SRISHYLA EDUCATIONAL TRUST (R), BHEEMASAMUDRA - 577 520

GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POST BOX NO.4, P.B. ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577 006. KARNATAKA STATE.
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. New Delhi and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAT TRANSFER
LABORATORY MANUAL

Semester: 6th Mechanical

Sub./Sub. Code: HT Lab, 15MEL67
 SRISHYLA EDUCATIONAL TRUST (R), BHEEMASAMUDRA - 577 520

GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POST BOX NO.4, P.B. ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577 006. KARNATAKA STATE.
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. New Delhi and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAT TRANSFER
LABORATORY MANUAL

Semester: 6th Mechanical

Sub./Sub. Code: HT Lab, 15MEL67

Kumarswamy K Mr. Mallikarjuna V Bidari Dr. B R Sreedhar

Technical staff Lab Incharge Professor & Head
 SRISHYLA EDUCATIONAL TRUST (R), BHEEMASAMUDRA - 577 520

GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POST BOX NO.4, P.B. ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577 006. KARNATAKA STATE.
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. New Delhi and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

Institution Vision and Mission:

Vision:
To develop technologically competent, humane and socially responsible engineers and
managers to meet the ever growing challenges of the Global environment.

Mission:
To provide quality technical and management education by applying best
practices in teaching, learning and with the state of the art infrastructural
facilities.

To mould engineers and managers with appropriate pedagogy to develop

leadership qualities and skills by imbibing professional ethics to make them
industry ready.

To develop student centric Institution which evolves and fosters the talents of
budding engineers, managers and entrepreneurs and prepare them to make a
positive contribution to the society.

To promote Research and Consultancy through collaboration with industries and

Government Organizations.

Program Vision and Mission:

Vision:
To develop competent Mechanical engineers to work in an interdisciplinary environment
with innovation and professional ethics to serve the needs of society

Mission:
1. Imparting quality education to students to excel in Mechanical Engineering.
2. To prepare technocrats with professional skills to meet industrial needs and for higher
education.
3. To develop ethically and socially responsible engineers capable to solve real time
problems.
 SRISHYLA EDUCATIONAL TRUST (R), BHEEMASAMUDRA - 577 520

GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POST BOX NO.4, P.B. ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577 006. KARNATAKA STATE.
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. New Delhi and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO1: Knowledge
To prepare students with overall knowledge in Mechanical Engineering and enabling
them to understand specific problem areas and finding optimum solutions for the same.

PEO2: Skill
To train the students on emerging trends of technology with required technical skills to
meet industrial needs and encourage to pursue higher education, research and spirit of
entrepreneurship.

PEO3: Attitude
To mould the engineers with required professional ethics and values, to serve the
society at large.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1: Graduates of Mechanical engineering are capable to use technical skills to pursue
research and higher education in the field of advanced materials and sustainable energy
sources.

PSO2: Graduates of Mechanical engineering will demonstrate skills in design and

development of Mechanical systems and processes.

Programme Outcomes (POs)

1. Engineering Knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern Tool Usage.
6. The Engineer and Society
7. Environment and Sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and Team Work
10. Communication
11. Project Management and Finance
12. Life-long learning
 Srishyla Educational Trust(R), Bheemasamudra

GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi.
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, and Govt. of Karnataka.
POST BOX NO 4, P B ROAD, DAVANAGERE-577006

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER - VI
SYLLABUS: HEAT TRANSFER LAB

COURSE CODE CREDITS L-T-P ASSESSMENT EXAM

DURATION
SEE CIA
Heat Transfer Lab 15MEL67 2 1-0-2 80 20 3 Hrs

Co‐requisite Courses: Heat Transfer

Course Objectives:

The primary objective of this course is to provide the fundamental knowledge necessary to understand the
behavior of thermal systems.
This course provides a detailed experimental analysis, including the application and heat transfer through
solids, fluids, and vacuum. Convection, conduction, and radiation heat transfer in one and two dimensional
steady and unsteady systems are examined.

PART – A

1. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of a Metal Rod.

2. Determination of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Composite wall.
3. Determination of Effectiveness on a Metallic fin.
4. Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient in a free Convection on a
5. Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Forced Convention Flow through a Pipe.
6. Determination of Emissivity of a Surface.
PART – B

1. Determination of Stefan Boltzmann Constant.

2. Determination of LMDT and Effectiveness in a Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Heat Exchangers.
3. Experiments on Boiling of Liquid and Condensation of Vapour.
4. Performance Test on Vapour Compression Refrigeration.
5. Performance Test on a Vapour Compression Air – Conditioner.

Course Outcomes:

At the end of this course students are able to,

Perform experiments to determine the thermal conductivity of a metal rod
Conduct experiments to determine convective heat transfer coefficient for free and forced
convection and correlate with theoretical values
Estimate the effective thermal resistance in composite slabs and efficiency in pin-fin
Determine surface emissivity of a test plate
Estimate performance of a refrigerator and effectiveness of fin

Reference Books:

1. M. Necati Ozisik, Heat Transfer – A Basic Approach, McGraw Hill, New York, 2005.
2. Incropera, F. P. and De Witt, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th Edition, John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 2006.
3. Holman, J. P., Heat Transfer, 9th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New York, 2008.

