Bid201 F PDF

Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University
Vice Chancellor : Dr. M.M.Salunkhe

SCHOOL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION SCHOOL COUNCIL
Dr . Rajendra Vadnere Dr. Surya Gunjal, Director Shri Rajendra Katore

Director School of Agricultural Science Chairman
School of Continuing Education Y.C.M. Open University , Nashik Ukay Metal Indutries, MIDC,
Y.C.M. Open University , Nashik Ambad, Nashik
Mr. Goyanka Shankar Mr. Ashwin B. Sonone Mr.P.V. Patil

Country Head Associate professor Deputy Director
WOW Factors India Pvt. Ltd. Film and Television Institute, District Vocational & Training
New Delhi Pune Center ,Nashik
Dr. Jaydeep Nikam Dr. Pramod Khandare Mrs. Jyoti Shetty
Professor Assistant Professor Principal
School of Continuing Education School of Computer Science S.P.More College, Panvel (E)
Y.C.M. Open University , Nashik Y.C.M. Open University, Nashik
Dr. Sunanda More Dr. Abhay Patil Dr. Rucha Gujar

Associate Professor Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
School of Science & Technology School Of Heath Science Y.C.M. School of Continuing Education
Y.C.M. Open University , Nashik Open University , Nashik Y.C.M. Open University , Nashik
Prof. Ram Thakar

Assistant Professor
School of Continuing Education
Y.C.M. Open University , Nashik
WRITER CONTENT EDITOR IT EDITING

Prof. Satish Dhale Prof. Kavita Dhale Prof. Ram Thakar
NSD, Mumbai NSD, Mumbai Assistant Professor
COURSE CO-ORDINATOR
Prof. Ram Thakar
Assistant Professor
PRODUCTION:
Shri. Anand Yadav
Manager, Print Production Center, YCMOU, Nashik
©2016, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University .First Publish : July 2016
Published by : The Registrar, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University , Nashik 422 222.
BID 201: Services-II
Contents
Unit 1: Water Supply ............................................................................................................................... 2
Unit 2: Hot Water System ..................................................................................................................... 17
Unit 3: Plumbing - Ablution fixtures, Soil fixtures, Water Distribution System, Drainage system. ...... 24
Unit 4: Landscaping: Elements of Landscaping, Principles of Landscaping, Gardens & their types,
Selection of plants, Types of plants, Plant care, Landscape lighting .................................................... 37
Unit 5: Acoustics –Study of different systems of insulations & sound proofing, use and methods of
applications ........................................................................................................................................... 74
Unit 6: Fire Fighting-Types of fire, Fire fighting equipments and systems .......................................... 85
Unit 7: Security System –Alarm systems............................................................................................... 96
BID 201: Services-II Page 1

Unit 1: Water Supply
Index
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Water Supply
1.3 Self-Assessment Test
1.0 Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to help you to Learn :
• Appropriate use of water
• Sources of water
• Water supply
• Storage of water and distribution system
1.1 Introduction
Water is one of the most important elements as it is necessary for survival. The uses of water
are many –
• Domestic uses- drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, cleaning, flushing toilets,

gardening, etc.
• Commercial uses - offices, hotels, hospitals, laundries, schools & colleges, theatres,
etc.
• Public uses - recreational areas – swimming pools, fountains, firefighting, sanitation,
etc.
• Industrial uses – factories, railways, airport, etc.
Water used for drinking and other purposes must be clean i.e. free of germs and chemicals
and be clear and not cloudy. Clean water that is safe for drinking is called potable water and
water which is not safe to drink is called non-potable water. Chemicals and disease causing

germs pollute and contaminate the water making people sick. Therefore, water supplies are
routinely checked for germs and chemicals and water treatment is done to make it potable.
1.2 Water Supply
Let us start with the sources of water.
Sources of Water: Natural & Manmade
The sources of water are natural like rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, rainwater, etc. and
manmade such as wells, tube wells, canals, dams, etc. The water in the rivers, lakes, streams
and ponds is present on the surface of the earth and is called as surface water. Rivers and
lakes get water from the rain and also from the snow melting on the mountains. The water
from the rivers and lakes is a major source of water supply. But there are impurities and
bacteria in the water due to silt, rotten leaves, dead animals, algae and industrial effluents.
Therefore, the water needs to be completely purified before utilization. The water is filtered,
disinfected and given treatment in the water purification plant so as to make it fit for
consumption. Rainwater also seeps through the soil on to non-porous rocks below the surface
of the earth. This underground water can be taken out by digging wells, tube wells, etc. Refer
figure 1.1.
Fig: 1.1Pond
Now, let us study about wells.
Wells –

A well is a pit or an artificial hole made in the ground for tapping water. It is a structure
created in the ground by digging, boring or drilling to access ground water. The water is
drawn from the well by using buckets or containers either manually by hand or mechanically
by using a pump. Hand dug wells are an important source of water in rural developing areas.
They are generally dug by using manual labor. The water from the wells contains more
minerals in solution and may get contaminated from the surrounding surface and subsurface
sources and needs to be treated before use. The water can be used for flushing systems,
washing, agriculture, landscape, industries, etc. In our country, the well is an important
source of water supply in rural developing areas wherein almost 70% of the population
depends on it. Refer figure 1.2.
Wells are of different types – shallow wells, deep wells, bore wells, tube wells, artesian wells
and step wells.
Fig: 1.2 Well
- The shallow wells are shallow i.e. they are made in the uppermost layer of the surface
of the earth. The diameter may vary from 2m to 6m and the depth between 6m to 8m.
The quantity of water obtained from these wells is very limited as the source of water
supply to these wells is the uppermost layer of the earth. These wells sometimes dry
up in summer. Being shallow, the water of these wells may easily get contaminated by
nearby septic tanks, soak pits, etc. Therefore, these wells must be constructed away
from such contaminating sources. The water obtained from these wells needs to be
purified before use.
- The deep wells get the water from an aquifer below an impervious layer. The deep
well water contains dissolved salts and therefore becomes hard and needs to be treated
before use.

Bore wells are bores or holes that are drilled into the earth to retrieve water. The diameter of
a bore may vary from 4 ½″ or 5 ½ ″, generally for domestic purposes to 6 ½ ″ to 12″ for
industrial or commercial purposes. The depth of a bore well may vary from 150 feet to 1500
feet. For casing, high grade PVC pipes are used. The casing pipe runs down the bore only up
to the solid rock boundary and is normally done for shallow depths in hard or crystalline rock
and to bring the water up to the ground level, a pump is used. Refer figure 1.3, 1.4.
- Tube wells are wells that are drilled deep in sand and gravel where the availability of
water is much below the ground level. The casing pipes, of galvanized iron, go far
deep to the bottom of the bore. Tube well is usually used where there is a collapsible
soft rock or alluvial soil.
Fig 1.3:Bore well

Fig: 1.4 Bore well
Step Wells – these are wells with a set of steps that are to be descended to reach the water.
These wells are common in the west of India. They are of architectural significance and were
also used for leisure as they generally provided relief from the heat during the day time. Refer
figure 1.5, 1.6.

Fig: 1.5 Step wells
Fig: 1.6 Step wells
Rain water harvesting- Rain water harvesting means collecting the rainwater when it falls
on the earth, storing it and then utilizing it as per the need in day to day life. This helps to
reduce the consumption of our local water supply. The rainwater that falls on the roofs or
terraces of houses is collected by using roof gutters that lead the water through a pipe to a
tank that is generally underground. While filling up the tank, the first rain water of the season
is not collected, but is allowed to be drained away so that the dirt and silt collected on the
roof gets washed away. Refer figure 1.7.
Rain water is the purest form of water as it is free from pollutants and manmade
contaminants. But it gets contaminated when it comes in contact with the earth’s surface.
Therefore the rainwater collected in these tanks is stored and generally reused for non –
drinking purposes like crop irrigation, washing clothes, gardening, flushing toilets, washing
cars, etc. and can also be utilized in some industries. It can be purified to make it into
drinking water. Rain water harvesting is an appropriate solution to regions where there is
shortage of water supply or where ground water is not easily available.

Fig:1.7 Collection tank for rain water harvesting
Requirement of water – we require water for several uses. The drinking water is the most
important of all; so the water supplied for drinking should be pure from all possible
impurities and hence the water needs to be filtered. The filtration of water is done before it is
supplied to the consumer. Other than drinking, we require water for other domestic uses such
as cooking, bathing, washing of utensils& clothes, cleaning of houses, flushing toilets, etc.
We also require water for swimming pools, firefighting, gardening, air conditioning, etc. The
daily average consumption of water as given by the authority for Indian standard of water
supply is as follows-
Average daily
Sr. requirement
Occupancy
No. litres / day /
person
1 Residences 135 - 225
2 Offices 45 - 90

3 Schools 45- 90
4 Restaurant 70
5 Hostels 135 - 180
6 Cinemas 15
7 Hospitals 340
Re use of water –
Due to the ever expanding population and its demand for water along with the depletion of
ground water sources and the unpredictable monsoon, there is a shortage of water supply.
Therefore, re-using water can drastically lower down the load on the water supply. The used
water from the kitchen and baths can be treated for purification and be used for various
purposes such as horticulture, in gardens, cooling systems in air conditioning and such other
applications. The treatment includes aeration, screening, filtration and chlorination before
reuse.Care should be taken while plumbing that the pipe lines of potable water do not get
mixed with the re use water to avoid contamination of water. Therefore, there must be a dual
piping system with separate mains for the domestic and reused water distribution system.
Water Storage
Storing of water is very much necessary to provide a continuous supply to meet the domestic
& industrial demands. The type and storage capacity in a distribution system varies with the
size and layout of the system. It depends on a number of factors – the demand, the hours of
supply, the pressure in the mains and fire storage requirements.
Storage Tanks – Water is stored in the tanks for continuous supply of it to the buildings.
Water tanks can be termed based on their location i.e. Underground water tank& Overhead
water tank. The quality of the water tanks used for storing potable water should be strictly
followed. Following are the specifications that must be followed while insuring the good
quality water storage tank -
1. The material used to make the water tank should be non- toxic.
2. The water tank should be water tight.

3. It should have a manhole for maintenance and cleaning.
4. A ladder should be provided for inspection and maintenance.
5. Water tank should have a vent pipe for its ventilation.
6. It should have overflow vent.
7. It should have a smooth surface inside.
Types of tanks
Masonry tank – this tank is constructed on a separate RCC slab with brick walls 230mm
thick and is given a smooth finish with water proofing and cement. It is covered with an RCC
slab and has a manhole cover. Refer figure 1.8. This tank can be used in row houses,
bungalows or small houses where the number of users is less. The disadvantage is that if any
leakage develops in the tank, it is difficult to repair.
Fig: 1.8 Masonry tank
RCCtank – these tanks can be cast in various capacities, form, size and shapes and internally
finished with water proofing and cement. Refer figure 1.10. Concrete tanks are better for
larger capacity of water storage but are more expensive than that of plastic and metal.Earlier,
Hume pipe tanks were used for storing water in smaller residences.Refer figure 1.9.

Fig: 1.9 Hume pipe tanks
Fig: 1.10 RCC Water tank
Poly ethylene tank – these are readily available in various capacities from 200 litres to
20,000 litres. These tanks are hygienic, light weight, easy to handle, more economical and
require less maintenance as compared to metal tanks. Refer figure 1.11.

Fig: 1.11Polyethylenetank
M.S. tank – these are made of log steel plates and are welded in the shape of a square or a
rectangular tank. These tanks are very strong and are placed on RCC beams supported on
walls or columns. Refer figure 1.12.They are very durable but need to be painted regularly
and maintained. The water stored in these tanks is unfit for drinking. These tanks are
generally used in factories and industries.
Fig: 1.12M.S. Tank
Water supply
Water mains -Water mains are a network of underground distribution pipes. These pipes are
made of Cast Iron and are laid 0.75m to 0.90m below the road level to avoid any damage to
them.

