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CHAPTER 5

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIATION

POINTS TO REMEMBER

 A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c

iff lim f x f c

x c

     
i.e., lim f x  lim f x  f c
– 
x c x c

 f(x) is continuous in (a, b) iff it is continuous at

x c c  a, b .

 

 f(x) is continuous in [a, b] iff

(i) f(x) is continuous in (a, b)

   
(ii) lim f x f a ,

x a

(iii) lim f x f b

x b–

 Trigonometric functions are continuous in their

respective domains.

 Every polynomial function is continuous on R.

 If f (x) and g (x) are two continuous functions and c

 R then at x = a

(i) f (x) ± g (x) are also continuous functions

at x = a.

(ii) g (x) . f (x), f (x) + c, cf (x), | f

(x)| are also continuous at x = a.

f x 
(iii) g x  is continuous at x = a provided
g(a)  0.

 f (x) is derivable at x = c in its domain iff

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XII – Maths
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       
f x  f c f x  f c
lim  lim , and is finite

x c  x  c x c  x  c

The value of above limit is denoted by f´(c) and is called the

derivative
of f(x) at x = c.

d dv du
 u · v   u ·  v ·
dx dx dx

du dv
v ·  u ·
d u
    dx dx
  2
 
dx v v

dy dy du
   
 If y = f(u) and u = g(t) then    f ´ u .g´ t
Chain Rule
dt du dt

 If y = f(u), x = g(u) then,

 
dy dy du f ´ u
   .
 
dx du dx g´ u

 d sin1 x   1 2 , d cos1 x   1 2
dx 1  x dx 1  x

d tan1 x   1 , d cot1 x   1
dx 1  x 2 dx 1  x 2

d  1  1 d  1  1
sec x  , cosec x 
dx x x 2  1 dx x x 2  1

d d 1
x x
 
e  e , log x  
dx dx x

 f (x) = [x] is discontinuous at all integral points and continuous for all x

R – Z.
  Rolle’s theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [ a, b ], derivable in (a, b)
and
f (a) = f (b) then there exists atleast one real number c  (a, b) such
that
f´ (c) = 0.

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 Mean Value Theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and

derivable in
(a, b) then there exists atleast one real number c  (a, b)
such that

   
f b – f a
 
f ´ c  .
b  a

 f (x) = log x, (x > 0) is continuous function.

e

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1. For what value of x, f(x) = |2x – 7| is not derivable.

2. Write the set of points of continuity of g(x) = |x – 1| + |x

+ 1|.

3. What is derivative of |x – 3| at x = – 1.

 
 
x  1
 x  1
 
4. What are the points of discontinuity of f x 
.
x  7x
 6

5. Write the number of points of discontinuity of f(x) = [x] in [3,

7].

x 3 if x 2


6. The function, f x  4 if x 2 is a continuous
function for all
 2x if x 2

x  R, find .

tan3x
 , x  0
7. For what value of K, f x sin2x is continuous
x R .
  2K, x 0

8. Write derivative of sin x w.r.t. cos x.

2
9. If f(x) = x g(x) and g(1) = 6, g´(1) = 3 find value of f´(1).

10. Write the derivative of the following functions :

log 2 x
(i) log (3x + 5) (ii) e
3

 
(iii) e6 loge x 1 , x 1

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(iv) sec1 x cosec1 x , x 1.

(v) sin1 x 7 2  (vi) logx 5, x

> 0.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

11. Discuss the continuity of following functions at the indicated

points.

x  x
 , x  0
(i)  
f x   x at x  0.
 2, x  0

sin 2x
 3x , x  0
 
(ii) g x   at x  0.
 3 x  0
 2

  x 2 cos 1 x  x  0
(iii) f x   at x  0.
 0 x  0

(iv) f(x) = |x| + |x – 1| at x = 1.

  
x  x , x  1
 
(v) f x   at x  1.
 0 x  1

  3x 2  kx  5, 0  x  2
12. For what value of k, f x   is
continuous
 1  3x 2  x  3

x  0, 3 .
 