Scheme of Examination:

ONE question from part –A : 25 Marks

ONE question from part –B : 40 Marks
Viva –Voce : 15 Marks
Total : 80 Marks
 Srishyla Educational Trust(R), Bheemasamudra
GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi.
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, and Govt. of Karnataka.
POST BOX NO 4,P B ROAD, DAVANAGERE-577006

List of Contents

Exp. Name of the Experiment Page

No. No.
01 Thermal Conductivity of a Metal Rod Apparatus 01-05

02 Composite Wall Apparatus 06-10

03 Emissivity measurement Apparatus 11-15

04 Stefan Boltzmann Apparatus 16-20

05 Free Convection Apparatus 21-25

06 Forced Convection Apparatus 26-30

07 Effectiveness on a Metallic Pin- Fin Apparatus 31-35

08 Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Heat Exchanger 36-40

Apparatus

09 Drop wise and Film wise Condensation Apparatus 41-45

10 Air Conditioning Cycle Test Rig. 46-50

11 51-61
Vapour Compression Refrigerator Test Rig
 Srishyla Educational Trust(R), Bheemasamudra
GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi.
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, and Govt. of Karnataka.
POST BOX NO 4,P B ROAD, DAVANAGERE-577006

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. M. Necati Ozisik, Heat Transfer – A Basic Approach, McGraw Hill, New York, 2005.
2. Incropera, F. P. and De Witt, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th Edition, John Wiley
and Sons, New York, 2006.
3. Holman, J. P., Heat Transfer, 9th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New York, 2008.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 1: THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A METAL ROD

Aim: To determine the Thermal conductivity of a metal rod.
Apparatus: Thermal conductivity experimental setup with water connections.
Theory:
The Thermal conductivity is the property of a material that can accomplish the transmission of thermal
energy by molecular motion. The thermal conductivity may transfer energy in two modes as:
a) Lattice vibration
b) Transport by free electrons.
In good electrical conductors, large number of lattice constitutes the structure of the material. As
their electrons may transport electric charge and may also carry the thermal energy from high
temperature region to a low temperature region. Energy may also transmit as vibration energy in
the lattice structure of the material. In general, this lateral mode energy transfer is not as the
electron transport and it is for this reason that, a good electrical conductor may always a good
heat conductor. Thermal conductivity of the material depends on various parameters like,
density of the material, material structure as physical state and texture, chemical composition,
moisture content, operating temperature and pressure, etc.
Experimental set up:
The apparatus consists of metal rod made up of Copper. One end of which is heated by an electric
heater while the other end of the bar projects inside the cooling water jackets. The middle portion of the
bar is surrounded by a cylindrical shell fitted with the asbestos insulating powder. The temperature of
bar is measured at different points, while the radial temp distribution is measured by separate
thermocouples at two sections in the insulating shell. The heater is provided with a dimmerstat for
controlling the heat input. Water under constant head condition is circulated through the jacket and its
flow rate and temperature can be measured.

Procedure:
 Start the electric supply.

 Give the heat input to the heater by slowly rotating the dimmerstat and adjust the voltage say

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

120V, 130V, and so on.

 Supply the cooling water through water jacket

 Adjust the flow rate of water

 Note down the temperatures T1 to T9 at regular intervals of time till steady state condition is
reached.

 After steady state condition is reached, note the temperature of water inlet and outlet T10 and T11

 Note the mass flow rate of water in Kg/sec.

 Plot the graph of temp distribution along the length of the rod.

 Experiment can be repeated for different flow rates of water and heat input.

Observations:
1) Length of metal rod = 425 mm
2) Diameter of metal rod, d= 25 mm
pd2
3) Cross sectional Area of metal rod, A=
4
4) Test length of the metal rod = 200 mm

5) Number of thermocouple bonded on the bar = 9 nos

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL ROD

Tempereture Indicator
Voltmeter Ammeter

Water Out let

T11
On - Off Swich Dimmerstart

Testing Bar

Insulating Material

Water Inlet

T10

Fig: Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod Test Rig.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Tabular Column:

Sl Time Heat input Flow Temperature in degree Celsius

No in Q=VxI in Watts rate of
Min. Water
Ammeter Voltmeter in T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11
reading reading cc/Min
(I) in (V) in
Amps volts
1 20
2 25
3 30
4 35
5 40
6 45
7 50
8 55

Specimen calculation:

1) Mass flow rate of water

Mw = volume flow rate of water x density
Density of water = 1000kg/m3
Mw = ----------- Kg/sec
Volume flow rate of water in m3/s
2) Heat carried away by water
Qw= Mw x Cpw x (T11 - T10)
Where: Cpw = specific heat of water=4.186 kJ/kg-k
Qw = ----- KW
T10 and T11 are inlet and outlet temperature of water.
3) Thermal conductivity of the given rod is,

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

dT
Qw= - K x A x .
dx
Value of dT/dx should be obtained from the graph
pd2
A=
4
Qw dx
K =- x
A dT
K = -------- W/m oC.

Fig.: Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod Apparatus

Graph: Plot a graph of temperature v/s effective length of metal rod.

Result: Thermal conductivity of the metal rod, k =-------- W/m oC.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 2: COMPOSITE WALL

Aim: To determine Thermal Conductivity, Total thermal resistance and Overall heat transfer
coefficient of a composite wall.
Theory: In many engineering applications, heat transfer takes place through a medium, composed of
several different layers each having different thermal conductivity. A hot fluid flowing inside the tube
covered with layer of thermal insulation can also be considered as a composite material.
Mathematically, heat flow rate ‘Q’ through a given area of a slab can be given by q= (TA-TD) / R
w/m2
Description Of Set Up:
The apparatus consists of a central heater sandwiched between 2 mica sheets. Three types of slabs are
provided on the both sides of heater which forms a composite structure. A small hand press frame is
provided to ensure the perfect contact b/w the slabs. Auto transformer is provided for varying the input
to the heater & measurement of the input is carried out by a voltmeter & ammeter. Thermocouples are
embedded b/w interface of the material to read the temperature at the surface.

Precautions:
 Keep the auto-transformer to zero before start

 Increase the voltage slowly in the auto-transformer gradually

 Keep all the assembly undisturbed

 Remove area between plates don’t disturb the plates by moving the handle gently.

 While removing the plates, don’t disturb the thermocouple.

 Operate selector switch of temp indicator gently.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COMPOSITE WALL APPARATUS

TEMP. INDICATOR`

0000.00

VOLTMETE AMMETE
R R

WOOD
DIMMER STRAT
HAYLAM

CAST IRON ON- OFF SWITCH

CAST IRON

HAYLAM
WOOD

Fig: Composite Wall Apparatus

Procedure:
1. Arrange the plates in proper fashion on both sides of the heater plates.
2. Apparent the hand press properly to ensure the perfect contact b/w the plates.
3. Close the box by cover sheet to assure the steady environmental condition
4. Start the electricity to supply heater by varying the autotransformer & adjust the input at the
desired value.
5. Take the reading of all the thermocouple at a interval of 10-20mins until the steady temp is
achieved & rate of rise is negligible. Note down the readings in the observation table.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Specifications:
 Wall assembly arrangement is symmetric on both sides of heater.