Systems of Water Supply -
Based on the duration of the supply of water, there are two systems –
1. Intermittent supply system

2. Continuous supply system
1. Intermittent supply system – in this system, the water is supplied for a certain
number of fixed hours at certain time, daily. Generally, it is supplied for two to four
hours in the morning and about the same duration again, in the afternoon or evening.
This system is useful in areas where the demand is more but the quantity of water
available is less. The area where the water is to be distributed is divided into several
zones and the time of supply to each zone is adjusted so that the pressure of the water
supply is adequate in each zone.
However, there are a few disadvantages of this system -
 Since the water supply time is fixed, people store water. The stored water can be
polluted or contaminated due to some source. Besides, people generally throw
away the stored water and fill the containers with fresh water when the supply
starts. Thus, treated and purified water is wasted.
 In case of an outbreak of fire, it becomes very difficult to bring the fire under
control during the non-supply hours that may result in extensive damage.
 Also, there might be wastage of treated and purified water, when the water
supply starts to the taps that may have been left open during non-supply hours.
 Since the supply of water is for only six to eight hours in a day, the size of the
pipes has to be bigger and the number of valves also has to be larger for
operating while giving and closing the supply of water.
2. Continuous supply system – in this system, the water is supplied 24 hours a day.
This system is the most ideal but works well only if there is adequate water and the
pressure is good. The main disadvantage of this system is that water might be wasted
by people who do not have the civic sense to consider the importance of purified and
treated water.
Water Distribution System –The water distribution system is based on the principle that
there is uniform flow of water with almost equal pressure to all the areas and floors of the
building. The following water distribution methods are used in water supply -

1. Underground tank and overhead tank water supply system
2. Overhead tank water supply system
3. Direct water supply system
4. Pumped water supply system
a. Underground pumped water supply
b. Overhead pumped water supply
1. Underground Tank and Overhead Tank water supply system –
This is a common method adopted in most of the urban areas as the city supplies have
low water pressure most of the time and the storage needs to be provided at the ground
level only. The water is then pumped to the overhead water tank with the help of water
pumps. Since the tanks are placed at the top of the building, the adequate pressure
required for water supply to the various floors can be achieved. From the overhead water
tanks, the water is supplied to all the required areas or floors and the water flow to the
various areas is managed by the gravitational force. The pump used in this method is only
to fill up the overhead water tank. Refer to the figure1.13 given
below.
Fig: 1.13Underground tank and overhead tank water supply system
This system has one more advantage that there are two water tanks used and therefore the
storage capacity of the system becomes almost double. The main disadvantage of this system

is that in case of pump failure, the water supply system fails. Also, this system requires
proper maintenance.
2. Overhead tank water supply system –
This system is opted only in case the city water supply has adequate pressure to reach the
overhead tank. The city supply is directly connected through the water meter to the overhead
tank of the building and then this is supplied to the various areas and floors of the building.
The advantage of this system is that water contamination is avoided which is very common in
underground and overhead tank water supply system where water is stored and used. Also,
the underground water tank is not required and this saves the time and space. Refer figure
1.14.
Fig: 1.14Overhead Tank water supply system
3. Direct water supply system -
The direct water supply system is possible only where the city water supply is
adequate and round the clock with the required pressure. The main advantage of this
system is that it is very economical to the end user as it doesn’t require water storage
tank, pumps, etc. The supply is given to all the areas of the building directly from the

city supply line through a water meter. A provision of water storage tank is made for
the WC lines in case the main city supply lines fail or loose pressure.
4. Pumped water supply system -
This water supply system is adopted when the pressure is not adequate. If the pressure
pumps are provided to the underground water tanks, water can be supplied to all the
required floors without the overhead water tank. But if the pressure is required in the
supply lines, water can be supplied through an overhead water tank. Hence we have two
types of pumping water systems -
a. Underground pumped water supply – without the overhead tank. This system is
suitable for areas that have extreme climate – in summer or hot climates the water in
overhead tanks becomes too hot for use or in cold season it may freeze. So, the
pumped system is preferred.
b. Over Head pumped water supply – with the overhead tank. This system is good for
low height buildings where the water supply from the overhead tanks does not have
pressure. This system is also useful to old or existing buildings where new overhead
tanks cannot be constructed.
1. Explain the sources of water.

2. Explain and illustrate a bore well.
3. What do you mean by water harvesting?
4. Explain any two types of water storage tanks.
5. Explain and illustrate the types of water distribution system.
6. Write a short note on water supply.
7. Describe any two types of wells.
8. Draw a neat sketch of an underground tank and overhead tank water supply system.
9. Draw a neat sketch of overhead tank water supply system.
10.What is pumped water supply system?

Unit 2: Hot Water System
Index
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Hot water system
2.0 Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to help you to understand the:
• Hot water requirement
• Types of water heaters
• Safety features in hot water supply
• Hot water storage
2.1 Introduction
Hot water supply is very important for many reasons; we require hot water for domestic uses
such as bathing, cooking, washing, etc. and in industries hot water and water heated to steam
have various uses. Heating water is a process which uses an energy source to heat the water
more than its initial temperature.
In rural India, the traditional methods of water heating are still the same as many years ago.
The water is heated forbathing using large vessels or pots and fire wood or coalis used as a
fuel for heating. Refer figure 2.1. These vessels can heat only a batch of water but cannot
produce a continuous supply of hot water at a preset temperature.

Fig 2.1: Traditional water heater for domestic use.
Appliances which provide us with a continuous supply of hot water are called water heaters.
Nowadays, for domestic uses, electrical heaters are more popular for water heating. They are
more convenient and faster than the traditional method of water heating. Various types of
heaters are available in the market today; we have types of water heaters based on the fuels
that are used i.e. Electricity, LPG, Solar etc. Refer figure 2.2.
Fig: 2.2:Geyser

• Hot water requirement
Residences require hot water in bathrooms and kitchens. Hot water is also required in
hospitals, hotels, laundries, industrial kitchens, school canteens, changing rooms of
swimming pools, sports stadiums, etc.
Objective of hot water systems –
a. Supply hot water for bathing and oral hygiene.
b. Supply hot water for preparation of food in commercial kitchens and also for
utensil washing.
c. Protect the users from scalding.
d. Prevent the growth of Legionella bacteria.
e. Avoid the wastage of energy.
f. Safe to use.
2.2 Hot Water Systems
• Types of water heaters

Hot water heaters – Hot water can be supplied by a continuous flow system or a storage
system. Water heaters or geysers are appliances that heat the water by using electricity, gas or
solar energy. Refer figure 2.3. There are many different types of water heaters available as
per the need or the requirement. The heaters are available in pressure, non-pressure and
instant types.

Fig: 2.3 Water heater
- Pressure type heaters – these are storage type geysers consisting of a cylindrical
vessel or container that are kept under pressure of a water mains supply or of an
overhead tank. Hot water can thus be supplied to taps, showers and mixers with
adequate flow. These geysers take time for heating the water prior to a period of
nonuse. At the bottom of the geyser, a cold water inlet is placed and at the top the
outlet. When the hot water is used from the geyser, cold water enters the geyser and
displaces the hot water used. Thus the geyser is always full with water and the danger
of the geyser being emptied or the heating elements being burnt out is ruled out.
These heaters are used when hot water is required at more than one point and only one
heater is to be used. The typical size for domestic use ranges from 75 to 100 litres.
- Non pressure type heaters–these types of geysers are used when hot water is
required at only one service point. These geysers can be installed on any water supply
system such as the direct supply or the overhead tank.
- Instant type water heaters – these water heaters are more popular and commonly
available. These water heaters instantly heat the water as it flows through the device
and do not retain any water except for the water that is present in the heat exchanger
coil. These geysers contain a heating element that is wound around a pipe which heats
the water to a temperature as per the flow.
Solar Heating System – in this system, the heat of the sun or the solar energy is absorbed by
solar panels or collectors. These panels or collectors are generally installed on the roof or on
a wall facing the sun to absorb the sunlight on sheets of glass or plastic. Refer figure 2.4. This
system though costly during installation proves cost effective in the long run as the fuel
required i.e. sunshine is free. There are many other advantages of this system. The system is
easy to install and operate, requires lessmaintenance and thus reduces the need of manpower.
It also helps to save on the conventional sources of energy. The system includes storage tanks
and solar collectors.

Fig: 2.4Solar water heaters
• Safety feature in hot water supply– the most important safety feature in hot water
supply is the control of temperature. If water is heated above 50° or 55° Celsius, it can
cause severe burns and this is very risky, particularly for people with sensitive skin,
for children and for the old and aged. Therefore, water supplied to sanitary fixtures
like wash basins, showers and baths should not be above55° Celsius and still lower in
hospitals, schools and health care facilities. For kitchen sinks and laundries, the
temperature can be higher; it can vary from55°C to 65°C.
• Water heating system

The supply of hot water must be adequate to meet the need of the user and also to
keep him/her safe. Also, the water heating system should be designed keeping in mind
-
-the source of energy for heating the water,
- the system layout,
- the storage type or the continuous flow system and
- the system capacity i.e. the number of users, the type and number of fixtures and the
delivery rate.
The system should be planned such that the temperature and pressure can be
controlled so that there is minimal risk of scalding and also minimize the use of

energy and water by keeping the pipe runs relatively short and using efficient fixtures
and appliances.
Individual geysers are useful for houses but if installed in hotels or hostels where the
demand is constant and the supply points many, their usage will require more power
load and also more maintenance. Therefore, a centralized hot water system is
generally adapted in commercial areas. The centralized system supplies hot water
from a central source and has many advantages –
 Hot water is supplied on demand to multiple users at the same time.
 Economical in terms of maintenance and fuel costs.
 Efficient supply of hot water to meet the peak hot water demand at different
points of use.
Nowadays, some of the high rises or residential towers in cities also have the
centralized hot water systems. Hot water is supplied to each apartment with
individual hot water meter and the occupants are billed as per their usage.
Boilers
These are appliances that produce hot water or steam. They are closed vessels in
which water or other liquid is heated to generate vapor or steam by applying energy
from the combustion of fuels or electricity. Refer figure 2.5.
The different types of fuels that are used in boilers are -

a. Solid fuels – wood, rice husk bagasse, coal
b. Liquid – petroleum products
c. Gases – LPG - it is cheaper than electricity.
d. Electricity – a storage tank system run on electricity is easier to buy and install
but in the long run it is most expensive.
e. Solar energy – these systems are expensive to install but have low running costs
in the long run.

Fig: 2.5 Water Boiler
1. Explain and illustrate water heaters.

2. What are boilers?
3. Explain and illustrate solar water heaters.
4. What is the importance of hot water systems?
5. Draw a neat sketch of a traditional water heater for domestic use and lable it.
6. Give the objectives of hot water system.
7. Explain pressure type heater.
8. What are the safety features in hot water supply?
9. Explain water heating system?
10. Explain the instant type and non-pressure type water heaters.

Unit 3: Plumbing - Ablution fixtures, Soil fixtures, Water Distribution
System, Drainage system.
Index
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Plumbing System
3.0 Objectives

• Plumbing system
3.1 Introduction
Plumbing is a system of installing pipes and fixtures for distribution and use of potable
water and after use efficient removal of water borne wastes to the drainage system. The
word plumbing is derived from the Latin plumbum, for lead. Previously, the pipes and the
joints were made from lead; but due to health concerns, lead pipes are now banned in
many of the countries across the world.
3.2Plumbing System
The plumbing system is a complex network of water supply pipes, drain pipes, vent pipes
and other materials. Therefore, understanding the fundamentals of the system will help to
design it well so that it works properly. A well designed system will supply the water to
the various faucets, fixtures and water using appliances such as washing machines, water
heaters, dish washer, etc. and carry away the waste water without any chokes or blocks.
For a designer, the basic knowledge of installation of sanitary fixtures and fittings is very
much essential for proper planning. The sanitary fixtures can be broadly classified into
two –

1. Ablution fixtures – are hand wash basins, sinks, shower trays, bathtubs, bidet,
drinking fountains and flushing cisterns.
2. Soil fixtures – are water closets, urinals and slop sinks.
Ablution fixtures – these are used for ablutionary purposes.
Hand wash Basins

Wash basins are available in a range of sizes, shapes and colors and in various materials
like cast iron, vitreous china, steel, glass, poly marble, built up masonry finished with
marble, tiles, etc. Refer figure 3.1. The basins are usually provided either with only cold
water taps or hot and cold supply taps with mixer. The basins can be mounted on the wall
supported on brackets or supported on counters or supported on pedestals. The pedestals
are of the same material as the basin; they are given mainly for appearance as they hide
the waste fittings from direct view.
Fig:3.1 Basins
Sinks
Sinks are used in kitchens, laundries, laboratories, hospitals, factories, etc. for washing.
Refer figure 3.2.They are available in steel, vitreous china, fibre glass, built in masonry
finished with marble, granite, tiles, etc. They are normally deeper than wash basins and
also stronger to endure the storing, washing, etc. The sinks are normally provided with
cold water taps but hot and cold taps with mixer can also be given. On the floor of the
sink a slope is given towards the waste outlet. They are available in various sizes and can
be mounted on brackets or fixed in counters. Stainless steel sinks with drain board are
usually preferred for kitchens. The drain board is fixed on the right side of the user for

keeping the washed utensils for drying. The top of the drain board is fluted and sloped
towards the sink to easily drain water from the washed utensils.
Fig: 3.2 Kitchen sink

Showers
A shower is a place where a person can bathe under a spray of warm or cold water while
standing. Most of the showers have temperature, spray pressure and adjustable showerhead
nozzle settings. Showers may be integrated with the bathtub or may be free standing trays.
Shower trays are shallow trays that collect and drain the water from the shower spray.
Shower curtains or sliding / folding doors are generally given to provide privacy and to
prevent water from flooding or spraying outside the shower area. Places such as swimming
pools, hostels, etc. have multiple showers in rooms or shower stalls that are open at the top.
The waste outlet is either given in one corner or at the centre of one side.
Bathtubs
Bathtubs are large containers for holding water in which a person can soak, relax and bathe.
They are usually built-in, but may be free standing or sometimes sunken; they are roughly
rectangular in shape and commonly white in colour but are nowadays available in various
shapes, sizes and colours. The modern bathtubs have the taps for hot & cold water, mixer
and telephone shower, etc. mounted on them. Refer figure 3.3. There are two main styles of
bathtubs –
Western style bathtub – these baths are shallow and long and the bather can lie down in the
tub
Eastern style bathtub – these bathtubs are short and deep and the bather sits up in the tub.
Nowadays whirlpool baths are gaining popularity as the body is immersed in swirling water
as therapy or for relaxation with music playing in the background. The plumbing connection
for the tub must be done prior to the tiling work and the waste pipe must be provided with a
trap to stop foul gases from coming into the bathroom.

