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Polytechnic Mathematics Vol - I

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Polytechnic Mathematics
VOLUME I
 Polytechnic Mathematics
VOLUME I

Prof. Pragnesh L.Thakkar Prof. D. B. Parmar

M.Sc., M.Phil (Mathematics) M.Sc., M.Phil (Mathematics)
Assistant Professor in Mathematics Assistant Professor in Mathematics
Institute of Diploma Studies Institute of Diploma Studies
Nirma University Nirma University
© Macmillan Publishers India Ltd, 2011

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or

transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Any person
who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

First published 2011

MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS INDIA LTD

Delhi Bangalore Chennai Kolkata Mumbai
Ahmedabad Bhopal Chandigarh Coimbatore Cuttack
Guwahati Hubli Hyderabad Jaipur Lucknow Madurai
Nagpur Patna Pune Thiruvananthapuram Visakhapatnam

Companies and representatives throughout the world

ISBN 10: 0230-

ISBN 13: 978-0230-

Published by Rajiv Beri for Macmillan Publishers India Ltd

2/10, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002

Typeset by Bharati Composers

159/1, Pocket D-6, Sector-6, Rohini, Delhi 110 085

Printed at Sanat Printers

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This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure
that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner
whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently
infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action.
 Dedicated to
Our Parents

Mr. Laxmiram P Thakkar Mr. Bharatsinh Parmar

Mrs. Shardaben L Thakkar Mrs. Prabhaba Parmar
 Preface

All branches of engineering and technology require mathematics as a tool for the description
of their contents. A thorough knowledge of various topics in mathematics is thus essential.
This book is meant for the first year students of engineering diploma. It is based on the revised
syllabus of Gujarat Technological University; however, it is also suitable for engineering
diploma courses in other universities.
The book comprises 7 chapters covering surds, indices, logarithm, A.P. and G.P., binomial
theorem, matrices, vector and trigonometry. In each chapter all concepts and definitions have
been discussed in detail and have also been explained with suitable examples.
Some unique features of this book are:
• Detailed theory with examples
• Large number of Solved examples
• Plenty of unsolved exercises
• Challenging Problems in Miscellaneous Examples
• Multiple Choice Questions
• Summary
We hope that with these unique features the students will understand the concepts of the
subject easily.
This book serves as a basic text – meeting the requirement of students pursuing the foundation
course in Engineering Mathematics. It is written with a clear objective of helping the students
to understand basic concepts of the topics covered through relevant examples. This will further
enable them to apply the theories to solve challenging mathematical problems and arrive at
solutions through understanding.
We avail this opportunity to covey our sincere thanks to our family, Mr Amit L. Thakkar,
Mrs. Bijal A. Thakkar, Nihal A. Thakkar, Sonal C. Thakkar, Vaishvik Parmar and Mrs. Harini
Parmar for their encouragement.
We are pleased to acknowledge the smooth transition under the auspices of our publisher
Mr. Rajiv Beri, M.D. and Mr. Sanjay Singh, Chief Publisher, Macmillan Publishers India Ltd.
We are grateful to Mr. Sunil for typesetting the manuscript. Our special thanks to Mr. Tushar
and Mr. Faizan of Macmillan Publishers India Ltd for their supportive efforts.
In spite of our best efforts to make this edition error free, some errors might have gone
unnoticed. We shall be grateful to the teachers and students if the same are brought to our
notice. You may send your valuable suggestions, feedback or queries through e-mail which
would be verified by us and the corrections would be incorporated in the subsequent editions.

Pragnesh L. Thakkar D. B. Parmar

pragnesh83@gmail.com dharamvir_21@yahoo.co.in
 Contents

Preface vii
1. Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sequence 1
1.3 Series 2
1.4 Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) 4
1.5 The Sum of First n Terms of an A.P. 10
1.6 Arithmetic Mean 13
1.7 n Arithmetic Means between Two Distinct Numbers 13
1.7 Geometric Progression (G.P.) 16
1.8 Geometric Series 19
1.9 Geometric Mean 21
1.10 n-Geometric Means 21
Miscellaneous Examples 23
Exercise on A.P. 1.1 27
Exercise on G.P. 1.2 27
Multiple Choice Questions 27
Summary 28
2. Binomial Theorem 31
2.1 Factorial Notation 31
2.2 Permutations and Combination 31
Exercise 2.1 34
2.3 Binomial Theorem 34
Exercise 2.2 38
2.4 General Term in the Expansion of (aa + b)n 38
(a + b)n 38
2.5 Middle Term in the Expansion of (a
2.6 Binomial Theorem for any Rational Index 49
Miscellaneous Examples 51
Multiple Choice Questions 54
Summary 55
3. Indices and Surds 57
3.1 Indices 57
Exercise 3.1 63
x Contents
3.2 Surds 64
Miscellaneous Examples 76
Exercise 3.2 76
Multiple Choice Questions 82
Summary 83
4. Logarithm 85
4.1 Introduction 85
Miscellaneous Examples 94
Exercise 4 97
Multiple Choice Questions 98
Summary 98
5. Matrices 100
5.1 Introduction 100
5.2 Types of Matrices 101
5.3 Equality of Matrices 103
5.4 Addition of Matrices 104
5.5 Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix 105
Exercise 5.1 111
5.6 Multiplication of Matrices 111
Exercise 5.2 116
5.7 Determinant 116
Exercise 5.3 123
5.8 Adjoint and Inverse of Matrix 124
Exercise 5.4 134
Miscellaneous Examples 135
Multiple Choice Questions 139
Summary 141
6. Vector 143
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 Types of Vectors 143
Exercise 6.1 153
6.3 Product of Two Vectors 154
6.4 Cross Product 155
Exercise 6.2 166
6.5 Application of Vectors 166
Exercise 6.3 171
Miscellaneous Examples 172
Multiple Choice Questions 176
Summary 176
 Contents xi
7. Trigonometry 180
7.1 Introduction 180
7.2 Angle 180
Exercise 7.1 187
7.3 Trigonometric Ratios 188
Exercise 7.2 195
7.4 Compound Angles and Allied Angles 195
Exercise 7.3 208
7.5 Multiple and Submultiple Angles 208
Exercise 7.4 215
7.6 Factorization and Defactorization Formula 215
Exercise 7.5 222
7.7 Periodic Functions and Graphs 223
Exercise 7.6 230
7.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 230
Exercise 7.7 245
7.9 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 245
7.10 Solution of a Triangle 260
Exercise 7.8 267
7.11 Heights and Distances 268
Exercise 7.9 273
Miscellaneous Examples 273
Multiple Choice Questions 281
Summary 282
Diploma Semester-I Examination 291-302
Index 303

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