Trigonometric Integrals

MATHEMATICS 22

Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman

1 / 23
Integrals of the form sinm x dx or cosm x dx
R R

Recall
Z
sin x dx = − cos x + C
Z
cos x dx = sin x + C
1 1 1
Z Z
2
sin x dx = (1 − cos 2x) dx = x − sin 2x + C
Z 2 2 4
1 1 1
Z
2
cos x dx = (1 + cos 2x) dx = x + sin 2x + C
2 2 4
Z
sinm x dx , where m ∈ N and m is odd

split off a factor of sin x

express the rest of the factors in terms of cos x using sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x
use the substitution u = cos x, du = − sin x dx
2 / 23
Integrals of the form sinm x dx or cosm x dx
R R

Example 1. Find
Z
sin3 x dx.

Solution.
Z Z
3
sin x dx = sin2 x sin x dx
Z
= (1 − cos2 x) sin x dx
Z
1 − cos 2 x sin x dx
¡ ¢
=

u = cos x, du = − sin x dx

u3
Z
1 − u2 du = −u +
¡ ¢
= − +C
3
cos3 x
= − cos x + +C
3 3 / 23
Integrals of the form sinm x dx or cosm x dx
R R

Z
cosm x dx , where m ∈ N and m is odd

split off a factor of cos x

express the rest of the factors in terms of sin x using cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x
use the substitution u = sin x, du = cos x dx

Example 2. Find
Z
cos5 x dx.

Solution.
Z Z Z
¢2
cos5 x dx cos2 x cos x dx
cos4 x cos x dx =
¡
=
Z Z
2 2
1 − 2 sin2 x + sin4 x cos x dx
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
= 1 − sin x cos x dx =

4 / 23
Integrals of the form sinm x dx or cosm x dx
R R

Z Z
5
1 − 2 sin 2 x + sin 4 x cos x dx
¡ ¢
cos x dx =

u = sin x, du = cos x dx

2 u5
Z
1 − 2u2 + u4 du = u − u3 +
¡ ¢
= +C
3 5
2 sin5 x
= sin x − sin3 x + +C
3 5
Z Z
m
sin x dx or cosm x dx , where m ∈ N and m is even
¢m/2 ¢m/2
express sinm x = sin2 x or cosm x = cos2 x
¡ ¡

use the half-angle identity

1 1
cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x) or sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x)
2 2
5 / 23
Integrals of the form sinm x cosn x dx
R

Z
sinm x cosn x dx, where m or n is odd

m is odd
split off a factor of sin x
express the rest of the factors in terms of cos x, using sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x
use the substitution u = cos x, du = − sin x dx

n is odd
split off a factor of cos x
express the rest of the factors in terms of sin x, using cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x
use the substitution u = sin x, du = cos x dx

6 / 23
Integrals of the form sinm x cosn x dx
R

Example 3. Find
Z
cos3 x sin2 x dx.

Solution.
Z Z
3 2
cos x sin x dx = cos2 x sin2 x cos x dx
Z
1 − sin2 x sin2 x cos x dx
¡ ¢
=
Z
¡ 2
sin x − sin4 x cos x dx
¢
=

u = sin x, du = cos x dx

u3 u5
Z
¡ 2
u − u4 du =
¢
= − +C
3 5
sin3 x sin5 x
= − +C
3 5 7 / 23
Integrals of the form sinm x cosn x dx
R

Z
sinm x cosn x dx, where both m and n are even

use the half-angle identities

1 1
cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x) and sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x)
2 2
Z
use the rule for cosm x dx

Example 4. Find
Z
sin2 x cos4 x dx.

Solution.
· ¸2
1 1
Z Z Z
2 4 2 2 2
sin x cos x = sin x (cos x) dx = (1 − cos 2x) (1 + cos 2x) dx
2 2
8 / 23
Integrals of the form sinm x cosn x dx
R

Therefore
1
Z Z
sin2 x cos4 x = (1 − cos 2x)(1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x) dx
8
1 ¡
Z
1 + cos 2x − cos2 2x − cos3 2x dx
¢
=
8
Z · ¸
1 1 2
= 1 + cos 2x − (1 + cos 4x) − (1 − sin 2x) cos 2x dx
8 2

u = sin 2x, du = 2 cos 2x dx

sin3 2x
· µ ¶ µ ¶¸
1 sin 2x 1 sin 4x 1
= x+ − x+ − sin 2x − +C
8 2 2 4 2 3

9 / 23
Integrals of the form tanm x dx or cotm x dx
R R

Recall
Z
tan x dx = ln | sec x| + C
Z
cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C
Z Z
tan x dx = (sec2 x − 1) dx = tan x − x + C
2

Z Z
cot2 x dx = (csc2 x − 1) dx = − cot x − x + C

Z
tanm x dx, where m ∈ N

split off a factor of tan2 x and write this as tan2 x = sec2 x − 1

use the substitution u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx

10 / 23
Integrals of the form tanm x dx or cotm x dx
R R

Example 5. Find
Z
tan3 x dx.

Solution.
Z Z
3
tan x dx = tan x tan2 x dx
Z
tan x sec2 x − 1 dx
¡ ¢
=
Z Z
2
= tan x sec x dx − tan x dx
Z
= tan x sec2 x dx − ln | sec x| + C

u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx

tan2 x
= − ln | sec x| + C
2 11 / 23
Integrals of the form tanm x dx or cotm x dx
R R

Z
cotm x dx, where m ∈ N

split off a factor of cot2 x and write this as cot2 x = csc2 x − 1

use the substitution u = cot x, du = − csc2 x dx

Example 6. Find
Z
cot4 x dx.