Fig: 3.3 Bath tub
Bidets
Bidets are fixtures available in pedestal or wall hung types with a shallow bowl. They are
used for cleaning the excretory organs with water. At the bottom of the appliance, a spray is
installed from which hot or cold water is supplied through the mixer. Bidets have a nozzle
that squirts a jet of water to aid in cleansing.
Drinking Fountains
These are fixtures given in institutional buildings such as schools and colleges, in offices,
factories, etc. The fountains have a wheel valve or press action valve for taking the water.
Flushing Cisterns
These are used for flushing the wastes from the urinals and water closets. Cisterns are placed
above the WC for storing water required for flushing the WC after every use. In the earlier
toilets, the cistern was placed high above the toilet bowl and connected to it by a long pipe.
To flush the toilet, it was necessary to pull a hanging chain connected to a release valve
located inside the cistern. The modern toilets are mounted with the cistern directly on the
toilet bowl with no intermediate pipe and the lever or push button is mounted on the cistern.

In concealed cistern toilets, the cistern is concealed into the wall behind the toilet and only
the push button is visible.
Soil fixtures – these fixtures are for collecting and discharging the excretory matter.
Water Closets – WC
These are sanitary fixtures that receive and dispose of human excreta to the drainage
system. The types of water closets are –
Indian Type (Eastern Type) Water Closet – these are to be used in a squatting position.
Refer figure 3.4.They are manufactured in two different pieces – the squatting pan and the
trap. The closets are made of glazed earthenware and available in white and many
different colors. A type of water closet with integral foot treads are known as, ‘Orissa
Pan’.
The type of traps used for an Indian Water Closet can be ‘P’ or ‘S’ depending on the
outlet pipe whether it is through the rear wall or vertically through the floor to the soil
pipe line. In multi storey buildings, it is essential to provide a 55 cm sunk slab in the
upper floors for accommodating the pan and the trap. The pan of the closet has a flushing
rim and is connected to the flushing cistern by a flushing pipe.
Fig: 3.4 Indian WC
European WC – these are chair like fixtures of different shapes to be used in a sitting
position. Refer figure 3.5, 3.6.The closets comprise of a pan with an integral trap
either ‘P’ or ‘S’. They are made of glazed earthenware or vitreous china available in

white and also other colors. The closets can be installed on the floor or mounted on
the wall known as wall hung.
Fig: 3.5European WC
Fig: 3.6European WC
Urinals
A urinal is a toilet like fixture for urination only. It can be in the form of a container (for
women) or wall mounted (for men) with drainage and manual or automatic flushing. Refer
figure 3.7, 3.8.

They are available in various models and sizes. The urinals take up less space as they
typically have no door or stall enclosure. These are generally installed in institutional
buildings such as schools, colleges and public buildings, hospitals, offices, railway stations,
etc.
Fig: 3.7Urinal
Fig: 3.8Detail of Urinal

Slop sinks
These are used in hospitals where the bed pans and urine pots are emptied, cleaned and
sterilized. The sink top has a hinged grating to rest the pans or bucket. The sinks are fitted
with a flushing cistern with hot and cold water supply and are connected through integral trap
to the soil pipe like the water closet. Refer figure 3.9.
Fig: 3.9Slop sinks
Water Distribution System –
The water distribution system is a network system which supplies fresh water in the required
places from the municipal reservoir. It is based on the principle that there is uniform flow of

water with almost equal pressure to all the areas and floors of the building. For this, various
factors need to be considered –
a. The number of users and their requirements.
b. The hours of water supply and the intensity of pressure of the mains.
c. The length of the pipe line from the main to the consumers’ tank.
There are various methods of water supply in a building. The supply may be direct supply or
down take supply or a combination of both.
Direct Supply–The direct water supply system is possible only where the city water supply is
adequate and round the clock with the required pressure. The main advantage of this system
is that it is very economical to the end user as it doesn’t require water storage tank, pumps,
etc. The supply is given to all the areas of the building directly from the city supply line
through a water meter. (A provision of water storage tank is made for the WC lines in case
the main city supply lines fail or loose pressure).
Down take Supply System – if the pressure at the mains is not adequate to supply water
directly, then this system is adopted. In this system, water can be delivered directly from the
mains to an overhead storage tank for distribution or it may be delivered first to the
underground storage tank and from the underground storage tank it is pumped into the
overhead tank after which it is distributed uniformly to the users.
Drainage system
Plumbing is an important part of the construction of a building. It is a system which deals

with the installation of different pipes, fixtures, joints, etc. that work together to make the
whole system effective and efficient. The main parts of a drainage system are -
a. Traps,
b. Vents,
c. Drain pipes for soil and waste,
d. Rain water gutters, etc.
a. Traps are pipes that are bent such that they can hold a small quantity of water called a
‘seal’. Refer figure 3.10& 3.11.The sanitary fixtures are connected to the drain pipes
through traps where the water seal prevents the entry of foul gases but allow the waste
matter to flow into the drain. They are a very important part of the plumbing system.

A trap is designed such so as to retain water in it which acts as a water seal. The
drainage pipes always carry foul air. To prevent the foul gases from entering into the
sanitary fittings, the traps are provided which prevent the entry of the foul air but
permit the flow of waste matter and water to the pipes. The traps are generally made
of stone ware, china ware, metal, PVC, etc. the qualities of a good trap are –
A. It should maintain an adequate water seal.
B. The inner surface of the trap should be smooth.
C. The material used for the trap must be non-porous and impervious.
D. The traps should be of self-cleansing type or should be convenient for
cleaning when used.
The types of traps are –
i. P, Q, & S traps – used for WC. The P trap is used for the Indian WC made
from cast iron or UPVC. The S trap is similar to the P trap – the only
difference is that P trap is used for outlet through the wall while the S trap is
used for outlet through the floor. The Q trap is used under the water closet. It
is similar to the S trap and is used in upper floors other than ground floor.
Refer figure 3.10, 3.11.
Fig 3.10: P, S, Q Traps

ii. Nahni or floor traps – used for bathrooms, kitchen, washing places, urinal
channel end. These traps are provided in the floor to collect the waste water
from the shower, bathroom, kitchen, etc. They are available in cast iron or
UPVC material and have a removable jaali on the top of the trap.
iii. Bottom trap or bottle trap - used in wash basins.
iv. Grease traps – used to collect the grease of waste and it can be cleaned from the
surface. It is used in restaurants, hotels and food processing units.
v. Gully trap – this is a deep seal trap given on the external face of the bathroom
or kitchen wall. The waste pipes carrying the discharge from the kitchen sink,
bathrooms, wash basins, etc. are connected to the sewer through the gully trap
so that foul gases do not enter the house. This also prevents the ingress of

cockroaches and insects from the sewer line in to the waste pipe system
carrying the waste water.
Fig: 3.11Traps
b. Vent pipes are the pipes provided to balance the pressure inside and outside the pipe.
The pipes provide a flow of air to and from the drain pipes and vent the foul gases
from the system thus preventing them from entering through traps into the interior.
c. A soil pipe is a drain pipe that carries the human excreta; a vertical pipe is called a
stack and a horizontal is called a branch.
d. A waste pipe is a drain pipe that carries the liquid waste free of fecal matter. It is
generally smaller than the soil pipe due to the nature of the matter to be discharged.
The main systems of plumbing for drainage are –
1. One pipe system – in this system, the pipes from the ablutionary fixtures and the soil
fixtures are connected to one main pipe. This main pipe is connected directly to the
sewerage system. (Sewerage systems are drainage systems used to carry the waste
from a building to the public sewer system or the municipal drain. If the public
sewerage does not exist, the waste is disposed into the septic tank or soak pit, etc.)
The waste pipes and the traps are entirely distributed but all the traps of the ablutionary
fixtures as well as the soil fixtures are completely ventilated
2. Single stack system – this system is the same as one pipe system but without
ventilation pipe and trap.
3. Single stack partially ventilated - this system is the same as one pipe system; the only
difference is that the relief vent is provided only for the soil fixtures to eliminate the
foul odors’.
4. Two pipe systems – in this system, the pipes for the ablutionary fixtures and the soil
fixtures are connected to two separate pipes; the pipes for the soil fixtures are directly

connected to the sewer while the pipes for the ablutionary fixtures are connected
through a trapped gulley or gutter.
Pipes
Pipes and fittings are made from various materials – galvanized steel pipes, metal,
plastic, PVC, copper, etc. Refer figure 3.12.The pipes are installed on the wall surface
or can be concealed in the wall. Once the pipes are installed and jointed properly,
leakage test is done following which they are clamped to the wall or concealed.
Pipe fittings – they are used to connect the straight pipes or tubing sections and help
to regulate or measure the flow of fluid.
Fig: 3.12Pipe fittings
Requirements of Bathroom and Water closets
i. It is necessary that every bathroom and water closet should have at least one exterior
wall for installing the supply and drainage pipes and other fittings.
ii. The floor should be made of nonabsorbent material.
iii. The height from the floor to the ceiling of a bathroom and a water closet should not be
less than 2.2m.

iv. Every bathroom and water closet should have an opening in the form of louvers,
ventilator or window.
v. All the drain pipes must be connected to the building drain and then to the public
sewer system or municipal drain.
1. Explain and illustrate Urinals.

2. Write a short note on showers and bathtubs.
3. Explain and illustrate hand wash basins.
4. Sketch the sectional detail of urinals and lable it.
5. Sketch three types of water traps.
6. What are Indian and European WC? Explain and illustrate.
7. What are slop sinks? Explain with neat sketches.
8. Explain the direct supply and the down take supply system.
9. Explain the main systems of plumbing for drainage.
10. Discuss the points to be considered while designing a bathroom.

Unit 4: Landscaping: Elements of Landscaping, Principles of
Landscaping, Gardens & their types, Selection of plants, Types of
plants, Plant care, Landscape lighting
Index
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Elements of Landscaping, Principles of Landscaping, Gardens & their types,
Selection of plants, Types of Plants,Plant care, Landscape Lighting
4.0 Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to help you -

• To understand the elements and principles and apply them in landscape design.
• To understand landscaping for its appropriate use in the interior and exterior.
4.1 Introduction–
Designing the landscape is a process of developing and creating a visually pleasing
and practical living space outdoors. It is a work of art done on a canvas i.e. the
landscape which is always varying as the plants grow; the environmental conditions
change and the people use the space over time. Therefore, the process of design
should be systematic taking into consideration all the aspects – the land, the climatic
factors, the growth of the plants and the users.
4.2 Elements of Landscaping, Principles of Landscaping, Gardens & their types,
Selection of plants, Types of Plants, Plant care, Landscape Lighting
Just as we learnt the use of elements and principles of design for designing indoor
space, similarly we shall learn the application of the elements and principles for
designing a landscape. The design elements and principles are the same; it is the

process which will help us to create an aesthetically pleasing landscape. We shall now
start with the Elements of Landscaping.
Elements of Landscaping are -

 Line
 Form
 Color
 Texture
Line
This is a very powerful design element that creates all forms and patterns and helps us to
direct the physical movement and define the areas in a landscape. Line in a landscape can
be created in a variety of ways – it can be an outline or profile of a form, it can be an
edge between two materials that meet on the ground such as a brick pathway meeting an
expanse of green lawn or a linear aspect such as a fencing wall. Lines help to create a
variety of shapes, forms, patterns, control the movement and build up spaces and a theme
in a landscape. Lines can be used in many different ways - straight, curved, horizontal or
vertical.
• Straight lines - are direct and forceful i.e. they create a more formal effect. The use of
straight lines and right angles in a landscape is generally used for symmetry in design
and diagonal straight lines are used for intentional direction.
• Curved lines – create a gentle and flowing effect. The curves give a natural and
relaxed feel and create an asymmetrical or informal effect in a landscape. Refer fig.
4.1
Fig: 4.1Curved lines

• Horizontal lines – these lines can spatially segregate a space or bind a space together
such as walkways, small hedges and garden walls. Refer fig. 4.2, 4.3.
They can also be used to make a space seem bigger by pulling the eye of the viewer
along the ground.
Fig: 4.2Horizontal lines
Fig: 4.3Horizontal lines

• Vertical lines – these lines move the eye upwards to emphasize a feature for e.g. tall
trees, tall structures, etc. Refer fig. 4.4.
Fig: 4.4Vertical lines
Form
• Form here refers to the three dimensional shape or mass of a plant, an object or a
structure. The trees, plants, shrubs and built objects or structures of various shapes
and sizes help to create natural forms. Refer fig. 4.5. Form is an important aspect as it
determines the formal or informal style of a landscape. Formal gardens have typical
geometric forms with straight lines and edges while the informal gardens have a more
natural and organic form which are similar to nature. Generally, all forms used in a
landscape must be similar to some extent to give a unified look but one or two
different forms can be used for some contrast or emphasis. The plants or trees used in
a landscape create form through their outlines but a void or negative space between
the plants can also create form. The forms used in a landscape depend on the design
theme.