 Heater: Nichrome heater found of Mica- former and insulation with control unit capacity
(400W max.)

 Heat control unit: 0-230 V 0-2A single phase meter

 Voltmeter: 0 to 300V

 Ammeter: 0 to 2A

 Temperature Indicator: Digital type indicator, 0 to 200oC, service required AC- single phase

Observations:
1) Wall thickness (b)
A. Cast Iron : 25mm
B. Hylam : 19mm
C. Wood : 12mm
2) Wall diameter: 200mm
Tabular Column:
Sl Time in Heat input Temperature in degree Celsius
No min Q=VxI in Watts
Ammeter Voltmeter T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
reading reading
(I) in Amps (V) in volts
1 20
2 25
3 30
4 35
5 40
6 45
7 50
8 55
9 60
10 65

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Note: 1) Temperature readings to be taken until steady state condition is reached.

2) Experiments can be repeated for different heat inputs.

CALCULATIONS:
T1 + T2: Temperature before First Wall.
T3 + T4: Temperature after First Wall or Before Second Wall.
T5 + T6: Temperature after Second Wall or Before Third Wall.
T7 + T8: Temperature after Third Wall.

1) T +T
Mean Temperature of First Wall = T = 1 2 .
A
2
2) T3 + T4
Mean Temperature after First Wall or Before Second Wall= T = .
B
2
3) T5 + T6
Mean Temperature after Second Wall or Before Third Wall= T = .
C
2
T +T
4)
Temperature after Third Wall= TD = 7 8 .
2
5)
Heat Supplied = Q = V X I = Watts.
6)
Heat Flux = q = Q/A w/m2

pd2
Where ‘A ‘is the Cross sectional Area of the Plate, (d=D)
4
7)
TA - TD
Total resistance = RTotal = = ------- k/w/m2
q
qb
8)
Thermal conductivity of composite wall = K comp = T - T = - - - - W / m K
A D
9)
Over all heat transfer co- efficient U =1/ (RTotalA)------W/m2k

The total thermal resistance, R total = R1 + R2 + R3

b1 b2 b3
Where R1 = , R2 = , R3= .
K1 K2 K3

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Thermal Conductivity of Composite Wall.

qbCI
KCI = = ------ W
TA - TB mK
qbb
KBK = = ------ W
TB - TC mK
qbb
KW = = ------ W
TB - TC mK
qb
Total (KCOMP) = = ------ W
TA - TD mK

Over all heat transfer co- efficient U = 1/ (RTotalA ) W/m2k

Result:
1) The Thermal conductivity of the given composite wall is: ______ W/m k
2) Total thermal resistance of composite wall is: ______K/W
3) Overall heat transfer co-efficient is: ______ W/m2k

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 3: EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT

Aim: To determine the emissivity of a given surface of the body.
Apparatus Required: Emissivity test setup.
Theory: All substances at all temperature emit thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is an
electromagnetic wave and doesn’t require any material medium. All bodies can emit radiation & have
the capacity to absorb all or, a part of the radiation from the surroundings.
An ideal black surface is one that absorbs all the radiation with reflectivity & transmissvity equal to
zero. The radiant energy per unit time area from the surface of the body is called the emissive power
and is usually denoted by ‘e’. The emissivity of the surface is the ratio of the emissive power of a
surface to the emissive power of a black body surface at same temperature. It is denoted by ‘Є ’.

i.e, Emissivity, Є = (emissive power of the surface) / (emissive power of black surface)
Є = e/eb

For black body, absorbptivity = 1, and by the knowledge of Kirchoff’s law of emissivity for black body
becomes unity. Emissivity of a surface depends on the nature of surface & temperature.
Description of Test Set up:
The experimental setups consist of two circular Aluminum plates identical in size & are provided
with the heating coils sandwiched. The plates are mounted on the brackets under kept in an enclosure
so as to provide a undisturbed natural convection to surroundings. The heat input to the heater is
varied by separate dimmerstat & is measured using a voltmeter & an ammeter. The temperature of the
plates is measured by thermocouples by connecting them to plates. Another thermo couple is keptinthe
enclosure to read the ambient temp.
The plate 1(shown in the figure) is a blackened by a thick layer of lamp black to form an ideal black
surface, whereas the plate 2 is the test plate whose emissivity is to be determined. The heater input to
the 2 plates is dissipated from the plates by conduction, convection, and radiation. This set up is
designed such that under steady state conditions the heat dissipation by conduction and convection is

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

same. The difference in the heater input readings is because of the difference in the radiation
characteristics due to difference in the emissivity of different bodies. The schematic arrangement of
the test setup is shown in the figure.

EMMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

Tempereture Indicator
Voltmeter Ammeter

T2 T3 T1
Test Body Black Body
Dimmerstart On - Off Swich Dimmerstart

Fig.: Emiisivity Measurement Apparatus

Precautions:
 Always keep the dimmerstat at zero initially

 Gradually increase the heater input & ensure that the black body is having uniform coat of lamp
black.
Procedure:
 Gradually increase the heat input to the heater to the black plate & adjust it to some value viz.,

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

30, 50, 75 W. etc and adjust the heater input to test plate slightly less than the black body, say
27, 35, 60W... etc.

 Check the temp of the two plates in small intervals of time & adjust the heat input of the test
plate only, so that the two plates will be maintained at same temperature(therefore T1=T2=Ts).

 This requires some trial and error method, and one has to wait sufficiently (more than a hour) to
obtain the steady state condition.

 After attaining the steady state condition, record the temperature, voltmeter & ammeter readings
for both the plates.

 The same procedure is repeated for various surface temperatures in an increasing order.

