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2. Common noun
Common nouns are used to refer to general things rather than specific examples. Common nouns are
not normally capitalized unless they are used as part of a proper name or are placed at the beginning of
a sentence. Some common noun examples are included in the following sentences.
Be sure to pick a top university.
Stack those boxes carefully.
Would you like a cookie with your coffee?
3. Collective noun
A collective noun is a word that refers to a group. Some collective noun examples are included in the
following sentences.
Our team is enjoying an unbroken winning streak.
There’s a pack of hyenas outside.
Watch out for that swarm of bees.
4. Abstract noun
Abstract nouns are those referring to ideas, concepts, emotions, qualities, character traits and things
that one cannot see, touch, taste, smell or hear. Some examples can be seen in the following sentences.
Success seems to come easily to certain people.
His hatred of people smoking indoors is legendary.
She has an incredible love for nature.
This is of great importance.
He received an award for his bravery.
Abstract nouns can be formed from adjectives, verbs and common nouns.
Pronouns and their kinds
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. The pronoun is used to avoid repetition of the noun in
writing.
2. Demonstrative Pronouns
It points out to a noun.
Near Far
Singular This That
Plural These Those
3. Possessive Pronouns
It describes a close possession or ownership to a noun.
E.g. mine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
The book is mine.
4. Interrogative Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which is used to make asking questions easy. There are just five
interrogative pronouns: what, which, who, whom, and whose.
What do you want for dinner?
Which of these ladies is your mother?
Who was driving the car?
Whom do you live with?
There's one car missing. Whose hasn't arrived?
5. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns are those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places. They are
called
“indefinite” simply because they do not indicate the exact object, being, or place to which they refer.
Indefinite pronouns include: any, anybody, anyone, either, neither, nobody, no, someone, some, every,
all, both,
each, any, some, several, enough, many, and much.
In the following examples, the indefinite pronouns are italicized.
Many are called, but few are chosen.
Somebody ate my sandwich!
Everyone says she is beautiful inside and out.
No one wants to hear about my health problems.
6. Reflexive Pronouns
A reflexive pronoun indicates that the person who is realizing the action of the verb is also the recipient
of the action. They end in – self or - selves
In the following examples of reflexive pronouns, the reflexive pronoun in each sentence is italicized.
1. I was in a hurry, so I washed the car myself.
2. You’re going to have to drive yourself to school today.
3. He wanted to impress her, so he baked a cake himself.
2. State. They usually relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being and
measurements.
eg: Fifi is my cat.
He has a bad cold.
The company appreciated his work.
Verbs can be divided into main verbs and helping verbs. Auxiliary (or Helping) verbs are used together
with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or to form a negative or question.
Do the children sleep early on weekdays?
The secretaries haven’t written all the letters yet.
Terry is writing an e-mail to a client at the moment.
If the helping verb is the only one appearing in the sentence it is treated as the main verb.
Eg: I have a headache.
List of helping verbs: is, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, did, does
A modal is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability, possibility, permission or
obligation.
can
Use Examples
ability to do in the present (substitute form: to be able to) I can speak English.
permission to do in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) Can I go to the cinema?
Use Examples
2. could
Use Examples
ability to do in the past (substitute form: to be able to) I could speak English.
3. may
Use Examples
permission to do in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) May I go to the cinema?
4. might
Use Examples
5. must
Use Examples
advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.
Use Examples
Use Examples
is not necessary I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant tonight.
8. ought to
Use Examples
obligation You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.
9. shall
Use Examples
Use Examples
obligation You should switch off the light when you leave the room.
11. will
Use Examples
Use Examples
wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please?
3. Adjective of Number
Those adjectives which are used to denote the number of nouns or the order in which they stand. They
are also commonly called Adjectives of Number.
In simpler terms we can say that Adjective of numbers tell us the number of people or things and
maintain clarity by giving exact information.
For example:
There are eight oranges in the bowl.
This is my fourth trophy as a football champion.
4. Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative adjectives are words that modify nouns and identify a specific noun or nouns.
Demonstrative adjectives answer the question: Which one?
Near Far
Singular This That
Plural These Those
For example:
That tree is beautiful.
These cookies are delicious.
Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns look very similar because they are the same four words: this,
that, these, those.
However, demonstrative pronouns function as pronouns, not adjectives. That is, demonstrative
pronouns replace nouns and do not modify them.
5. Possessive Adjective
A possessive adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun to show who (or what) owns something. For
example:
I am looking after her dog.
That is his baseball cap.
Here is a list of the possessive adjectives:
• my
• your
• his
• her
• its
• our
• their
• whose
6. Interrogative Adjective
Interrogative adjectives are words similar to interrogative pronouns, but they can’t stand on their own.
They are used with nouns to ask questions such as what, whose, where, and which.
For example:
Which lunch box is yours? (“which” word is an interrogative adjective that modifies lunch box)
What movie you are seeing to? (“what” word is an interrogative adjective that modifies movie)
7. Proper Adjective
Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns and they are capitalized. Proper adjectives are mostly
of two types:
1. those that come from names of places—countries, continents, regions, cities
2. those that come from names of people—usually famous people, mostly historical, some modern
For example:
Have you ever experienced a Himalayan winter?
This is the most famous of the Buddhist temples here.
Adverbs and their kinds
Adverbs describe verbs.
Example: The nightingale sings beautifully.
‘Beautifully’ describes the verb ‘sings’.
Examples:
Put the cake there.
After a long day at work, we headed homewards.
Please bring that book here.
My grandfather’s house is nearby
Conjunctions
Conjunctions link words and sentences together. They are called as joining words.
Coordinating Conjunctions
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Correlative Conjunctions
both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but, whether/or
A preposition isn't a preposition unless it goes with a related noun or pronoun, called the object of the
preposition.
Examples:
Let's meet before noon.
Before is a preposition; noon is its object.
We've never met before.
There is no object; before is an adverb modifying met.