Fig: 4.5Forms
Geometric forms
- Circular forms – circles are a strong design form as they draw the eye
to the centre and help to emphasize a focal point and also connect other
forms. Full circles, half circles or circle segments can be combined
with lines to create arcs or for more variety and interest ovals and
ellipses can also be used. Geometric forms are used for hardscape and
lawns.
- Square forms–square forms being stronger on the edges can be used
to create patterns in the bricks, tiles, pavers, stepping stones, etc. Refer
fig. 4.6. Square forms are easy to work with as they can be lined up or
segmented to create a grid pattern or overlapped to create diverse
patterns or complex designs.
Fig: 4.6 Geometric forms
- Irregular forms - these forms refer to polygons having straight edges

but with many sides for e.g. triangles, pentagon, hexagon, etc.; these

can be used to create interesting shapes but use of too many together
may create chaos. Refer fig. 4.7.
Fig: 4.7 Irregular forms
J Natural Forms
- Plant Forms–form is the constant and familiar feature of plants. It can
be created by massing the plants where a mass creates a different form
as compared to a plant when it is used individually. Horizontal forms
add width while the vertical plant forms add height.
- Tree Forms - The different types of tree forms are round, oval,
pyramid, vase-shape, weeping and columnar. Refer fig. 4.8. These
forms can be creatively used for visual appeal, for e.g. if you want to
create a shady area, round or oval trees can be used; to create a divider
or a screen – columnar or pyramid forms while vase shape or weeping
can be used for creating a focal point.
Fig: 4.8 Tree forms
- Shrub Forms– the different types are round, vase shape, upright,
arching, mounding, spiky, cascading and irregular. The choice of the
shrub form depends on how it is to be used whether singly or in a
mass. The vase shaped and cascading shrubs can be used as specimen
plants while spreading shrubs look best in a mass.

- Groundcover Forms – these are small ground hugging plants and are
used in a mass.
Color
• Colors create variety and a lot of interest. Color in a landscape is found in the leaves,
the bark, the branches, the flowers, fruits and foliage while the colors in a hardscape
are found in the built structure, the pavers, the sculptures, ceramic containers and
garden furniture. Refer fig. 4.9.
The green foliage is in various shades and being abundant in quantity it is the most
dominant color in a landscape and it also provides a background to the bright and
colorful flowers and fruits.
We have already learnt about the properties of color in our previous class. The
property of color relative to temperature i.e. the warm colors and cool colors affect
our emotions and feelings. Warm and bright colors build excitement while cool
colors give a calm feeling.
The temperature of color also affects the perception of distance - Warm colors tend to
move forward and so must be used minimally for e.g. redwood or cedar on front
doors and entrance gates give a warm and welcoming feel but they also tend to make
a space seem smaller. On the other hand cool colors tend to move away and make a
space seem larger. They can be used for fencing or enclosing patios or decks.Single
color gives a more sophisticated look while multi colors create a festive atmosphere;
but it is not advisable to use too many different colors together

Fig: 4.9 Colour
We have also studied the Color Wheel in our previous class. The Color Wheel has
the three primary colors i.e. red, blue and yellow; the three secondary colors which
are a mix of two primary colors for e.g. orange, green and violet; and six tertiary
colors which are a mix of one adjacent primary color and secondary color like red
orange. The Color theory helps us to understand the relationship of the colors, the
psychology by their usage and the various schemes that can be used in a composition.
Let us understand the basic color schemes -Monochromatic, Analogous and
Complimentary.
a. Monochromatic Color Scheme – in this color scheme only one hue and its
different values and intensities , i.e. Shades & Tints of that one color are used; for
e.g. Red, light pink, dark pink, etc.
In a landscape, the green color of the foliage is already present and acts as a
background. Refer fig. 4.10. For applying this scheme, we can select any one
color - say yellow with its tints and shades and use it in the landscape – trees and
plants bearing yellow flowers of various light and dark variations, the fence

painted light yellow, the ceramic containers, pavers and garden furniture in
various tints and shades of yellow. This scheme is very simple to use and
provides unity and a calm background but the drawback is that it easily becomes
boringdue to lack of variety.
Fig: 4.10 Monochromatic Color
b. Analogous / Adjacent Color Scheme - In this color scheme, the colors situated
next to each other (side by side) on the color wheel are combined. The adjacent
colors have little contrast and tend to blend well together. Any three to five colors
that are adjacent on the Color Wheel can be combined. Generally one coloris used
as the major force with the neighboring colors as the secondary force, for e.g. Red
with red orange and orange, yellow orange and yellow or Yellow with yellow
green & green and blue with blue-green and blue violet. This color scheme brings
harmony in the landscape as the colors are related to each other and share
common properties. The colors can be thoughtfully used to create a lot of interest
and variety in the landscape.
c. Complementary Color Scheme -In this color scheme, the colors which are
opposite to each other on the Color Wheel are used for e.g. red and green, blue
and orange and yellow and violet. The complementary colors are of high contrast
and catch our attention due to the green foliage in the background. These bright
colors in their various intensities can be used in ceramic containers, sculptures,
painted furniture, pavers, etc. Sometimes complementary colors are found
naturally in flowers. Contrast can create interest and excitement in a landscape.
• The element Color is a very important element as it brings life to a garden by adding
interest and helps to unite the landscape and create mood. The above theory can be
used as a base for understanding the selection of plants for a landscape. But you can
visualize and experiment with a lot of color combinations. Refer fig. 4.11.

Fig: 4.11 Complementary Color
Texture
Texture refers to the quality of the surface of the components used in the hardscape
and landscape. It relates to the coarseness or fineness, roughness or smoothness of the
bark, thin or dense stems and heaviness or lightness of the foliage. Refer fig. 4. 12. A
plants bark, branches, leaves and flowers all have texture. Texture of the foliage is of
three types – fine, medium or coarse.

Fig: 4.12 Textures
• Fine texture –grasses, plants with long and thin stems&dense twigs, small
branches and tiny delicate flowers. Refer fig. 4.13. In a hardscape, the fine
texture is in smoothness in the components used like wood, stone, ceramic
and glass. Water in a pool or in a fine spray as in a fountain is also fine
textured.

Fig: 4.13 Fine textures
• Medium texture – plants with medium size leaves with simple shapes and
smooth edges, regular and average size branches neither too dense nor too
widely spaced. In the hardscape, medium texture is in finished wood,
flagstone pavers and broom brushed concrete surfaces. Refer fig. 4.14.
Plants with medium texture generally act as a background or as a link for
the coarse and fine textured plants.

Fig: 4.14Medium textures
• Coarse texture – plants with large leaves, leaves with uneven edges, thick twigs and
branches, thorns, bold and thick irregular forms. In the hardscape rough rocks, rough
finished brick work, roughly cut stone, wooden components with knots and grains are
coarse in texture. Coarse texture tends to be dominant and catch our attention
instantly. Refer fig. 4.15.
Fig: 4.15Coarse textures
- Properties of Texture -
Texture also depends on the distance from which the plant is viewed. At closer range
the texture effects are more clearly visible. The fine textured plants appear to be
delicate and tend to recede from the view while the coarse textured plants attract our

attention and tend to be dominant. Medium textured plants can dominate and contrast
with the fine textures or the coarse textures.
If you want to make a space seem smaller, the coarse texture plants can be placed on
the external periphery and the fine texture plants on the inner periphery, close to the
viewer. The coarse texture makes the plants appear nearer and make the space seem
smaller.
If you want to make a space seem larger, the fine texture plants can be placed on the
external periphery, the medium texture in the middle and the coarse texture plants on
the inner periphery, close to the viewer. The fine texture of the plants recedes away
and makes the space seem larger.
Texture should balance in relation to the axis. Weight on one side of the axis should
equal the mass on the other side of the axis. From a distance, the texture comes from
the mass effect and also the play of the lights and shadows. The sequence of texture
should preferably be from fine to medium to coarse. While moving from one extreme
texture to another, intermediate plants should be provided.
Principles of Landscaping –
The design principles are basically the guidelines that help in creating a visually
pleasing landscape. Therefore, a basic understanding of the principles and their use is
very important. Landscape design generally follows a particular theme, order and
style which are evident throughout the landscape. The process of designing by
applying the basic principles in an organized manner will help to develop the final
design solution. The design principles are all related and their appropriate use helps to
achieve physical and psychological comfort.
J Unity – can also be termed as harmony. This element is the most important in
landscape design. It can be achieved by using the elements effectively and
implement the design over a landscape. Refer fig. 4.16. Unity attracts and holds
our attention and gives us a feeling of peace and tranquility. It gives a sense of
completeness or fullness. To create unity in a landscape, a proper and
proportionate use of the other principles is essential.

Fig: 4.16Unity
• Balance – this design principle gives a feeling of simplicity and completeness to a

landscape. Balance is the perception of equal visual appeal around a real or an
imaginary central axis. Refer fig. 4.17. It can be formal or informal. Formal balance is
man made balance which is symmetrical or geometrical while informal balance is
natural and more often asymmetrical.
Fig: 4.17Balance
• Symmetrical Balance – this balance is simple and easy to employ as the same trees,
plants, structures, etc. are placed on either side of the axis. Refer fig. 4.18.
This type of formal balance is the one of the oldest but most often used in landscape
design as our human mind naturally divides a space into two by assuming an
imaginary central axis with even distribution of objects on both the sides. One side of
the central axis is exactly the mirror image of the other side. For e.g. most of the
historic gardens are symmetrically balanced.

Fig: 4.18Symmetrical Balance
Asymmetrical Balance – this balance is achieved by combining or grouping plants,

trees and structures that appear to be the same in visual weight on both sides of the
central axis. For asymmetrical balance, small size plants, sparse forms, subdued
colors with fine light textures should be used more whereas large size plants, dense
forms, bright colors and coarse textures appear heavy and must be used very
sparingly.
 Proportion –Proportion is the relation of the length to the width. Proportion in design
refers to the size of an object in relation to the other objects around it, here the proportion
between the plants and the hardscape. Proportion is absolute or relative. Absolute
proportion is the actual size of an object while relative proportion is the size of an object
in relation to the other objects. An absolute scale which is the most important in design is
the human scale i.e. the size of the human body and the size of the objects are generally
considered relative to the human scale.
• Proportion in landscape –should give a feeling of harmony and balance. Refer fig. 4.19.
This can be done by giving equal proportion of planted space and open space. If we use
plants of same size it will give a sense of rhythm.

Fig: 4.19Proportion in landscape
Proportion in hardscape – should be functional and also give a feeling of comfort.

The pathways, the seating areas and the built structure, the pavers, the sculptures,
ceramic containers and garden furniture should make the user feel at peace.
 Simplicity - simplicity means that the design in the landscape should be uncomplicated
and clear. If too many ideas or objects are incorporated together, it will create chaos. To
bring simplicity in design, only the essential features must be included. There can be one
or two major ideas in the design, minimum number of objects in the landscape, collection
of similar plants, clean and clear lines and an aesthetically pleasing environment. Refer
fig. 4.20.
Fig: 4.20Simplicity
• Repetition – is the repeated use of the elements like line, form, color and texture to
create familiar pattern or sequence in the landscape. Refer fig. 4.21, 4.22. Repetition
can be very simple – for example the same plant can be repeatedly used; or a
geometric form such as a triangle can be repeated or grouped in an organized way. It
can be made interesting by using some variation or minor change in the sequence –

for e.g. every fourth triangle with a circular form inserted or by alternation – a circle
after every three triangles in an orderly sequence.
Care should be taken while using repetition as too much of it will become
monotonous and too little may create confusion. To make repetition interesting,
gradation i.e. gradual change of a feature such as a change in size, height or texture
can be used; for e.g. change of size can be made by using a rectangular form that
gradually becomes bigger or smaller; change of height can be made by using small
plants in the front backed by medium plants with large ones in the background; or
transition from light green to dark green plants or from fine textured to coarse
textured plants.
Similarly, repetition can be used in hardscape as duplicating with built materials is
easy because they are manufactured with exact dimensions. A little variation in the
color, texture or size of the hardscape material can make it visually interesting. But
always remember that repetition does not imply that things should be identical to be
repetitive. Repetition can simply be made in landscape and hardscape for e.g. a brick
house with brick walkways andplants with flowers of the same color as the built
structure.
Fig: 4.21Repetition

Fig: 4.22Repetition
 Contrast – by using the elements like form, color, texture and height, contrast can be
attained in the landscape as well as hardscape. But care should be taken that contrast is
not overdone as it can result in chaos. Use repetition to balance the contrast. Refer fig.
4.23.
Fig: 4.23Contrast
 Rhythm– rhythm in a landscape is creating a visual flow or movement. It is not the plants
or the garden moving but the eye of the viewer moving through the landscape. Rhythm
helps to create patterns that lead the eye from one point to another and to the next point
and so on. Rhythm creates a physical sensation – it may make people move fast or slow
down or even take a break before continuing.
Rhythm can be created by using -
a. Repetition and alternation

b. Transition
c. Radiation
d. Contrast or opposition

e. Gradation or progression
a. Repetition and alternation – repeating an element like form, shape and color
creates a rhythm in a landscape. Alternation is also repetition in a series of two or
more things that create a pattern and bring rhythm in a landscape. Refer fig. 4.24.
Fig: 4.24Repetition and alternation
b. Transition – transition is when the eye of the viewer moves from one point to
another without any disruption or disturbance. Refer fig. 4.25.
Fig: 4.25Transition

c. Radiation – creates visual movement through the use of concentric circles or
spokelike forms. Refer fig. 4.26.
The best example is an Amphitheatre.
Fig: 4.26Radiation
d. Contrast or opposition– this creates an interest as the opposites such as soft and
hard, light and dark colors create the rhythm. The diversity in color, texture or
form prevents monotony.
e. Gradation or progression –The arrangement of the plants from short to tall or
shapes from small to large or vice versa, progression by using colors from light to
dark or dark to light will bring rhythm in a landscape.
 Emphasis or focal point – this principle is of utmost importance as a landscape seems
monotonous and dull if there are no focal points. Refer fig. 4.27.
Special or interesting objects in a landscape such as sculptures, water fountains,
interesting plants, benches, etc. draw visual attention. A unique item can be placed in a
large space singly so as to attract attention. Additionally, pathways, walls or plants
leading towards it with bright sunlight highlighting it can attract the eye of the viewer.
Emphasis can also be created by placing a large oversized item in a way that is
disproportionate for the space.