Observation:
1) Diameter of the Test plate = 155 mm (Aluminum)
2) Diameter of the Block plate = 155 mm (Aluminum)
3) Heater: Nichrome strip wound on mica sheet and sandwiched between two mica sheets with
capacity of 200 watts.
4) Thermocouples: Chromel Alumel: 3 nos.
5) Temperature indicator : 1 to 12 Channels

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Tabular Column:
Sl Time Heat input Heat input Temperature in degree
No in W1 =Q1=V1xI1 W2=Q2=V2xI2 Celsius
min in Watts in Watts
Black plate Test plate
Voltmeter Ammeter Voltmeter Ammeter T1 T2 T3
reading reading reading reading Black Test Ambient
( V1) in ( I1) in ( V2) in ( I2) in Plate Plate Temp of
volts Amps volts Amps Temp Temp enclosure
1 20
2 25
3 30
4 35
5 40
6 45
7 50

Calculations:
W1 = Q1=Heat input to black plate = V1 I1
W2= Q2= Heat input to test plate = V2 I2
pd2
Area of the plates A= X2
4
T1= Temperature of black plate in K
T2 = Temperature of test plate in K
T1= T2= Ts= surface temperature of plates
T3=TA = Ambient temperature in K

Є b= Emissivity of black plate

Є = Emissivity of test plate

σ = Stefan - Boltzman constant = 5.67X10-8 w/ m2 k
By Stefan – Boltzman Law,

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

W1= Є bσ A (TS4 – TA4)

W2 =Є σ A (TS4 – TA4)

(W1-W2) = (Є b– Є ) σ A (TS4 – TA4)

(W -W )
Î=Î - 1 2
b
s .Aé
ê
T
S
4 - T 4ù
ú
A û
ë

(W -W )
Î=1- 1 2 Where Є b=1
s . A é TS - TA 4 ù
4
ê
ë ú
û

Result: The emissivity (Є) of given surface is: ________________

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO-4: STEFAN BOLTZMAN APPARATUS

Aim: To determine Stefan Boltzman constant.

Apparatus: Stefan Boltzman apparatus with water supply.
Theory: the most commonly used law of thermal radiation is the Stefan Boltzman law, which states
that thermal radiation heat flux or emissive power Q of the surface is propositional to the fourth power
of absolute temperature of the surface and is given by

Q /A = Eb = σ T4 W/m2K4
Where σ is Stefan Boltzman constant and its value is given by
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4

Description of Set up:

The apparatus is as shown in figure (at the end).The experimental set up consists of flanged copper
hemisphere B fixed on a flat non conducting plate A. The outer surface of B is enclosed in a metallic
water jacket used to heat copper hemisphere to suitable temperature. The hemispherical shape of B is
chosen solely on the grounds that, it simplifies task of changing the temperature of water between
B & C.
Alumel-Chromel thermocouples are attached to various points on the surface of the copper
hemisphere to measure its mean temp. The disc D which is mounted in an insulating bakelite sleeve is
drilled in the center of base plate. Another thermocouple is used to measure the temp. of disc D. When
the disc is inserted at temp T5, the response of change in temperature of the disc with time is used to
calculate the Stefan Boltzman constant.

The thermal radiation energy on disc D from the enclosure is given by:

E = σ AD T4

Where, AD =  d2 area of disc, T = avg. surface temp of Cu enclosure.

4

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

STEFAN BOLTZMAN APPARATUS

BOILER

T6 (HOT WATER)

HEATER

Tempereture Indicator
GATE VALVE

Voltmeter Ammeter

T2 T3 On - Off Swich
GATE VALVE
T5
T1 T4

DISC TEMPERATURE

Fig.: Stefan Boltzman Apparatus

Procedure:
1. The water is heated in an external tank by the immersion heater to a temp about 90oC.
2. The disc D is removed before pouring the water into the water jacket.
3. Allow the hot water into the water jacket.
4. The hemispherical enclose will come to uniform temp T in a short time after filling the hot
water in the water jacket.
5. The enclosure soon comes to thermal equilibrium condition, the disc D is now inserted in A at a

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

time, while its temperature is, T5.

6. Note the values of voltage, current and thermocouple readings T1 to T4 and Ts.
7. Repeat the experiment for different temperature of hot water.
Observation and calculation:
1) Hemispherical enclosure diameter =200mm.
2) Test disc diameter = 25mm.
3) Mass of the test disc, mD= 0.005kg.
4) Specific heat of test disc, CPD = 0.41868 KJ/Kg oc.
5) Heater capacity = 1.5 KW.
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
6) Average temperature = in K.
4
7) Temperature of the disc D, T5 = ---- K
8) Use the disc thermocouple and note down T5 at the time interval of 10 sec.
9) Plot the graph of temperature v/s time
10) Obtain the slope (dT/dt) from the graph at t = 0

11) The value of the Stefan Boltzman constant σ can be obtained by

é dT ù
m xC = s x A x éêT 4 - T 4 ùú .
D PD êë dt úû D ë 5û

é dT ù
mD xCPD ê ú
s = ë dt û = ------------- W/m2 K4
AD x éëT 4 - T54 ùû .

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Tabular Column

Sl Temperature Hot water

no. of Temperature
hemispherical (T6)In 0C
enclosure 70
1 T1
2 T2
3 T3
4 T4

TEMPERATURE OF THE DISC, T5=

Sl Set-1
Time In ‘t’ Sec
no. temp 0 C
1 0
2 10
3 20
4 30
5 40
6 50
7 60
8 70
9 80
10 90
11 100
12 110
13 120

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Fig.: Nature of Graph -Temperature Vs Time

Result:
The Stefan Boltzman Constant, σ = ________________ W/m2 K4

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT-NO- 5: Heat Transfer through Natural Convection on

vertical cylindrical bar

Aim: To determine surface heat transfer coefficient for a vertical tube loosing heat by natural
convection.

Apparatus: Natural convection set up with heat input.

Theory: There are certain situations in which the fluid motion is produced due to change in density,
resulting from the temp gradients. The movement of the fluid in free convection is due to the fact that
the fluid particles of the hard object become warmer than surrounding fluid resulting in a local change
of density. The colder fluid creating convection replaces the warmer fluid. When the hot body is kept in
still atmosphere, heat is transferred from the body to the surrounding fluid layer in contact & gets
heated up. The associated heat transfer coefficient is given by:
Q(DT )
h= W/m2K
A
Where h is the average surface heat transfer coefficient, Q is the heat transfer rate in watts, A is the
surface area of the body, ΔT is the difference between surface temperature and ambient temperature.