Solution.
Z Z
cot4 x = cot2 x cot2 x dx
Z
cot2 x csc2 x − 1 dx
¡ ¢
=
Z Z
= cot2 x csc2 x dx − cot2 x dx
12 / 23
Integrals of the form tanm x dx or cotm x dx
R R

Z Z Z
cot4 x cot2 x csc2 x dx −
¡ 2 ¢
= csc x − 1 dx

Z
= cot2 x csc2 x dx − (− cot x − x) + C

u = cot x, du = − csc2 x dx

cot3 x
= − + cot x + x + C
3

13 / 23
Integrals of the form secm x dx or cscm x dx
R R

Recall
Z
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C
Z
csc x dx = ln | csc x − cot x| + C
Z
sec2 x dx = tan x + C
Z
csc2 x dx = − cot x + C

Z Z
m
sec x dx or cscm x dx, where m ∈ N and m is even

split off a factor of sec2 x or csc2 x

express the rest of the factors in terms of tan x using sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
or in terms of cot x using csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x
use the substitution u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx or u = cot x, du = − csc2 x dx
14 / 23
Integrals of the form secm x dx or cscm x dx
R R

Example 7. Find
Z
csc6 x dx.

Solution.
Z Z
6
csc x dx = (csc4 x) csc2 x dx
Z
= (csc2 x)2 csc2 x dx
Z
¢2
1 + cot2 x csc2 x dx
¡
=
Z
1 + 2 cot2 x + cot4 x csc2 x dx
¡ ¢
=

u = cot x, du = − csc2 x dx

cot5 x
µ ¶
2
= − cot x + cot3 x + +C
3 5 15 / 23
Integrals of the form secm x dx or cscm x dx
R R

Z
secm x dx, where m ∈ N and m is odd

split off a factor of sec2 x

use IBP with dv = sec2 x dx and the rest of the terms as u

Example 8. Find
Z
sec3 x dx.

Solution. Note that sec3 x = sec x sec2 x. By IBP,

u = sec x dv = sec2 xdx
du = sec x tan x dx v = tan x
Z Z
sec3 x dx = sec x tan x − tan x(sec x tan x) dx
Z
= sec x tan x − tan2 x sec x dx
16 / 23
Integrals of the form secm x dx or cscm x dx
R R

Z Z
sec3 x dx = sec x tan x − (sec2 x − 1) sec x dx
Z Z Z
sec3 x dx 3
= sec x tan x − sec x dx + sec x dx
Z
2 sec3 xdx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
1
Z
sec3 xdx = (sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|) + C
2

Z
cscm x dx, where m ∈ N and m is odd

split off a factor of csc2 x

use IBP with dv = csc2 x dx and the rest of the terms as u

17 / 23
Integrals of the form tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
R R

Z
tanm x secn x dx, where m is odd

split off a factor of sec x tan x

apply the identity tan2 x = sec2 x − 1
use the substitution u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx

Z
tanm x secn x dx, where n is even

split off a factor of sec2 x

apply the identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
use the substitution u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx

18 / 23
Integrals of the form tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
R R

Example 9. Find
Z
tan3 x sec4 x dx.

Solution. Since the exponent of tangent is odd, we can write:

Z Z
tan3 x sec4 x dx = tan2 x sec3 x sec x tan x dx
Z
¡ 2
sec x − 1 sec3 x sec x tan x dx
¢
=
Z
¡ 5
sec x − sec3 x sec x tan x dx
¢
=

u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx

sec6 x sec4 x
= − +C
6 4
19 / 23
Integrals of the form tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
R R

Example 9. Find
Z
tan3 x sec4 x dx.

Alternative Solution. The exponent of secant is even, so we can also write:

Z Z
3 4
tan x sec x dx = tan3 x sec2 x sec2 x dx
Z
= tan3 x (tan2 x + 1) sec2 x dx

u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx

tan6 x tan4 x
= + +C
6 4

20 / 23
Integrals of the form tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
R R

Z
tanm x secn x dx, where m is even and n is odd

Express the integrand as a power of secant only using the identity

tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.

Example 10. Find

Z
tan2 x sec x dx.

Solution.
Z Z Z
tan2 x sec x dx = (sec2 x − 1) sec x dx = (sec3 x − sec x) dx
1
= (sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|) − ln | sec x + tan x| + C
|2 {z }
Example 8

21 / 23
Integrals of the form tanm x secn x dx or cotm x cscn x dx
R R

Z
cotm x cscn x dx
1 m is odd
split off a factor of csc x cot x
apply the identity cot2 x = csc2 x − 1
use the substitution u = csc x, du = csc x cot x dx

2 n is even
split off a factor of csc2 x
apply the identity csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x
use the substitution u = cot x, du = − csc2 x dx

3 m is even and n is odd

Express the integrand as a power of cosecant only using the identity
cot2 x = csc2 x − 1.

22 / 23
Exercises

Evaluate the following.

Z 1
1 sin2 (πx) cos2 (πx) dx
0

cos3 x
Z
2 p dx
sin x
csc4 x
Z
3 dx
cot2 x
tan3 (ln x) sec8 (ln x)
Z
4 dx
x

23 / 23