Fig: 4.27Emphasis or focal point
Gardens
• A garden is an outdoor space which is planned for display and cultivation of plants
and other forms of nature. Both natural and manmade materials can be integrated
together to create a pleasant landscape with a calm and soothing effect. As per the
space available and the budget, a garden in general can consist of a lawn area, plants
and trees, flowering beds, a pond or fountain, sculpture or some statues, concrete or
stone seats, wooden benches, lights and small fences. Refer fig. 4.28.
There are different types of gardens. Flower gardens are gardens where flowers are
grown for decorative purposes. Flowering plants of varying colors, fragrances and
heights are combined to create a pleasing landscape.
A garden can also be designed with one plant and its various varieties for e.g. roses
and its many varieties, cactus, aquatic plants, herbs, or by using plants of a single
color or similar type plants. Large stones, boulders or rocks can be arranged to form a
rock garden. The rocks present naturally at the site can be used or can be artificially
created by bonding mud, cement or concrete into large boulders.

Fig: 4.28 Garden
Balcony Gardens
A garden can also be created on a balcony of an apartment or any other extended open
area of a building where there is sunlight and availability of water. The balcony is an
extension of the living space; so it is very important that the materials used in the
garden create a bond or connect with the house.
The space in a balcony is limited; therefore we can make use of a variety of pots and
containers for growing flowering plants, some herbs and vegetables.
Refer fig. 4.29. Limited space also means that choice has to be made while selecting
the plants. Limit the colors to give a sense of unity. Use more of cool colors to make
the garden seem larger. But you can use a variety of textures to create interest.
To create an illusion of depth, place plants with darker foliage as the backdrop with
bright colored flowering plants in the forefront. You can also grow vines in large
containers to cover the walls or place a small fountain or a piece of sculpture which
can be developed into a focal point.

Fig: 4.29Balcony Gardens
Terrace Gardens
Terrace garden is a garden on the roof of a built structure be it a residential house,
residential low rise or multi storey building, commercial spaces such as hotels and
restaurants or corporate offices and institutional buildings. Refer fig. 4.30. It can be of
any form, shape or design. But remember that it is of utmost importance that the
surface of the terrace is water proofed so as to avoid leakage into the floor below.
Fig: 4.30Terrace Gardens
Benefits of a Terrace Garden

 The greenery of a terrace garden filters the air, increases the amount of oxygen and
also brings in fragrance from flowers or foliage.

 Plants absorb and deflect sound by the presence and movement of their branches and
thus help to reduce the noise pollution.
 Working in a roof garden helps to refresh the body and mind and reduces tension &
stress.
 A terrace garden decreases the indoor temperature and reduces the air conditioning
costs too.
 Apart from flowering plants, some fruits, vegetables, spices and medicinal plants can
also be grown which will be fresh and also toxin free.
 Terrace gardens are specifically advantageous in areas where there is more rain, as the
plants in terrace gardens can absorb some of the rainwater and decrease the
occurrence of flooding.
 The ultraviolet radiations, extreme temperatures and winds can spoil and deteriorate
the roof top. A terrace top garden acts as a barrier and thus protects the roof from
damage.
Penthouse Gardens
• A penthouse is a lavish apartment which has a private terrace of its own. The garden
made on this terrace flat is a private garden and can be used in many ways – for
relaxing, reading or studying, a play area for children, for small parties, a private bar,
barbeque, etc. Refer fig. 4.31.
A terrace garden adds a touch of greenery and also connects us with nature giving a
calm and restful feel to the environment. The advantages of a roof garden are many –
it acts as a decorative element, helps in controlling temperature and can also be made
into a kitchen garden. With some good night lighting and audio systems for music,
refrigeration units and barbeque grills, it can be a perfect setting for entertaining
guests and small parties. Just as a garden or landscape needs to be planned, similarly
a terrace garden also needs to be planned to be functional and also give an aesthetic
look.

Fig: 4.31Penthouse Gardens
Hydroponics
• Growing plants without soil is called ‘Hydroponics’. Themethod of growing plants
without soil are commonly known as ‘soilless culture’ that include water culture
&aggregate culture that employs the use of gravel, sand, sawdust, wood shavings and
vermiculite as soil substitutes. Refer fig. 4.32.
In water culture the plants are grown in water which contains the dissolved nutrients
that are essential for their growth. The roots of the plant are submerged in water
while the stem and the upper parts of the plant are held above the solution.
In aggregate culture, gravel, sand, coconut fibre or other aggregates are used as soil
substitute to give support to the plants. The nutrients are supplied as dry fertilizer or in
solution form.
Fig: 4.32Hydroponics
Types of containers

• A wide variety and shapes of pots and containers are available for terrace gardening.
Refer fig. 4.33. For e.g. earthen pots, cement pots, fibre pots, plastic jars or cans,
polythene bags, tin boxes, damaged buckets, bowls, water cans & tanks, etc. Plastic
planters are now crafted with premium grade plastic in various shapes and sizes, in
multiple colors which are easy to maintain and suitable for all kinds of indoor or
outdoor applications. They are also available with lighting options as per the
application needs.
Fig: 4.33Types of containers

Balcony planters – these can be mounted on the top of the balcony guard rail. The
planters are available in multiple body colors and textures such as sandstone and
marble finishes. The planters have a concealed pipe to remove the excess water to
sustain the plant’s life.
• Outdoor furniture – a wide variety of outdoorfurniture is now readily available

which requires low maintenance and is comfortable and functional. Refer fig. 4.34.
Built-in furniture designed to scale with the environment can also create a good
ambience for e.g. stone steps or an elevated planter can be used for seating.

Fig: 4.34Outdoor furniture
Selection of plants
A vital key for a successful landscape is the proper selection and placement of plants.
This will help prevent the various problems that are associated in maintaining the
landscape. The fundamental concept is to choose the plants that adapt to the site and
the conditions that they are placed in. For fulfilling this concept, a thorough study of
the site and knowledge of the plants and their characteristics is required.
To start with, first study the location and the environmental conditions of the site.
This will help to understand the areas of sun and shade, the type of the soil, the
direction of the wind, the spatial dimensions and the facilities required in the
landscape. For a private garden or terrace garden, we should also keep in mind the
requirement of the client and his likes and dislikes.
Therefore, for selection of plants, we need to consider the -
 Environmental conditions of the site,
 their Functionaluse as also their
 Aesthetical value
Environmental Conditions
Type of Soil– this is an important feature for selection of plants as they survive in the
soil. The fertility of the soil, the pH value, the salinity and moisture are important
considerations. Plants that match with the site’s natural soil conditions must be
selected so that the need for artificial irrigation or drainage is reduced.

Amount of sunlight – plants that require sunlight but do not get enough light of the
sun grow weak; while plants that require less light and shade, if exposed to direct
sunlight may wither away. Some trees give more shade than othersandthus alter the
amount of sun light to the plants growing underneath. Therefore,theplants must be
placed accordingly for their proper growth.
Quality of Water - the salinity and the alkalinity of water has a major effect on the
growth of the plants. If the salinity of the water is high, it can damage the plants and if
the level of alkalinity is high the pH of the soil will rise. With the rise in the pH level,
the vital nutrients become unavailable which results in deficiency of the nutrients.
Reclaimed water and grey water also have a high level of salinity. Therefore the
quality of water available has an influence on the selection of the plants. In sites with
alkaline water, plants that are tolerant of alkaline soils should be used.
Winds– In coastal areas or hilltops, where there are high winds, plants selected
should be able to withstand them. Trees can be grouped close together to buffer each
other.
Air pollution – in areas where there is air pollution, select plants that are tolerant of
pollutants.
Maintenance– select low maintenance plants in areas where maintenance is difficult
or not convenient. Plants that require more maintenance should be grouped together
for easy accessibility.
Life Span–there are certain species of plants that are short lived. So after they
complete their natural life span, they need to be removed. In a way, this also helps us
to modify the landscape as the old design becomes boring and monotonous.
Therefore, while designing the landscape, plan the areas accordingly – large and
longer living plants can cover most of the area and short living plants in pathways and
entry points where it becomes easier to change and are also highly visible.
Functional Use
Climate effect –Plantshave an effect on the climate. They cool the air by providing
shade and through transpiration from the leaves. Trees grouped close together help to
block the cold air movement.

Visual effect–trees provide shade and reduce the glare from sunlight. To create
privacy in a garden or terrace garden from roads, parking areas or other unwanted
views, plants may be so arranged as to block these views either partially or fully.
Physical effect -Short and wide plants can be used to separate areas in a landscape.
Tall and dense plants can act as barriers to discourage access to certain areas in the
landscape.
Lessen Noise and odor - plants located well can also help to lessen odor or noise.
Aesthetical Value
Plants are available in a wide variety of colors, textures and forms. Designing the
landscape by using these elements and by applying the principles will help to create
an aesthetically pleasing environment.
When selecting plants, always include plants with different bloom cycles. This way,
there will always be flowers as different plants will bloom at different times
throughout the year.
The planting must preferably be done in groups of odd numbers such as 3’s, 5’s, 7’s,
etc. - this is because odd numbers cannot be split or visually divided like even
numbers. Therefore, they appear to be balanced and give a sense of unity.
If a plant selected does not adapt to the conditions of the site, it will fail. Always
select plants as per their full-grown or mature size and space them accordingly. Large
plants having longer life span can be used in most part of the landscape while the
shorter life span plants can be used in the pathways or entry ways.
Developing a landscape design: The process is as follows–

1. Draft the plot plan
2. Analyze the site.
3. Plan & design the activity areas
4. Select and place the plants and also the hardscape.
Types of Plants
Green plants in an interior space give a refreshing feeling and also make the
environment calm and pleasant. But the basic problem with indoor plants is that after
some days, they start wilting even if they are getting fresh air and water. The main
reason behind this is that they are not getting enough sunlight. So either they need to
be placed near the windows or some areas where they get direct sunlight. But many a
time’s interior spaces such as basements, offices, hallways, etc. do not receive direct
sunlight. Therefore you need to either place artificial plants or go for low light plants.
Artificial plants – nowadays, fake or artificial plants are designed and made to look
exactly like real ones. Therefore, most of the commercial spaces prefer to have
artificial plants due to their many advantages. One is they don’t require any watering
or care thus saving a lot of time and energy. Secondly, the colors of the leaves and
flowers remain vibrant for a long time; and also as they are made of plastic, they do
not attract any insects or pests. Also, nowadays artificial plants and containers or pots
can be designed to the specifications as per the display and make the space look
aesthetically pleasing always.
• Artificial grass – synthetic grass is again a waterless low maintenance option for
rooftops, terraces, commercial areas, etc. Refer fig. 4.35.
The grass has a layered net cloth backing and most products carry some warranty for
colour stability and durability.
Fig: 4.35Artificial grass

Low light plants – these indoor plants need very less light and can be placed indoors
in staircases or any areas where there is low light. They can be grown in pots with soil

or in water jars, bottles or vases. The most important thing to remember is that low
light plants should not be over watered or repotted quite often.
Medium light plants–these plants like bright light. They can tolerate some direct
light but not for long. These plants grow well in medium light conditions.
High light plants – these plants require direct or strong sunlight for most part of the
day.
• Feng Shui Plants–Feng Shui is an ancient Chinese technique of arranging one’s
possessions to attract positive energy into our homes or offices. Refer fig. 4.36.
Feng Shui is balancing the five elements – earth (soil), fire, water, wood and metal.
According to the popular belief, by using the laws of both the heaven i.e. astronomy
and the earth i.e. geography, one can improve health, wealth and prosperity and
achieve the goals of one’s life. Plants are a wood element and hence the interior plants
can be used to balance wood with the other elements.
Fig: 4.36FengShui Plants

Exterior plants – A wide variety of exterior plants are available; the only limitation
being the space available and the climate of the area. The types of exterior plants are -
- Woody plants
- Bedding plants
- Bulbs
- Succulents
- Aquatic plants

Landscape Lighting
• Landscape lighting is the use of illumination. Refer fig. 4.37. Lighting in a landscape
is beneficial in many ways – for safety and security, to add beauty and also improve
the functionality.
Fig: 4.37Landscape Lighting fixtures
History of landscape lighting

In ancient times, the gardens and public landscapes were illuminated by fire from
wood, candles and plant or animal oil fuels in lanterns or torches. With the
advancement in technology, gas lighting was introduced in the 19th century and later
electricity was used in the 20th century and early 21st century. Currently, due to the
high cost of energy and global warming issues, there have been innovations in the
lighting design. Solar power, energy efficient lamps and low voltage fixtures are
being increasingly used for lighting the landscape.
Types of outdoor lights
- Outdoor lights add visual interest to a landscape. The lights should be placed
in such a manner that the entire landscape and hardscape has a balanced light.
There are various types of outdoor lights such as spotlights, path lights and
flood lights.