The surface heat transfer coefficient of the system transfer heat by natural convection depends on the
shape, dimensions, orientation of the fluid and the temperature difference between heat transferring
surface and surroundings. The dependence of h on all the above mentioned factors is generally
dimensional group as given below:

hL
Nu= = C (Gr Pr)n
k
Where C and n are constants depends on the shape and orientation of heat transferring surface.

Present experimental set up is designed and fabricated to study the natural convection phenomenon
from a vertical cylinder in terms of local heat transfer co-efficient and its comparison with the value
obtained by using an appropriate correlation.
Description of Set Up:
The apparatus consists of a brass tube fitted in a duct in vertical fashion. The duct is open at top and
bottom which forms an enclosure. It serves the purpose of undisturbed surrounding. One side of the
duct is made up of Perspex of visualization. An electric heating element is kept in a vertical tube, which
in turn heats the surrounding air, by natural convection. The surface temperature of the tube and

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ambient temperature of the enclosure is measured by thermocouples fitted at different locations. The
heat input is measured by voltmeter and ammeter.

HEAT TRANSFER IN FREE OR NATURAL CONVENCTION

T1 Tempereture Indicator
Voltmeter Ammeter
T2
Circular Brass Tube

T3

T4
Dimmerstart On - Off Swich
T8 T5

T6

T7

Fig.: Free Convection Apparatus

Procedure:
1. Switch on the supply and adjust the dimmer stat to obtain required heat input (say 60, 70 and
80W).
2. Wait till the steady state temperature is reached
3. Note the surface temp. T1 to T7 and note down the ambient temperature T8 as Ta.
4. Repeat the experiment for various heat inputs (do not exceed 80 W).

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Specifications:
 Diameter of the tube, D= 38 mm.
 Length of the tube, L= 500mm.
 Duct size = 200mm X 200mm x 750mm.
 Voltmeter reading, V = 0 – 300V.
 Ammeter reading, I = 0 - 5 amps.
 Dimmer start =2A, 260V.

Tabular Column:

Sl Time Heat input Temperature in degree Celsius

No in Q=VxI in Watts
min Ammeter Voltmeter T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
reading reading
(I) in Amps (V) in volts
1 20
2 25
3 30
4 35
5 40
6 45
7 50
8 55
9 60
10 65

Calculations:
1) Calculate the value of average heat transfer coefficient neglecting end losses.
Q
h= = -- - -
A [ Ts -Ta ]
W/m2K
s

T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T6 + T7
Ts = Average surface temperature =
7
Ta=T8= Ambient temperature.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Surface area of tube, As = p DL = ________ m 2

2) Calculate variation of local heat transfer co- efficient along the length of the tube.
hL
Nu= = C (Gr Pr)n
k
Where,
Gr = Grashoof of no and Pr = Prandtal no

g ( L3) b (DT ) Pr =
Cpm
Gr = and
g2 K

h = _________ W/m2 K

a) DT = [ Ts - Ta ] = ------ OC.
T +T
b) Tf = s a =------ OC.
2
Where Tf is mean fluid (film) temperature

Properties of air at Tf (Values are noted from heat and mass transfer data hand book)
C) K= ________ W/m K
d) g = 9.81 m/sec2
e) g = __________m2/sec
f) Prandtal number, Pr =-----
1
g) b = = ___________ K-1
T f + 273

.
Where,
C = Characteristic dimension of the surface.
K = Thermal conductivity of the fluid.
g = Kinematic viscosity of fluid.
Cp = Specific heat of fluid.
b = Co-efficient of volumetric expansion of fluid.
g = Acceleration due gravity.
DT = ( Ts - Ta ) K
m = Dynamitic viscosity.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Note: For vertical cylinder, loosing heat by natural convection has been determined from the
following empirical correlations.

hL
-------=0.59 ( Gr P r ) --------- For 104< Gr Pr < 109
0.25
Nu=
k

hL 1
Nu=
k (
= 0.13 Gr Pr ) 3 ------------------ For 109< Gr Pr < 1012

All properties of the fluid are determined at the mean Film Temperature Tf

Result:
1) Average surface heat transfer coefficient, h= __________ W/ m2 K
2) Local heat transfer coefficient along the length of the tube, h= ___W/m2K

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT-NO- 6: Heat Transfer In Forced Convection

Aim: To determine the surface heat transfer co-efficient of a horizontal pipe loosing heat by forced
convection to air.
Apparatus Required: Force Feed Convection Test Setup.

Theory:
If the heat transfer by convection is assisted by external means it is known as forced convection. The
dimensional analysis for forced convection is calculated by,
NU = f ( Re Pr ) .
The different variables specifying the s/m behaviour which represents forced convection of fluid flow
over a flat plate:-
1) Reynolds number:
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.

v(d ) r vd
Re = i = i
g m
2) Prandtal number:
It is defined as the ratio of molecule diffusivity of momentum to the molecular diffusivity of heat.
Cp m V
Pr = =
K a
Pr @ 1 for gases
Pr ³1 for oils
Pr £ 1 for liquid metals
3) Nusselt’s number
it is defined as the ratio of heat transfer by convection to the conduction across the fluid layer of
thickness ‘l’.A longer value of Nusselt number means heat transfer by convection is more.
h.DT
hl
Nu= = æ DT ö .
K ç K. ÷
è l ø
Description of Set up:
The apparatus consists of a blower unit fitted to the test coil. A Nichrome heater surrounds the test
section. Four thermocouples are embedded on the test section from entrance to exit of the section to
measure the temp. The test pipe is connected to the delivery side of the blower along with an orifice
plate to measure the flow of air through the pipe. The input to the heater is given by dimmerstat is
measured by voltmeter & ammeter. A temperature indicator with cold junction of thermocouples is
provided to measure the temperature of pipe at various points in the pipe.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FORCED CONVECTION APPARATUS

Tempereture Indicator
MANOMETER Voltmeter Ammeter

BLOWER HEATER
On - Off Swich On - Off Swich Dimmerstart

T2 T3 T4 T5
T6
T1
ORIFICE HEATER

BLOWER

MOTOR

Fig.: Forced convection Apparatus

Precautions:
 Keep the dimmerstat at 0 position before switching on the power supply.
 Start the blower unit first & increase the voltage gradually.
 Don’t disturb the blower & thermocouple in between the test period.
 Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gradually
 Do not exceed 200W.
Procedure:
 Start the blower & adjust the flow by means of control valve to some desired flow rate.
 Start the heater in test section with the help of dimmer stat & adjust desired input with the help
of voltmeter & ammeter.
 Take the readings of all thermocouples at an interval of 10mins until steady state is reached.
 Note down the temperature readings after the steady state.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Experiment can be repeated for various heat inputs.

