CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURES

According to an article written by Klaus Robbers, Jörg Fromm & Eckhard Melcher titled

“Evaluation of pedestrian timber bridges in the city of Hamburg with particular consideration of

design detailing, Wood Material Science & Engineering”, since 1997, the use of wood in bridge

construction has been increasingly criticized by the Hamburg Federal State Authority due to its

perceived shorter service life as a result of decay. Wood research, however, often suggests that

wood is suitable for weathered structures as long as structural wood protection is observed. In

order to unravel the reasons for the reduced service life in Hamburg, several bridges were

examined by visual assessment, focussing on decay and especially on design. Through this

inspection, details of designs affecting the durability of individual bridge components and

favouring the propagation of damage, as well as subsequent decay, were detected. In this respect,

faulty engineering and insufficient structural wood protection are considered as the main causes

of the short service life experienced in Hamburg. Giving examples of pedestrian timber bridges,

this practical report illustrates several essential errors in protective design that are still being

made in the planning and construction of naturally weathered timber structures.

Furthermore according to the article written by Frank Miebach titled “Design Ideas For

Solid Timber Bridges”, Gluing technology within the area of wood constructions has evolved

considerably in recent years. A great indicator are wooden bridges where glue-laminated timber

is becoming a common choice for the superstructure. The basis for more innovative bridge

structures is the so-called block lamination, which was established at the end of the twentieth

century. This technique allows designers to work with very large timber cross-sections that may

be curved in several axes. With the integration of timber and concrete or other materials into one
structural system, numerous new design concepts are being developed which leads to a revival of

timber as a structural material in bridge building.

RELATED STUDIES

Local Studies

According to the study conducted by Magboo, Janelle A, Panganiban Catherine M.,

Pineda Joseph V, entitled “Proposed Design of Bridge across Lagnas River Barangay Sampaloc

2 Sariaya, Quezon”March (2014), to design a safe and convenient bridge across Lagnas River in

Brgy. Sampaloc II Sariaya, Quezon. The researchers conducted the study for the purpose of

designing an infrastructure in high quality state and persist to benefit the local communities.

Analyzing and designing a bridge that the researches recognize that is suitable for

Sariaya,Quezon. Furthermore the researchers conducted this study in order to estimate the future

needs or further development of the community. This study would also help improve the system

of highway and traffic in the area where it is established.

Foreign Studies

According to the study conducted by Tripti Singh & Dave Page titled “Case studies on

the history and use of timber bridges in New Zealand, Wood Material Science & Engineering”

Since 1997, the use of wood in bridge construction has been increasingly criticized by the

Hamburg Federal State Authority due to its perceived shorter service life as a result of decay.

Wood research, however, often suggests that wood is suitable for weathered structures as long as

structural wood protection is observed. In order to unravel the reasons for the reduced service life

in Hamburg, several bridges were examined by visual assessment, focussing on decay and
especially on design. Through this inspection, details of designs affecting the durability of

individual bridge components and favouring the propagation of damage, as well as subsequent

decay, were detected. In this respect, faulty engineering and insufficient structural wood

protection are considered as the main causes of the short service life experienced in Hamburg.

Giving examples of pedestrian timber bridges, this practical report illustrates several essential

errors in protective design that are still being made in the planning and construction of naturally

weathered timber structures.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS INPUT

Surveyed Data Planning Design and

Estimated bill of
Design Interpretation materials
Specification
Analysis and
Computation of
Gathered Data
References :

Klaus Robbers, Jörg Fromm & Eckhard Melcher (2018) Evaluation of pedestrian timber bridges

in the city of Hamburg with particular consideration of design detailing, Wood Material Science

& Engineering, 13:3, 174-183,

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17480272.2018.1424730

Frank Miebach (2018) Design ideas for solid timber bridges, Wood Material Science &

Engineering, 13:3, 184-189 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17480272.2018.1463291

Tripti Singh & Dave Page (2018) Case studies on the history and use of timber bridges in New

Zealand, Wood Material Science & Engineering, 13:3, 159-166,

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17480272.2017.1411393?journalCode=swoo20

Magboo, Janelle A, Panganiban Catherine M., Pineda Joseph V, entitled “Proposed Design of

Bridge across Lagnas River Barangay Sampaloc 2 Sariaya, Quezon”March (2014) (Southern

Luzon State University)