- Spotlights with glare guards should be placed in hidden locations as we need
to see the effect of the light and not the fixture. Hiding the fixture will not
give a direct glare into the eyes or onto a nearby road.
- Path lights should not be placed opposite each other along a path. They
should be placed in a zig-zag pattern from one side to another and should be
placed a little far apart or not too closely. While installing path way lights,
the light fixtures must be placed very near to the edge of the walkway and
spaced evenly so that there is neither too much of brightness nor any dark
areas between two fixtures.
- Floodlights are powerful artificial lights with intensely bright and broad
beams used for illuminating the exteriors of buildings. Floodlights give a
comparatively uniform illumination over large spaces for a variety of outdoor
activities such as sports events in low light conditions.
Lighting Techniques
To get a good result, there are many types of lighting techniques for a landscape –
• Up lighting– can be spot, directional and flood lights; the lights are aimed upwards
into tree branches or some architectural feature creating bold shadows and strong
effects on walls. Refer fig. 4.38.

Fig: 4.38Landscape Uplighting
• Down lighting – the lights are aimed downwards from tree branches or some
architectural feature creating diffused and gentle light with more natural effects
similar to moon lighting. Refer fig. 4.39, 4.40.
Fig: 4.39Landscape Down lighting

Fig: 4.40Landscape Down lighting
a. Cross lighting – the lights are aimed from the sides to eliminate shadows.
b. Under water lighting – in fountains, garden ponds, swimming pools, water

gardens and created streams or waterfalls.
Plant care
Plants are living things and require care and maintenance. A well designed landscape
will fail if it is not maintained. Therefore to make things easier for maintenance, try
not to make complex designs. It is far easier to maintain simple designs. Define the
areas for plants and do not scatter them in open areas. Try and use selected number of
species of plants and arrange them in groups to create a mass effect. This grouping
makes it simpler for maintenance. Select plants as per their mature size or a size that
is easy for maintenance. Lawns are easy to mow and maintain. Be aware of plant
diseases and insect problems and pests like mites, scale, powdery mildew, leaf spots,
etc. Plants liable to be attacked by insects are likely to be attacked more in areas that
have poor air circulation. Select plants that are resistant to or tolerant of pests. Some
plants require direct sunlight for their growth while others grow well in partial or full
shade from the sun; select and place them accordingly.
Indoor plants require sunlight, water and the right temperature environment to grow
well.Care must be taken to protect the low light or medium light house plants from the
intense heat or direct sunlight. Under watering or overwatering also kills the plants.
Watering the plants early morning keeps them lively throughout the day; but always
keep in mind that the requirements of water always change with the season, rainfall,
the size and the stage of growth of the plant. Large plants or plants that grow rapidly

must be grown in large containers to hold their roots. Containers must have drain
holes for proper drainage. Adding soluble fertilizers will release nutrients to maintain
the fertility level of the soil and help in the proper growth of plants. Periodically,
remove the dead head plants or dead flowers, trim them regularly and keep a check on
their growth.
1. Explain and illustrate landscape lighting.

2. What do you mean by hydroponics?
3. Explain and illustrate theimportance of landscaping.
4. Explain any two elements of landscape.
5. Write a short note on Terrace garden.
6. Explain and illustrate the term balance in landscape design.
7. What is the importance of the principle repetition in landscape design?
8. Write a short note on Balcony garden.
9. Discuss how to select plants for a landscape.
10. Write a short note on Plant care.

Unit 5: Acoustics –Study of different systems of insulations & sound
proofing, use and methods of applications
Index
5.0 Objectives
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Acoustics
5.0 Objectives
f. Importance of acoustics in interior design.
g. Sound, velocity, frequency, intensity
h. Reflection, reverberation, absorption, transmission of sound
5.1 Introduction
Acoustics is originally derived from a Greek word which means ‘to hear’. It is defined as a
‘science of sound’ which deals with the origin, the control, the transmission, the reception
and the effects of auditory sensation. The study helps us to control the quality and amount of
sound; suppress external sound and also reduce the echoes and noise in an interior.
5.2 Acoustics
Sound – is the movement of energy in the form of longitudinal waves through mediums such
as air or water. When a force causes an object or substance to vibrate, sound is produced.
This sound travels through an elastic and compressible medium, like air in the form of waves
of sound energy. When these waves come to our ears, we feel a sensation of hearing. Our
human brain recognizes the sounds and intercepts them as language, music, noise, etc.
Velocity of sound – sound velocity is the speed at which the sound waves travel or pass
through any medium. The velocity also depends on the nature and the temperature of the
medium through which sound travels. Sound travels more rapidly in solids and liquids than
in air; this is because it is affected by the temperature of theair, the amount of moisture in the
air and the intensity of the wind. Sound vibrates the particles in the material, be it solid, liquid
or gas and loses a bit of kinetic energy with every movement; but sound cannot travel in
vacuum as there is no matter in it.

Frequency of Sound – the number of cycles a sounding body makes per unit of time is
called the frequency or the pitch of sound. The more the number of cycles, the higher is the
pitch. So, frequency or pitch is the quality of sound. The different frequencies of the sound
waves are measured in cycles per second and the unit of frequency is Hertz (Hz). Our human
ear is capable of detecting the sound waves with a wide range of frequencies that range
between 20 Hz to 20,000Hz. The range of frequency is called the audible range. Sound with a
frequency less than 20 Hz is known as an infrasound and it is below the audible range of
hearing. Any sound with a frequency more than 20,000 Hz (20 kHz) is known as an
ultrasound and is above the audible range of hearing.
Sound Intensity –the amount of sound energy that flows per unit of time through a unit area
is the intensity of the sound. Intensity is the quantity of sound. The SI unit for sound intensity
is W/m²- Watts per square metre (watt is the unit for power and square metre is the unit for
area). Sound intensity decreases with distance to source. As the sound waves spread out, their
energy density decreases, so the increasing distance between the source and the receiver
results in a gradually lesser intensity of sound to the receiver.
Sound energy
The power of sound and pressure levels is measured over a range of frequencies. The unit of
measurement of sound pressure is the Bel (B). The smallest rise of sound which human ear
can detect is one-tenth of a Bel, i.e. one decibel (1 dB). Therefore, sound energy is measured
by its pressure and its intensity in units called as decibels - dB.
Sound intensity and the feeling of loudness -
 0 -20 dB – very faint

 30 to 40 dB – faint
 45 to 60 dB – moderate
 70 to 80 dB – loud
 90 to 100 dB – very loud
 110 to 225 dB – deafening sound
Sound distribution in an interior
A sound wave can be reflected, diffused or absorbed depending on the nature and the
composition of the material that it comes into contact with. Generally, the soft and porous

materials absorb more sound while hard and dense materials such as stone, metal, concrete,
etc. reflect the most.
Reflection of Sound – when a sound wave strikes on a flat, hard or rigid surface, like brick
or concrete walls, it bounces back or is reflected back. This is the reflection of sound.
Concave surfaces tend to concentrate the reflected sound waves while convex surfaces tend
to spread the reflected waves. A room has many types of reflections whichhave an effect on
sound. An echo is the repetition or a reflection of sound that arrives sometime after the direct
sound. A single reflection of the sound is a true echo. If many reflections arrive such that it is
difficult to distinguish between them, it is termed as Reverberation.
Reverberation of Sound – Multiple or repeated reflections of sound is called reverberation.

But reverberation is not a clear replica of the original sound because it comes to the listener
after reflecting from many surfaces. Sound energy requires some interval of time to convert
into another form of energy. This time (time in seconds) taken for the sound to decrease or
decay in value after the source has ceased is the reverberation time. A room that has a long
reverberation time may sound noisy due to the echoes, while a room with a short
reverberation time may sound dull and dead as there is no echo. So, an interior space should
have adequate reverberation time that will improve the quality of sound. It is possible to
design the required value of reverberation time in any structure by working on the
specifications.
Absorption of Sound - when a sound wave strikes a surface, some of the energy is reflected,
some is transmitted while some is absorbed. By using sound absorbent materials, much of the
sound can be absorbed which might otherwise have been reflected. So sound absorption can
be defined as a wave that strikes a material but is not reflected back.
• Sound absorbent materials – For better absorption of sound, some materials can be
incorporated in an interior space to make it acoustically good.The absorbent material
should ideally be strong, fire proof, water proof, and economical for construction and
also maintenance. Soft and porous absorbent materials help the sound waves to
penetrate into the pores which reduce the noise level in a room. The absorption
capacity of a material largely depends on the thickness of it and also on the frequency
of the sound. Generally, absorbent materials are covered to improve their appearance.
They are available in various types under different trade names. Selection of the
absorbent material should be made after considering various factors like their

durability, appearance, the workability, the cost, water proof and fire resistance, etc.
The types of absorbent materials are foam, fibre glass, fibre board, straw board, pulp
board, compressed particle board, mineral wool or glass wool, acoustical plaster
boards and tiles, etc. Refer figures 5.1 to 5.6.
Fig: 5.1Sound absorbent fibre board
Fig: 5.2Compressed particle boardFig: 5.3Pulp board
Fig: 5.4Straw board Fig: 5.5Glass wool

Fig: 5.6Acoustical plaster boards
Diffusion of Sound –Diffusing a sound is dispersing the sound in all directions when the
sound wave hits an irregular surface. Diffusive surfaces do not reflect or absorb sound
directly, but scatter it in many directions for e.g. a carpet or a wall rug. Diffusion helps to
prevent echoes as the sound waves are dispersed in all directions.
Noise –Types of noise & Effects
Unwanted sound is termed as noise. It particularly means that a loud sound which disturbs
people or makes it difficult for them to hear the wanted sounds is noise. The term loudness
describes the ear’s perception of sound. Loud noise can cause pain and discomfort to people.
But it differs from person to person. For e.g. teenagers love to play music loud but elderly
people cannot bear the noise. This may be due to the high frequency of sound or intensity of
sound or both. High frequency of sound or noise is disturbing and has a harmful effect on the
physical and psychological health of people. Noise is of two types –
 Internal noise – noise in households, ringing of phones, kids screaming, use

of mechanical machines and electrical appliances like fans, air conditioners,
refrigerators, washing machines, audio & video systems, etc.
 External noise – road traffic, noise from machines in industries &factories,
railways, airplanes, central ac units, bursting crackers and using sound
amplifying systems during festivals, etc.
Extended exposure to loud noise, for example - people who work in factories get used to the
loud noise of machines in the factories but it has an adverse effect on their health. The high

level of noise may result in temporary loss of hearing capacity, stress, hypertension, mental
imbalance, violent behavior, etc. and there is a considerable decrease in the efficiency of the
workers.But it has also been observed that when there is absolute silence or if the room is too
quiet, people become uncomfortable within a short span of time. This is so because a certain
amount of noise is not only acceptable but also welcome, for example sounds of nature such
as the chirping of birds, flowing water, the rustling of trees, etc. all create a calm and
soothing environment. This is the reason why shopping malls and restaurants play light music
in the background.
Sound insulation & Sound absorption
Sound insulation and sound absorption are two different terms - Sound insulation means
reducing the level of sound when the sound wave strikes a surface for e.g. hard materials are
good sound insulators but poor sound absorbers; whereas sound absorption means reducing
the sound reflected from a surface by providing sound absorbent materials such as porous
materials that are good sound absorbers but poor sound insulators.
Acoustic insulation
It is a process of sound proofing a room or an interior enclosed space by preventing sound

from entering or exiting by way of creating a barrier between the internal and external areas.
A barrier is created by using insulating materials between the origin of sound and the
surrounding area. Insulating materials are specially treated materials that provide acoustic
insulation. Sound insulation can to some extent reduce the sound transmission. Insulation also
helps to maintain the desired temperature within a space irrespective of the weather outside.
Also, by inserting insulation material in walls, under the floors and above ceilings will help in
effective sound insulation.
Acoustic sound blankets
These are made from fibre glass, glass wool or mineral wool and come in blanketed rolls of
different widths. Refer fig. 5.7. They are used to reduce the noise and prevent the reflection
of sound waves in hard surfaced areas. The capacity of absorbing the sound depends on the
thickness, the density, the mode of fixing and the frequency of sound. The process of
insulation is done by using rolls of fibre glass insulation that are cut to the right length and
tacked to the interior area between each side of a finished wall; the cut sections of insulation
are secured in place before closing up the wall. The blankets are usually fitted between

wooden frames and rafters to insulate below the floors, above the ceilings and within the
walls.
Fig: 5.7Acoustic sound blankets
Spray Foam Insulation
• This type of insulation works very well for irregularly shaped areas. It is in a liquid
form and contains a polymer agent and a foaming agent. The method is to blow or
spray the liquid onto the walls; as it enters the open spaces or cracks in the walls, it
expands quickly into a solid plastic and fills the cavities in the walls to reduce the
movement of sound. Refer fig. 5.8.
Fig: 5.8Spray Foam Insulation

Acoustical Wall & Ceiling tiles
Acoustical wall and ceiling tiles are manufactured with specialized materials like wood or
metal and some fibrous materials are also added to them. Refer fig. 5.9.
There are various types of ceiling and wall acoustic tiles available. For ceiling, the tiles can
be directly added to the existing ceiling of a room or some of the types can be suspended
from a grid arrangement that is present on the ceiling of the room. They are mainly useful in
conference rooms, recording studios, libraries, auditoriums, concert halls, home theatres, etc.
A major drawback of acoustical tiles is that they tend to yellow over time and are likely to
spoil due to moisture. Therefore, they need to be replaced regularly. Prefabricated panels
can be attached to walls and ceilings to insulate a space from noise.
Fig: 5.9AcousticalWall & Ceiling tiles
Soundproof curtains
These are heavy duty curtains made to minimize the noise entering or exiting from an interior
space. They are commonly used in commercial applications but can also be used in
residences for home theatres. Refer fig. 5.10. The curtains are constructed with a core
material of fire resistant wool fabric and have a high degree of sound absorption. The curtains
have a quilt type construction which makes the panel one to two inches thick and sometimes
weights are sewn in the bottom edge to resist movement from breeze, etc.The curtains absorb
the distracting sounds and vibrations and prevent echoes and other sound distortions.