Specification:
1) Out side diameter of the pipe Do = 33mm.
2) Inner diameter of the pipe Di = 26mm.
3) Length of the test section = l= 400mm
4) Diameter of the orifice = d= 16 mm
5) Dimmerstat = 0 to 2 amps, 260 volts maximum.
6) Temperature indicator = 0 to 3000C
7) Heater Nichrome wire band type 400 watts.
Tabular Column:

Heat Input
Temperature in 0C
Q= V x I Watts
Time Manometer
Ammeter
Sl in Voltmeter Reading ‘H’ in
Reading T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
no. Mins Reading m
’A’in
‘V’ in Volts
Amps
1 20
2 30
3 40
4 50
5 60
6 70

Calculations:
1) The rate at which air getting heated is
Q = m Cp DT
Where m = mass flow rate of air in Kg/sec
DT = temperature rise in air = (T6-T1) oC.
Cp = specific heat of air = 1.005 Kj/Kg k.
T1 = Inlet temperature of air
T6 = Temperature of heated air

Mass flow rate of air

m = volume flow rate of air X density of air
m = Qa X r a

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

é T1 + T6 ù
Here the density of air is at ê ú.
ë 2 û
p d 2 2 gH r w
Q= cd X m3/sec
4 ra
Where
d=diameter of orifice.
Cd =co-efficient of discharge = 0.64
r w = Density of water = 1000 Kg/m3
é T1 + T6 ù
r a = density of air at temperature ê ú.
ë 2 û
g = acceleration due to gravity at 9.81 m/s2
H = difference of water level in manometer.

Therefore Q= m Cp DT =…………………….. Watts

2) Surface heat transfer co-efficient.

Q
ha = = - - - - watt 2
A [ Ts - Ta ] . m K
Where
Q = Rate at which air is getting heated.
Q=V x I
or
Q = m Cp DT

A = Surface area of the test section = p . Di .l in mm.

é T1 + T6 ù
Ta = ê ú
ë 2 û
T2 + T3 + T4 + T5
Ts =
4
Where T2, T3, T4 & T5 are the surface temperature of the test pipe
3) Reynolds number: ( Re)
VDi
R =
e g
V = velocity of air in m/sec
éT + T ù
g = kinematic viscosity m2/sec at ê 1 6 ú
ë 2 û

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4Q
V= m/sec
p Di 2

5) Nusselt number
hD
NU = a i
K
Where
ha = surface heat transfer co-efficient W/m2 k
Di = inside diameter of pipe.
é T1 + T6 ù
K= thermal conductivity of air at bulk temperature. ê ú.
ë 2 û
6) the appropriate correlation for turbulent flow through closed container is
Nu= 0.023 (Re)0.8 X (pr)0.4.

Result:
1. Average heat transfer co-efficient ‘h’ = ________________ W/m2k
2. Reynolds number Re=_________________
3. Nusselt number Nu=___________________

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO. 7: Effectiveness on a Metallic Pin-Fin by Free and

Forced Convection
Aim: To determine heat transfer coefficient, efficiency and effectiveness of the pin-fin, loosing heat
by free and forced convection.
Apparatus Required: Pin fin experimental test setup.
Theory:
Fins are the extended surfaces attached to the surface of a body which increases the rate of heat transfer
between the body and the surrounding fluid by convection. Applications of fins are in the area of IC
engines, refrigeration and air conditioning units, heat exchangers, etc. Fins are classified as;
rectangular, triangular, circular, trapezoidal cross sectional area. They may be of uniform and varying
cross section. A pin fin is one which is in circular cross section can be attached to cylindrical or flat
surfaces.
Figure a, b, c and d shows fins of different cross sectional area.
Description of Set up:
A brass fin of circular c/s is fitted across a long rectangular duct. One end of the fin is attached to the
base plate which is heated by a heater and the other end is extended in side the duct. Air flows over the
surface of the fin and normal to the axis of the fin. The heating coil heats one end of the fin outside the
duct. Temperature along the length of the fin is measured by five thermocouples. The air flow rate is
measured by the orifice fitted on the delivery side of the blower. The manometer gives the difference of
pressure head.

Procedure:
1. For free convection
 Start heating the fin by switching on the heater element and adjust the voltage or dimmer stat to
say, 80V.
 Record the temperature readings at regular time intervals.
 When the steady state condition is reached, record the temperature readings T 1 to T5 and also
record the reading of ambient temp. of air (T6)
 Repeat the same procedure for different heat inputs.
2. For forced convection
 Start heating the fin by switching on the heater element and adjust the voltage or dimmer stat to
say, 100V.
 Start the blower and adjust the difference of level in the manometer with the help of gate valves.
 Record the temperature readings at regular time intervals.
 When the steady state condition is reached, record the readings T 1 to T5 and also record the
ambient temp. of air (T6)

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Repeat the same procedure for different heat inputs or manometer readings.

Observations:
1) Duct size = 150 X 100mm.
2) Diameter of pin = 12.7mm.
3) Diameter of orifice = 32mm.
4) Diameter of delivery pipe = 50mm.
5) Co-efficient of discharge Cd = 0.64.
6) Number of thermocouples = 5.
7) Thermal conductivity of fin material = 110 W/ m 0C.
8) Temperature indicator = 0 to 300 0C.
9) Heat supply = 400 watts.