13. For what values of a and b

 x  2
  a if x  –2
 x  2
 
f x   a  b if x  –2
x  2 is continuous at x
= 2.
  2b if x  –2
x  2

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14. Prove that f(x) = |x + 1| is continuous at x = –1, but not

derivable at
x = –1.

15. For what value of p,

 p
x sin 1 x x 0
    
f x  is derivable at x = 0.
 0 x 0

1  2x 1  dy
1   1  
16. If y  tan  2   2 tan  , 0  x  1, find
.
   
2  1  x x  dx

 1 1  x  dy
17. If y  sin 2 tan  then  ?
 1  x  dx

dy y x
x y x+y  5  0
18. If 5 + 5 = 5 then prove that .
dx

2 2 dy 1y2
19. If x 1y y 1x a then show that  2 .
dx 1x

2 2 dy 1y2
20. If 1x  1y a x y  then show that  .
 dx 1x 2

dy y
 m + n m n  .
21. If (x + y) = x . y then prove that
dx x

1  2x  1  2x 
22. Find the derivative of tan 1x 2  w.r.t. sin 1x 2 .

23. Find the derivative of log (sin x) w.r.t. log (cos x).
e a

dy
y x x n .
24. If x + y + x = m , then find the value of
dx

d2 y
3 3
25. If x = a cos , y = a sin  then find 2 .
dx

43 XII
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t
26. If x = ae (sint – cos t)

dy

t at x 
is 1
y = ae (sint + cost) then show that
.
dx
4

27. If y sin1 x 1x  x 1x 2  then find – dy .

dx

28. If y x loge x  log x x then find dy .

 e  dx

x
x
29. Differentiate x w.r.t. x.

dy , if cos x y  cos y x
30. Find  
dx

1  1  sin x  1  sin x  
dy
31. If y  tan   where  x
  find .
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2
dx

1  2
2
32. If x sin a loge y  then show that (1 – x ) y ´´ – xy ´ –
a y = 0.

33. Differentiate logx log x , x 1 w .r .t . x

dy sin2 a y 

34. If sin y = x sin (a + y) then show that 

.
dx sin a

d 2 y
35. If y = sin–1x, find 2 in terms of y.
dx

x 2 y 2 d2 y b4
36. If  1, then show that  .
2 2 2 2 3
a b dx a y

2
a cos1 x  2 d y dy
2
37. If y e , 1x 1, show that 1x 2 x
a y 0
dx dx

2 2 2
3 2 3 d y 2a x
38. If y = 3ax – x then prove that  .
dx2 y5

2
39. Verify Rolle's theorem for the function, y = x + 2 in the
interval [a, b]
where a = –2, b = 2.

2
40. Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function, f(x) = x in [2,
4]

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ANSWERS

1. x = –7/2 2. R

3. –1 4. x = 6, 7

5. Points of discontinuity of f(x) are 4, 5, 6, 7 i.e. four points.

 
 
Note : At x = 3, f(x) = [x] is continuous. because lim f x
3 f 3 .
 x 3

7 3
6.  . 7. k  .
2 4

8. –cot x 9. 15

3 x 1
10. (i) log3 e (ii) elog2 .log e.
3x  5 x 2

(iii) 6 (x – 1)5 (iv) 0

7 x 2 x loge 5
.
(v) . (vi) 2
2 1x 7 x log x 
e

11. (i) Discontinuous (ii) Discontinuous

(iii) Continuous (iv) continuous

(v) Discontinuous

12. k = 11 13. a = 0, b = –1.

15. p > 1. 16. 0

x
17. . 22. 1
1x 2

2
23. –cot x log a
e

dy x x 1logx yx y 1 y x logy

24. dx  x y logx xy x 1 .

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2 dy 1
1
d y 1 4
25.  cosec sec . 27.  
.
dx2 3a dx 1x 2
2 x 1x

28. x logx 2logx  logx x  1 log logx .

   
x logx 

dy x x x  1 
 29. dx x . x logx 1logx  x log x .

dy y tan x logcos y
30. 
dx x tan y logcos x

dy 1
31.  .
dx 2

x x 
 
Hint. : sin cos for x  ,  .
 
 
2 2 2

 log logx 
logx 1  
33. logx    , x 1
x x 

2
35. sec y tany.

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XII – Maths 46