Fig: 5.10Soundproof curtains
Acoustic Plaster
It is a plaster containing fibres or granulated insulation material mixed with cement to absorb
sound. The quantity of cement mixed must be in correct proportion because if the quantity of
cement is more, the plaster will not be sufficiently porous to absorb the sound; and if the
quantity of cement is less, the plaster will be weak. The plaster can be applied by hand trowel
or sprayed with spray gun in semi-plastic consistency on the walls and ceilings in a textured
finish. It can be applied to a thickness of upto 1.5 inch. The plaster is available in many
colors and is generally used in residences, libraries, etc. It is preferred for curved surfaces,
domes or arched ceilings where sound insulation is required. Acoustical plaster boards are
available that can be used for the walls.
Carpets
These are used for acoustical purposes too. They are good absorbers of noise and can also be
used on walls to increase the insulation. Refer fig. 5.11.

Fig: 5.11Carpets
Doors& Windows - The exterior noises that come into a building are through the tiny cracks
between the door and the wall and the windows and ventilators. By insulating, we can reduce
the level of the sound when it passes through them. For this, sound absorbing material must
be filled in the space between the jamb and the frame. Also, the more the thickness and the
weight of the door, the less is the transmission of sound. Similarly, for windows, it is
advisable to use thick glass for less transmission of sound. Double windows with 10 cm to 20
cm space between them can be constructed for better sound insulation.

1. Explain and illustrate the term Acoustics.
2. What do you mean by Spray Foam Insulation?
3. Explain the importance of Acoustics.
4. Define Sound and Velocity of sound.
5. Write a short note on reverberation of sound.
6. Explain and illustrate sound absorbent material.
7. What is noise and its effects?
8. Explain and illustrate acoustical wall and ceiling tiles.
9. Explain acoustical curtains and carpets.
10. What do you mean by diffusion of sound?

Unit 6: Fire Fighting-Types of fire, Fire fighting equipments and
systems
Index
6.0 Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fire Fighting
6.3Self-Assessment Test
6.0 Objectives

 Types of fire
 Fire fighting equipments and Systems
 Types of extinguishers
6.1 Introduction
There are many causes of fire such as smoking – carelessly thrown cigarettes, bad
workmanship in electrical wiring, unattended cooking, improper storage of cooking gas
cylinders, children playing with matches, improper storage of liquids like kerosene,
methylated spirits, petrol,etc. Fire is a very destructive force and items destroyed by fire are
gone forever. Therefore, it is very important to take preventive measures to reduce the loss of
life and property in case a fire breaks out. Good architectural planning with proper method of
construction and means of escape are very important to protect a building against fire. The
provision of proper means of escape from fire should be made in relation to the number of
persons to be affected in a fire-hazard. The means of escape from fire should be located in such
a way that they remain unobstructed by smoke or fumes and are easily accessible.
6.2 Fire Fighting
Limiting the spread of fire:

The following factors should be considered to limit the spread of fire:

a. Fire-fighting equipment: suitable equipment for detecting, warning and
extinguishing of fire should be provided in the building. These equipments should be
located in such a way as to be clearly visible and easily accessible for use in case of a
fire hazard.
b. Construction materials: roofs, walls, floors, etc. are the structural elements and
should be constructed of fire resisting materials. No building material is fire proof, but
the purpose of using fire resistant materials is to protect life and goods within the
structure.
c. It is of utmost importance to have a proper means of escape in case of a fire and
especially so in case of public buildings such as malls, theatres, factories, etc.
d. Large buildings divided into smaller blocks can limit the spread of fire.
General rules for fire-resisting buildings:
It is correctly said that the first five minutes of a fire are much more important than
the next five hours. This is so because a fire can be brought under control more easily
if detected in the first phase of its occurrence.
Installing smoke alarm / fire alarm system

These systems are installed to give a warning so that the people can move to a safer
place. The systems can be manual or automatic. The manual alarm system consists of
a hand bell or some such arrangement to warn the occupants about the fire. In an
automatic alarm system, the sensing devices detect the presence of fire and sound an
alarm. Some alarm systems not only alert the occupants but also notify the nearest fire
brigade station and activate the sprinkler systems. The automatic alarm systems are
generally installed in large industrial buildings that are unoccupied at night. Refer fig.
6.1.
Fig: 6.1 Smoke alarm

Protection of openings –doors and windows
In the event of a fire, the doors are the primary means of escape. Solid timber doors,
not less than 40mm thick with suitable fittings that are not affected by the heat of the
fire should be provided. Also it is important that the exit doors should be clearly
visible and not covered behind curtains or create any obstructions in passages or
staircases. All the main doors should be provided with double fire proof doors while
the internal doors may be single fire proof doors. The fire proof doors are available in
superior and inferior types. The superior quality doors have a minimum 6 mm thick
steel plate while the inferior ones consist of timber panels covered on both the sides
by an iron sheet of minimum 3 mm thickness.
Windows may be considered as a secondary means of escape and are of great help to
the fire extinguishers. The fire proof windows usually consist of 6 mm thick wired
glass fixed in a steel frame.
Staircases
An emergency ladder/ staircase / stepsat least 3'-0" wide constructed from fire
resisting materials must be provided with a fire proof door. The door should be fitted
in such a way that it can be closed from the inside of the building only. This will help
in opening the door without any delay in case of a fire.
1. Floors – the RCC floors should be minimum 15 cm thick or of 6 mm thick steel
plates. The slope of the floor should be such that the water is easily drained off
from the structure.
Provision of Fire extinguishing equipments

The most commonly available are buckets of water, sand and asbestos blankets that
can be kept ready always. Also portable fire extinguishers must be installed.
Depending upon the capacity of the extinguisher, the discharge lasts from 10 seconds
to 120 seconds. Hydrants must be provided for easy availability of water for fire
fighting.
Types of fire & Suppressing or Extinguishing Agents

Fires are classified as per their nature and origin. This classification helps us to use
the suitable suppression agent.
Classification of fire -
Class A – ordinary combustible materials such as cloth, paper, wood, rubber, plastic
& trash.
Class B – flammable liquids such as gasoline, petroleum oil, oil based paints and also
flammable gases such as propane and butane.
Class C – electrically energized appliances or tools such as motors, transformers
Class D – combustible metals such as sodium, potassium and magnesium.
Class K – fires in cooking oils and greases such as animal fats and vegetable fats.
Some of the suppressing or extinguishing agents are water, sand, carbon dioxide,
halons, foam and dry chemical powders.
The FIRE TRIANGLE

The fire triangle is a tetrahedron because there are four elements that must be present
for a fire to exist. The four elements are -
 Oxygen – to sustain combustion
 Heat – to raise the material to ignition temperature
 Fuel – to support combustion
 Chemical reaction – between the other three elements
To extinguish the fire, remove any one of the four elements. The concept of fire
protection is to keep these four elements separate. As all fuels are not the same, if we
use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the wrong type of fuel, matters can become
worse. The fire extinguishers generally have a pictograph label that describes which
fuels the extinguisher is designed to fight. The different types of fire extinguishers are
–
Water and foam – these extinguish the fire by taking away the heat element of the
fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the oxygen element from the other
elements.Refer fig. 6.2.

Fig: 6.2Water and foam
Uses – for extinguishing Class A fires only. If used on Class B fires, the discharge
stream can spread the flammable liquid. If used on Class C fires, it can create a
shockhazard.
Carbon dioxide – this extinguishes the fire by taking away the oxygen element of the
fire triangle and also removes the heat with a very cold discharge.Refer fig. 6.3.

Fig: 6.3 Carbon dioxide
Uses - for extinguishing Class B & Class C fires only. They are generally not
effective on Class A fires.
Dry Chemical – these extinguishers interrupt the chemical reaction of the fire triangle
and extinguish it. Refer fig. 6.4
Fig: 6.4Dry Chemical

Uses – ordinary dry chemical can be used for Class B & Class C fires only. The
multipurpose dry chemical is effective on Class A, B, and C fires.

Wet Chemical - these extinguish the fire by removing the heat element of the fire
triangle and also create a barrier between the oxygen and fuel elements. Refer fig. 6.5
Fig: 6.5Wet Chemical

Uses - for extinguishing Class K fires in commercial cooking and may also be used in
Class A fires in commercial kitchens.
Dry powder – these are similar to dry chemical and extinguish the fire by removing
the heat element of the fire triangle. Refer fig. 6.6.

Fig: 6.6Dry powder
Uses – for extinguishing Class D fires only. They are generally not effective on all
other classes of fires.
Fire Fighting System

This is the most essential building service as it is extremely important to save life and
property in case of a fire. The components required are large storage tanks either
under the ground or on top of the structure, pump sets, hose reels, a network of pipes
ending in either hydrants or sprinklers or both.
Fire storage tanks –
Separate tanks provided especially for the storage of water to be supplied in case of
fire are called as fire storage tanks. Water is stored in concrete tanks underground.
The size of the tank and the amount of water to be stored is decided by considering
the hazard level of the project; there are three levels namely
 light hazard – residences, offices, schools, etc.
 ordinary hazard – factories, go-downs, etc.
 high hazard – use and storage of flammable materials, paint
factories, fire work factories, etc.
The quantity of water stored in the tanks is given in hours of pumping capacity for
example a system that has a one hour capacity has a tank that is large enough to store
water to supply the fire with water for one hour when the fire pumps are started.

Generally, the tanks for light hazard systems have one hour capacity while the high
hazard systems have a three to four hours capacity. The water in these tanks must
always remain full with outlets leading to the fire pumps only. Care must be taken that
the water in the tank does not get direct sunlight or the water should not get stagnant
and develop algae which will clog the pump and the pipes making the system useless
in case of a fire.
It is preferable to have two fire storage tanks or if there is one, it can be segregated
into two parts. This is to ensure that when one is cleaned, there will always be some
water in the other in case of an emergency. In some structures, there is only one
common tank for domestic use and for fire fighting.
Fire pumps
The pumps must be housed in a pump room close to the fire tanks and located at a
level just below the bottom of the fire tank so that all the water in the tanks can flow
into the pumps by gravity. It is of utmost importance that back up pumps be given in
case the main pump fails. Also, a diesel powered second back up pump is given in
case there is a power cut. A fourth type of pump called the jockey pump is a small
pump attached to the system. This pump switches on automatically to maintain the
correct pressure in the distribution system. A jockey pump also has a back up pump.
Pressure sensors control the pumps. When a hydrant is opened by a fire fighter or
when a sprinkler comes on, the water gushes out of the system and the pressure drops.
The drop in the pressure is detected by the sensors and the fire pumps are switched
on. The only way to switch off a fire pump is by doing it manually in the pump room
by a fire fighter. This system is so designed to avoid the pumps from switching off
due to some fault in the control system. The pump capacity is decided on the type and
layout of the building; the area to be covered by the hydrants and sprinklers and the
number of hydrants and sprinklers.
The Distribution System
The system consists of a series or network of steel or galvanized steel pipes which are
painted red. The pipes that are underground are given a special coating to protect
them from corrosion. There are two types of distribution systems –
a. Automatic wet systems – the pipes connected to the pumps and storage tank are
filled with water.
b. Automatic dry systems – instead of water, the pipes are filled with pressurized air.
When the hydrant is opened by the fire fighter, pressurized air first rushes out and
after a gap of some seconds, water is released by the pumps. The dry system is
generally used in places where there is a possibility of the water in the fire pipes
freezing that would render them useless in case of a fire.
c. Manual distribution systems – these systems are not connected to the fire storage
tanks and fire pumps, but have an inlet from where water is pumped into the
system by the fire engine. The inlet is called a Siamese connection. When the
water is pumped into the system by the fire engines, the fire fighters open the
hydrants at the required places and direct the water to the fire.
Fire Hydrant
A fire hydrant is a connection point from where fire fighters can tap into a water
supply. These are short stubby iron devices generally installed along the side of the
street. They may vary in exact size, are shaped like a cylinder and painted bright red
(easy to find in case of emergency) with a variety of valves and connection points.
The fire fighter has to use a special pentagonal wrench to remove the valve cover on
the fire hydrant and attach the hose to the fire hydrant. He then opens the valve on the
hydrant and water is released at a very high pressure. The fire fighter has to hold the
hose and stand in the correct way or else the quantity and speed of water released is so
great that it may knock him down.
A fire engine or fire truck usually has enough water to start to fight the fire while the
fire fighter connects the hoses to the nearest fire hydrant. The fire engine uses a
powerful pump to boost the pressure of water which is divided into several streams to
supply the water to multiple fire hoses at once.
Fire Sprinklers
A fire sprinkler is the element of a fire sprinkler system which discharges water when
it detects the effects of fire. It is a nozzle which is attached to a network of pipes that
are fitted just below the ceiling of the room. Each sprinkler head has a small glass
bulb with liquid in it; this bulb blocks the flow of water. When there is a fire, due to
the heat, the liquid in the bulb becomes hot and expands; due to this the glass bulb
shatters allowing the water to be sprayed from the sprinkler.
Fire Sprinkler System

Fully automated sprinkler systems are the most effective way to control fire. They
automatically transmit an alarm, start spraying water and are therefore very effective
at putting out the fire in the early stages to prevent it from spreading. After
installation, regular testing, maintenance and servicing should also be done on a
priority basis to prevent damage in case of emergency. These systems are important in
structures such as theatres, hospitals, factories, warehouses, textile mills, paper mills,
etc.There are various types of fire sprinklers available – Pre action, Wet
sprinklers,Drysprinklers and Deluge.
Pre action – in this type the sprinklers are filled with air. Water is allowed to pass
only when the smoke alarm or detector goes off. So, basically this type of system
requires two triggers to start the flow of water. The pre action system can be set which
can be useful in preventing water from spouting due to mechanical failure or in a false
alarm. These are important in areas that contain items of high value such as electronic
goods, computer rooms, libraries, etc.
Wet sprinklers – these are the common type of sprinklers and constantly have water
in them. They are cost effective with low maintenance and particularly used in high
rise residential and office buildings.
Dry sprinklers – these are similar to pre action systems and rely on dry chemicals for
extinguishing a fire. They are used in areas where water may freeze.
Deluge–these systems quickly flood an area with water. They are generally used in
areas where flammable liquids are stored and handled, air craft hangars, etc.