PIN FIN FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION APPARATUS

Tempereture Indicator
MANOMETER Voltmeter Ammeter

BLOWER HEATER
On - Off Swich On - Off Swich Dimmerstart

ORIFICE

HEATER
DUCT
T1

BLOWER TEATING FIN

T2
T3
T4
T5

T6

T7
MOTOR

Fig.: Pin-Fin Free and Forced Convection Apparatus

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Tabular Column for Natural Convection:

Sl Time Heat input Temperature in

No in Q=VxI in Watts degree Celsius
min Ammeter Voltmeter T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
reading reading
(I) in Amps (V) in volts
1 20
2 25
3 30
4 35
5 40
6 45
7 50
8 55
9 60

Calculation:-
Natural convection:
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5
1) Average temperature = Tm =
5
2) Fluid temperature (ambient) =Tf = T6
Tm + T f
3) Mean fluid temperature= Tmf = .
2
4) Properties of air based on Tmf.
1
= - - - K -1 , Gr = G b l 2DT .
3
b= DT = Tm - T f , K = ----- W/mK,
Tmf + 273 g
ρ = -------- kg/m3, μ = ------ Ns/m2, Pr = ------, Cp = ------- kJ/kg K

5) Nusselt number (Nu) = C (GrPr)n

Where C and n are constants whose values can be determined by correlations based on the
product of GrPr value.
6) Nusselt number, Nu =hl/k
Nu K
7) Heat transfer co-efficient (h) = . l = length of the fin.
l

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

hp
8) Slope m =
KA
tan h ml
9) Efficiency of fin, η= .
ml
Kp
10) Effectiveness of fin, e = tan h ml.
hA
ε =Km/h
Correlations:

For free convection

Nu= 1.1 (Gr X Pr)1/ 6 10-1< Gr X Pr < 104
Nu= 0.53 (Gr X Pr)1/ 4 10-1< Gr X Pr < 104
Nu= 0.13 (Gr X Pr)1/ 4 10-1< Gr X Pr < 104.

Result:

1) Heat transfer co-efficient, h = ------- W/m2 K

2) Efficiency of the fin =-------
3) Effectiveness of the fin = -------

Forced Convection:
Tabular Column for Forced Convection:
Heat Input
Temperature in 0C
Q= V x I Watts
Time Manometer
Ammeter
Sl in Voltmeter Reading ‘H’ in
Reading T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
no. Mins Reading m
’A’in
‘V’ in Volts
Amps
1 20
2 30
3 40
4 50
5 60
6 70

Calculations:-
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5
1) Average temperature = Tm =
5

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2) Fluid temperature (ambient) =Tf = T6

Tm + T f
3) Average temperature of fin and fluid Tmf = .
2
4) Properties of air based on Tmf.
pd2 ér ù
5) Discharge through the orifice, Q = Cd X 2 gH ê w ú
4 ë ra û
Q
6) Velocity of air in the duct at Tf, V = = - - - m / sec .
duct area
é Tmf + 273 ù
7) Velocity of air in duct temperature at Tmf, Vmf = V ê ú - - - m / sec .
êë T f + 273 úû
rVD
8) Re = .
m
9) Nusselt number (Nu)= 0.165(Re)0.466 40<Re<4000.

10) Nusselt number (Nu) = hD/k

Nu x K
11) Heat transfer co-efficient (h) = . D = diameter of the fin.
D
hp
12) Slope m = .
KA
tan h ml
13) Efficiency of fin, η = .
ml
Kp
14) Effectiveness of fin, e = tan h ml.
hA
ε =Km/h

Correlations for Forced Convection:

(Nu). = 0.165(Re)0.466 40< Re <4000.

(Nu). = 0.174(Re)0.618 4000< Re <40000

Result:

1) Heat transfer co-efficient, h = ------- W/m2 K

2) Efficiency of the fin =-------
3) Effectiveness of the fin = -------

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO - 8: LMTD and Effectiveness in a Parallel Flow And

Counter Flow Heat Exchanger
Aim: To determine the logarithmic mean temp difference [LMTD], overall heat transfer co-efficient
& efficiency using a parallel & counter flow heat exchanger.

Apparatus Required: Double type heat exchanger setup with water connections.
Theory:
The devices that are used to facilitate heat transfer b/w two or more fluids at different temp are known
as heat exchangers. Different types of heat exchangers are used in steam power plants, chemical
reactors, heating and air conditioning, household refrigeration and etc.
Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger:
In the parallel flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid and the cold fluid are flowing on the same direction.
The heat is transferred to one fluid to another fluid by means of combined made of conduction and
convection.
Counter Flow Heat Exchanger:
In the counter flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid and cold fluid flow in opposite direction. The heat
transfer by means of combined made of conduction and convection.
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger:
In the cross flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid and cold fluid flows at right angle to each other.
A simple example of transfer tube heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube in the tube type
arrangement. One fluid flowing through the inner tube and other through the annulus surrounding it.
The heat transfer takes place across the wall of the inner tube.
Description of Set up:
The apparatus consists of a tube type concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid is hot water in
which is obtained from an external water heater & it flows inner tube while the cold fluid is cold water,
flowing thru tubes. The hot water flows in one direction& the flow rate of which is connected by means
of valves. The cold water can be at one end of heat exchanger to run as a parallel flow apparatus or a
counter flow apparatus. This is done by valve operations. The temps of i/c & o/c of both the fluids can

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

be measured by using thermocouples, mounted at the inlet & outlet of the respective fluids. The flow
rate of both the fluids can be measured by rotometer. The outer surface of the tube is provided with a
better thermal insulation to minimize the heat losses to the surroundings.

PARALLEL FLOW AND COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

Heater Heater
Cold Water Hot Water Tempereture Indicator
Flow Meter Flow Meter Voltmeter Ammeter

On - Off Swich
On - Off Swich
HOT WATERINLET
From the Flowmeter

T1
COLD WATER OUTLET

VALVE-2 VALVE-3

COLD WATER LINE

HOT WATER LINE

COLD WATER LINE

VALVE-3 VALVE-1

HOT WATER OUT LET T2

COLD WATER INLET
From the Flow meter

Fig.: Heat Exchanger Test Rig.

