in in HBA2 as well as
in HBF?
\\ hemoglobin alpha-chains
\\\ hemoglobin beta-chains
\\\ hemoglobin gama-chains
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\\\ hemoglobin sigma-chains
\\\\ What statement is correct for 2,3
bisphosphoglycerate (2,3 BPG)?
\\\ is absent in the normal erythrocytes
\\\ is a homotropic effector for hemoglobin
\\\ binds more tightly to HbF than to HbA
\\ synthesis increases when hemoglobin’s T-R
equilibrium is shifted in favor of the T state.
\\\\ What factor increases the affinity of
hemoglobin to oxygen?
\\ high concentration of oxygen
\\\ high concentration 2,3 BPG
\\\ low pH
\\\ high concentration of CO2
\\\\ What is the composition of HbA2?
\\\ alpha2-epsylon2
\\ alpha2-beta2
\\\ alpha2-sigma2
\\\ alpha2-gama2
\\\\ How does the high concentration of 2,3- BPG
influence on hemoglobin affinity to oxygen?
\\\ no influence
\\\ increases affinity
\\ decreases affinity
\\\ change of affinity under 2,3, BPG is depend on
the state of iron in hemoglobin.
\\\\ Which of the following is correct concerning
oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
\\ the process goes according to the positive
cooperativety
\\\ Deoxyhemoglobin is R form of hemoglobin
\\\ Hemoglobin binds only with 1 molecule of
oxygen
\\\ Hemoglobin saturation curve has hyperbolic
form.
\\\\ Which of the following is not correct about
oxygenation of hemoglobin?
\\\ Oxidation state of Fe ion is the same (Fe2+) in
both forms - HbO2 and Hb
\\\ in deoxihemoglobin ferous ion is 0.4-0.6 A
outside of the plate
\\\ T form of hemoglobin is deoxihemoglobin and
R form – oxihemoglobin
\\ HbA has higher affinity to O2 compared to
myoglobin
\\\\ Which of the following is wrong about
hemoglobin?
\\\ Hemoglobin has tetrameric structure

\\\ hemoglobin is oxygen-binding protein and
participates in oxygen transport
\\ hemoglobin saturation curve has hyperbolic
form
\\ hemoglobin saturation curve has sigmoidal
form
\\\\ Which is correct concerning Borh effect?
\\\ pH has not important influence on T--R
equilibrium.
\\ pH decrease provides release of oxygen from
HbO2
\\\ pH influences on only T conformation of Hb.
\\\ pH decrease inhibits release of oxygen from
HbO2
\\\\ Which one is not correct about mechanism of
cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?
\\\ Binding of first oxygen to T conformation goes
with lower rate.
\\\ Binding of oxygen to heme provides shifting
of His F8 to porphirin ring.
\\ Binding of oxygen to heme causes formation of
stabilizing salt bonds of T conformation.
\\\ Oxygenation-deoxygenation of hemoglobin is
accompanied by conformational changes in the
molecule.
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\\\\ Which of the following is correct concerning
deoxihemoglobin?
\\\ It is R form of Hb
\\ It is weaker acid compared to oxihemoglobin
\\\ The 6th coordinative bond in the molecule is
occupied
\\\ iron atom is in the state Fe3+
\\\\ Which of the following is correct concerning
cooperativity?
\\ there exist positive and negative cooperativity
\\\ cooperativity is characterised for Mb molecule
\\\ characterises decreasing affinity of Hb to
oxygen
\\\ Because of this feature saturation curve of Hb
has hyperbolic character
.
\\\\ Increased concentration of H+ ions in the
tissue provide:
\\\ increase affinity of deoxyHb to O2
\\\ convertion of T form of Hb into R form
\\ dissociation of O2 from oxyHb
\\\ conversion of oxyHb ( not deoxyHb) into Mb

\\\\ Which is the wrong statement about 2,3-BPG:

\\\ 2,3-BPG is the modulator of T-- R equilibrium
\\\ high concentration of 2,3-BPG decreases the
affinity of Hb to oxygen
\\ low concentration of 2,3-BPG decreases the
affinity of Hb to oxygen
\\\ 2,3-BPG connects to deoxyhemoglobin.

\\\\ Which is not correct about Heme?

\\\ contains protoporphirin IX ring
\\\ It is O2 containing site
\\ It is apoprotein
\\\ There is Fe2+ ion in the centre of the
molecule.

\\\\ Which of the hemoglobin derivatives contain

Fe3+?
\\\ HbCO
\\ HbM
\\\ HbO2
\\\ HbS

\\\\ Which is wrong about myoglobin?

\\\ myoglobin is globular protein
\\\ contains polipeptide chain and one heme group
\\ myoglobin has low affinity to oxygen
\\\ heme group is in hydrophobic pocket of the
molecule