1. What are the factors to be considered to limit the spread of fire?
2. Explain and illustrate smoke and fire alarm systems.
3. What are fire hydrants?
4. Explain Fire Sprinkler System.
5. Give the classification of fire.
6. Explain the term“fire triangle”.
7. Draw a neat sketch of water and foam extinguisher.
8. Write a short note on fire pumps.
9. What are fire storage tanks?
10. Explain dry chemical and wet chemical fire extinguishers.

Unit 7: Security System –Alarm systems
Index
7.0 Objectives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Security Systems
7.3Self-Assessment Test
7.0 Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to help you to understand the–
- Importance of security systems
- Types of security systems
7.1 Introduction
Security systems are protective systems or devices that safeguard people and property from
burglars and also against many hazards such as fire and other disasters. They are very much
necessary to protect our home and business. There are several options for a building’s
security system. Selection of the system depends upon the construction of the building, the
use of the building, the type of occupants and the mandated standards.
7.2 Security Systems

Alarm Systems
There are many types of alarm systems available that have different installation requirements
and costs as per the need of the client for e.g. Intrusion alarm systems, vibration sensors for
fence, motion sensors, etc.
There are some alarms when tripped by an intruder give a loud siren noise which may scare
the intruder away. Some people install alarms to monitor the entry way and separate alarms
on each door and window which when forcefully opened will give a loud sound when the
alarm is on. In bigger houses or bungalows, alarm systems with motion sensors are an added
advantage. The motion detectors sound an alert if someone walks within acertaindistance of
the detector. Security cameras are often set up to catch motion or any activity which is
displayed on a screen and can also be recorded for future reference.

Some people choose to have their home and business protected and monitored by a security
company. The alarm systems alert the security companies that provide service 24X7 and are
very helpful in a crisis. These security companies are particularly useful for elderly people
who live alone and may need immediate assistance in case of emergencies.
Wireless alarm systems

Wireless alarm systems are battery powered alarm security systems used in both home and
work areas. They are easier to install than wired systems and work even in a power cut. The
system uses wireless signals such as infrared or radio waves transmitted on a special
frequency to alert and warn the occupants against an intruder or burglar. Some systems are
also equipped with motion sensors, smoke and gas detectors.
In a wireless alarm system setup, sensors are placed in various locations, in doors and
windows and any other area that allows access or entry. A central computer known as the
control panel is installed and one or more keypads are placed at entryways. When something
interferes with the signal given out by the sensor or if the sensor detects motion or activity, it
signals the control panel and depending on the set up of the control panel, it generally emits a
loud noise or contacts the police and the fire department. The only drawback of the wireless
system is that there is a limitation in the distance that is allowed between the cameras, sensors
and the control panel due to the radio transmitters.
Monitored Systems
These systems alert the central call centre when the alarm system is tripped by a thief or a
trespasser. The call centre waits for 30 to 45 seconds to confirm that the alarm has not been
accidently set off. If the alarm continues, the call centre attempts to contact the user for a
password and if it is unsuccessful the call centre will alert the authorities.
Unmonitored Systems
In this system, if the alarm is tripped by an intruder, a loud siren noise is produced inside and
outside which scares the intruder. This system is cost effective and popular. But this system
does not contact the monitoring company.
The monitor as well as unmonitored systems can be set up with cameras, video displays,
sensors, motion detectors, smoke, fire and carbon monoxide detectors. The system set ups
can be wireless or hard wired. The wireless security systems are connected by battery-
powered radio transmitters and receivers and are easier to install. The only drawback of the
wireless system is that there is a limitation in the distance that is allowed between the
cameras, sensors and the control panel due to the radio transmitters.
Video Surveillance / CCTV cameras

Video Surveillance or Closed Circuit Television – CCTV as they are widely known are
becoming increasingly common in all areas requiring monitoring such as banks, retail stores,
museums, shopping malls, car parks, hotels, schools, hospitals, casinos, airports, residences,
traffic on highways, etc. They are also used in chemical industries, particularly in areas for
observing the parts of a process wherein the environmental conditions are dangerous and not
suitable for humans.
A security camera is a specialized system in which the circuit in which the video is
transmitted is closed while the other elements such as the camera, display monitor and
recording devices are directly connected. Generally, the cameras are mounted in position and
clearly visible but sometimes they are hidden so that people are ignorant about their presence.
Signage signifying that the area is under surveillance is placed around the security cameras.
The footage from the camera can be reviewed continuously and can also be stored in digital
video recorder or in the case of IP cameras, directly to a server, either on-site or offsite. The
recordings can be retained for a preset period of time which may be automatically archived,
overwritten or deleted if there is no cause for reexamining it. The use of surveillance systems
discourages theft and reduces crime to some extent.
With the reduction in the costs in the manufacture of cameras and video recording
equipments, the low cost domestic kits are becoming increasingly common in residences and
small business firms while the high definition CCTV with professional installation and
maintenance are expensive and generally preferred by bigger establishments. Different
brands have different prices; the wireless systems are pricier than the wired ones.
The surveillance systems are also helpful on roads along the major highways for monitoring
the traffic patterns. Airports and most of the railway stations have installed security cameras
due to the increasing terrorist attacks. To keep the travelers safe, the video feeds are
constantly monitored by the law enforcement agencies and the emergency services are
immediately alerted in case the need arises.
Video Door Phones –

The video door phone system is a kind of an intercom system installed at the entrance. It
increases home security wherein one can see and interact safely with the visitor without
opening the main door. This system is very useful when children are alone at home or for
elderly people living unaccompanied.
A variety of door phones are available and the price is in accordance to their features.
Fire detection & alarm systems –

The role of a fire detection & alarm system is to detect smoke or heat or a developing fire
emergency and to alert the occupants and the fire emergency department. The installation of
the fire alarm varies as per the type of premises to be protected and the level of protection
required. The alarm station is generally placed near exit doors in corridors or along the paths
of escape. The activation devices can be manual or automatic. A manual alarm system
consists of break glass units and alarm sounders. These are connected to a control panel. If a
person discovers a fire he can activate the alarm by breaking the glass and the alarm will be
raised by the control panel.
The automatic alarm systems are designed to automatically detect a fire outbreak and alert the
occupants by raising the alarm through the control panel.
Automatic system comprises of a detector in addition to the break glass units and alarm
sounders connected to a control panel. Detectors are of four types –
 Smoke detectors
 Heat detectors
 Gas detectors and
 Flame detectors.
Smoke detector – this is a device that can be battery operated or electrically
connected to detect smoke typically as an indicator of fire. The device is designed to
sense the presence of visible or invisible particles that are produced by combustion
and sound an alarm in the room where it is located. Smoke detectors are available
with different features and are placed along ceilings or high on walls. There are two
types of smoke detectors – ionization type and photoelectric type. The ionization type
detector has a chamber that contains two plates which generate an electric current.
When smoke interrupts the current, an alarm sounds. The photoelectric type smoke
detectors incorporate a light beam which shines into a receptor inside the device; so
when smoke interrupts the beam, the alarm sounds. These detectors are good for areas
where wood and paper is stored, in printing workshops, paper mills and paint stores.
Heat detector –The heat detector units detect a change in the temperature
surrounding the alarm. The alarm has a detecting element inside which sets off when
it reaches a predetermined fixed temperature. It activates and gives an alarm when
there is a specific increase in the temperature. These detectors are available in battery
operated and hard wired electrical varieties or a combination of both technologies.
These detectors function best in fire with high flames and intense heat but little
smoke; however they fall short in fires with heavy smoke but little initial heat. The
heat detectors are effective in areas where fuel and chemicals are stored and in areas
with fluctuating temperatures such as boiler rooms.
Gas detector – this device is designed to measure the carbon monoxide
(CO) level and sounds an alarm before a dangerous level of CO accumulates in an
area. It consists of an electronic circuit and an electrochemical cell. The electronic
circuit is adjusted or regulated to a normal range of carbon monoxide in the
atmosphere and produces a small electrical current in its presence. When the levels of
carbon monoxide increase in the atmosphere, i.e. when they rise above the normal
range that is set in the electronic circuit, an increased amount of current is produced
by the cell which creates an alarm signal.
Flame detector- this device is designed to detect either ultraviolet (UV) radiation or
infra red (IR) radiation emitted by fire. It uses optical sensors to detect flames and
often used in areas where fire may spread quickly for e.g. flammable liquids. The
detector consists of an electronic circuit with an electromagnetic radiation receiver.
These detectors are good for power plants, car factories, paper works and oil
refineries.
Video Door Phones –

The video door phone system is a kind of an intercom system installed at the entrance.
It increases home security wherein one can see and interact safely with a stranger or a
new visitor without opening the main door. This system is very useful when children
are alone at home or for elderly people living alone.
A variety of door phones are available and the price is in accordance to their features.
Home safes –
Usually, many people keep all their valuables in two places - one is a bank locker for
precious items like jewelry, important documents, certificates, etc. to be accessed as
the need may arise and secondly at home for cash and jewelry required for day to day

use. Steel almirahs with pre-installed lockers are available but are small sized and
give no protection against fire.
A home safe is a good option to keep all the cash, jewelry, important documents, etc.
These are available in various sizes and can be single walled or double walled. The
small size safes can be installed inside a wardrobe while the larger ones can be
installed in the wall of the house. Most of the home safes can withstand fire for up to
30 minutes.
Types of Safes –
Electronic Safes – these safes are available with different types of locking
mechanisms for e.g. electronic number locks with a keypad to enter the numerical
combination code, locks with magnetic strip card which is similar to scanning or
swiping a debit or a credit card and biometric locking system that open only with
stored fingerprints.
Fire resistant Safes –these safes are more heavy and sturdy than electronic safes and
can withstand fire for up to two hours. These are good for storing important
documents.
Fire and burglary resistant Safes – these are advanced safes and can withstand
attacks from the burglars’ tools and from fire for up to two hours.

1. Explain smoke detectors.
2. Explain the term “Wireless alarm systems”.
3. Explain the importance of security systems.
4. Differentiate between monitored and unmonitored systems.
5. Explain the term video surveillance.
6. Explain heat detectors.
7. What are video door phones?
8. What are flame detectors?
9. Explain any two types of safes.
10. Explain gas detectors.

References:
Sr. No. Title Author Publication
1 Architectural Acoustics, Madan Mehta & James Library of congress
Principles and Design Johnson Cataloguing in Publication
Data
2 Noise and vibration Frank and John Walk British Library Cataloguing in
Publication Data
3 Heating, cooling, Lighting Norbert Lechner Library of congress
Design Cataloguing in Publication
Data
4 Building services and Donald Hoff Library of congress
equipments Cataloguing in Publication
Data
5 ABC of Air-conditioning Ernest Tricomi D. B. Taraporevala& sons

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Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University

Vice Chancellor : Dr. M.M.Salunkhe

Dr . Rajendra Vadnere Dr. Surya Gunjal, Director Shri Rajendra Katore

Mr. Goyanka Shankar Mr. Ashwin B. Sonone Mr.P.V. Patil

Dr. Sunanda More Dr. Abhay Patil Dr. Rucha Gujar

Prof. Ram Thakar

WRITER CONTENT EDITOR IT EDITING

BID 201: Services-II Page 1

• Domestic uses- drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, cleaning, flushing toilets,

BID 201: Services-II Page 2

1.2 Water Supply

Let us start with the sources of water.

Sources of Water: Natural & Manmade

Now, let us study about wells.

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Fig: 1.2 Well

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Fig 1.3:Bore well

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Fig: 1.6 Step wells

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1 Residences 135 - 225

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5 Hostels 135 - 180

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Fig: 1.8 Masonry tank

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Fig: 1.10 RCC Water tank

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Fig: 1.12M.S. Tank

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1. Intermittent supply system

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Fig: 1.13Underground tank and overhead tank water supply system

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2. Overhead tank water supply system –

Fig: 1.14Overhead Tank water supply system

3. Direct water supply system -

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4. Pumped water supply system -

1.3 Self-Assessment Test

1. Explain the sources of water.

BID 201: Services-II Page 16

2.2 Hot water system

2.3 Self-Assessment Test

• Hot water requirement

• Types of water heaters

• Safety features in hot water supply

• Hot water storage

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2.2 Hot Water Systems

• Types of water heaters

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• Water heating system

- the system layout,

- the storage type or the continuous flow system and

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 Economical in terms of maintenance and fuel costs.

The different types of fuels that are used in boilers are -

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