Elements of

Researching
Behaviour
 Recap!
● What psychology is.
● Dweck’s theory of mindset - What makes a
good theory - TEACUP
● Psychology = Science = Research
 Homework
● Command terms
● Loftus & Palmer (1974)
Command Terms
● Match the command terms and their
definition
 Loftus & Palmer (1974)
● TEACUP
○ T: is it testable?
○ E: is there evidence?
○ A: can it be applied to wider population (high
heuristic validity)?
○ C: does it have a well-defined concept?
○ U: is it unbiased? possible bias?
○ P: can it predict tendency of behaviour?
 Loftus & Palmer (1974)
● Citation
○ In-text citation
○ Bibliography
● How to make your own note
○ Aim
○ Procedure
○ Result
○ Conclusion
○ Strengths, limitations, bias, ethical consideration
 Citation
● APA Citation
 Citation
● Harvard Citation
 Loftus & Palmer (1974)
● Research Questions?
● Variables?
● Experiments?
1. A copy of Chapter 10 -
Cambridge
2. bit.ly/scpsych2021
 Loftus & Palmer (1974)
● Research Questions
● Hypotheses
○ Null hypothesis
○ Alternative hypothesis
○ One-tailed & two-tailed
 Loftus & Palmer (1974)
● Variables
○ Independent Variables
○ Dependent Variables
 Loftus & Palmer (1974)
● Procedure
○ Manipulating Independent Variables
○ Measuring Dependent Variables
● Sampling
○ Random
○ Stratified
○ Opportunity
○ Self-selected
○ Purposive
 Loftus & Palmer (1974)
● Research Design: the overall strategy that a
researcher chooses to investigate the research
problem and test their hypothesis (inThinking, 2019).
○ Independent measure design
○ Repeated measure design
○ Matched pair design
 Loftus & Palmer (1974)
● Ethical consideration
○ Informed consent
○ The use of deception
○ Right to withdraw
○ No undue stress or harm to the participants
○ Participant data must be anonymized.
○ Debriefing
 Loftus & Palmer (1974)
● You just learned about elements of researching
behaviour
○ Hypotheses
○ Variables
○ Sampling
○ Research designs
○ Ethical consideration
 Tips for Exam Papers
● Elements of researching behaviour and implications
● Paper 1 & 2 → Critical thinking
● Paper 3 → Research scenario
○ Identify
○ Describe
○ Suggest
○ Discuss
○ Methods, alternatives, characteristics, ethical
consideration, generalisation, credibility,
avoiding possible bias
 Loftus & Palmer (1974)
● STRENGTHS and LIMITATIONS
○ Research design
○ Sampling
○ Possible generalisation
 RESEARCH METHODS
Quantitative
● Experiments
○ Laboratory experiments
○ Field experiments
○ Quasi experiments
○ Natural experiments
● Non-experiments
○ Correlation research

Qualitative
● Interviews
○ Semi-structured
○ Unstructured
○ Focus group
● Observations
● Case studies
 SAMPLING
● Type of sampling and each of its definition
● Each of its strengths and limitations
● From Loftus and Palmer: what is their sampling technique?
What are the implication of their sampling technique to the
strength and limitation for their research?
● Imagine if they change the sampling technique to the other
sampling technique, is it possible? What might change?
 RESEARCH DESIGN
● Type of research designs and each of its definition
● Each of its strengths and limitations
● From Loftus and Palmer: what is their research design?
What are the implication of their research design to the
strength and limitation for their research?
● Imagine if they change the research design to other
designs, is it possible? What might change?
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
● What are ethical considerations should be taken into account in
doing research in psychology?
● Go here: https://www.apa.org/ethics/code and
https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-human-rese
arch-ethics-2nd-edition-2014 then check what are the most
important things to consider when doing research in
psychology?
● For Loftus & Palmer: is it ethical enough? what should have
been included in their research to make sure that the research
is ethically correct?
 EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH METHOD
● Type of experimental research and each of its definition
● Each of its strengths and limitations
● From Loftus and Palmer: what is their research method?
What are the implication of their research method to the
strength and limitation for their research?
● Imagine if they change the research method to other
method, is it possible? What might change?
NON-EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

● Read page 184, a study by Oostermeijer et al (2014)

● How does it different from an experiment?