Procedure:
 Start the flow on the hot water side.
 Start the flow thru the annulus 7 exchanger as parallel flow unit.
 Put the water heater into heating.
 Adjust the flow rate on the hot water side b/w 0.5 to 2 lpm.
 Adjust the flow rate on the coldwater side b/w the side between 1 to 3 lpm.
 Keeping the same flow rate & weight till the steady state conditions are reached.
 Record the temps on hot water & cold water side & also record their flow rate.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Repeat the experiment at different flow rates of clod water.

 Repeat the entire experiment counter with flow arrangement conditions.

Observation:
Counter Flow and Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger.

1) Outer diameter of pipe = 34mm =0.034mts.

2) Inner diameter of pipe = 26mm = 0.026mts. Inner Tube
3) Length of pipe = 1.2 mts = 1.2 mts.
4) Thickness of pipe = 4mm = 0.004mts.
5) Outer diameter of pipe (Do) = 76mm = 0.076mts
6) Inner diameter of pipe (Di) = 68mm = 0.068mts outer tube
7) Length of pipe (L2) = 1.2 mts = 1.2 mts
8) Thickness of pipe (To) = 4mm = 0.004mts
9) Specific heat of water = 4.18 Kj/Kg- oK

Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger:

Tabular column

Sl Hot water Cold water Hot water inlet Hot water out Cold water inlet Cold water out
No. flow rate Qh flow rate in temperature let temperature temperature let temperature
in Cc/min Qc Cc/min Thi in oC (T1) Tho in oC (T2) Tci in oC (T3) Tco in oC (T4)
1
2
3

Calculation:
1) heat transfer rate from hot water (Qh)
Qh = mh x Cpw x (Thi - Tho)
Qh = ---------- Kw
2) heat transfer rate in cold water (Qc)
Qc = = mc x Cpw x (Tco – Tci)
Qc = ---------- Kw
3) average heat transfer rate
Qh + QC
Q=
2
Q = ------- Kw
4) Logarithmic mean temperature difference {L.M.T.D}

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DT - DT
DTm = i o
L.M.T.D= é DT ù
in ê i ú
êë DTo úû
L.M.T.D =------ oC where. Ti = (Thi - Tci) and To= (Tho - Tco)

5) Over all heat transfer co-efficient (U)

Q 1
U= X
A DTm
Based on inside area of tube.

Q 1
U= X
Ai DTm
Based on out side area of tube
Q 1
U= X
Ao DTm
6) Effectiveness of heat.
Qh
E=
QC
E = ------ %
Counter Flow Heat Exchanger:
Tabular column

Sl no. Hot water Cold water Hot water inlet Hot water out Cold water inlet Cold water out
flow rate Qh flow rate in temperature let temperature temperature let temperature
in Cc/min Qc Cc/min Thi in oC (T1) Tho in oC (T2) Tci in oC (T5) Tco in oC (T6)
1
2
3
Calculation:
4) heat transfer rate from hot water (Qh)
Qh = mh x Cpw x (Thi - Tho)
Qh = ---------- Kw
5) heat transfer rate in cold water (Qc)
Qc = = mc x Cpw x (Tco – Tci)
Qc = ---------- Kw
6) average heat transfer rate
Qh + QC
Q=
2
Q = ------- Kw

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4) Logarithmic mean temperature difference {L.M.T.D}

DT - DT
DTm = i o
L.M.T.D= é DT ù
in ê i ú
êë DTo úû
L.M.T.D =------ oC where. Ti = (Thi - Tci)
To= (Tho - Tco)
5) Over all heat transfer co-efficient (U)
Q 1
U= X
A DTm
Based on inside area of tube.

Q 1
U= X
Ai DTm
Based on out side area of tube
Q 1
U= X
Ao DTm
6) Effectiveness of heat.
Qh
E=
QC
E = ------ %

Result Table for Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Heat Exchanger

Sl Qh Qc L.M.T.D he E
no. in Cc/min in Cc/min in oC in W/m2 0k in %
1
2
3

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO- 9: DROP WISE & FILM WISE CONDENSATION

Aim: To determine the heat transfer co-eff & overall heat transferred in drop wise and film wise
condensation.
Apparatus Required: Condensation operator setup with water connection, flow measuring device
& steam generator.
Theory:
Condensation occurs when the temp of a vapor is reduced below its saturation temperature. This is
done by bringing the vapour in contact with solid surface whose surface temp is below saturation temp
of the vapour. The two distinct forms of condensation are Film wise condensation & drop wise
Condensation
In film wise condensation, the condensate wedges the surface and forms a liquid film on
surface that slides down under the influence of gravity. The thickness of liquid film
increases in the flow direction as more vapour condenses on film.
In drop wise film condensation, the condensed vapour forms droplets on the surface of a continuous
film and the surface in covered by countless droplets of varying diameters.
In film condensation, the surface is covered by liquid film of increasing thickness between solid surface
and vapour surfaces as resistant to heat transfer. The heat of vaporization released as the vapour
condenses must pass through this resistance before it can reach the solid surface and be transferred to
the medium on the other wise. In drop wise condensation, the droplets slide down when these reach a
certain size, cleaning the surface and exposing it to vapour there is no liquid film in this case to resist
the heat transfer. As a result heat transfer rates that are more than 10 times larger than the those
associated with film condensation can be achieved with drop- wise condensation.
Description of Set up:
The apparatus consists of a metallic container in which steam generation takes place. The glass cylinder
has cooled copper condenser, one of which is chromium plate to promote drop wise condensation and
other is in its natural condition. A cover is provided for filling water. The glass heater hoses two water
cooled condensers, one of which is chromium plated to promote drop wise condensation and other is in
its natural state to give film wise condensation. A pressure gauge is provided to measure steam
pressure. Separate connections of two condensers for passing water are provided. A digital temp

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

indicator is provided to measure temps of steam condensers, water i/c, & o/c for condenser.

Steam Pressure Gauge

HEAT TRANSFER IN DROP AND

steam
FILMWISE CONDENSATION
BOILER
HEATER

T6 (HOT WATER)

Tempereture Indicator
Water Out let Water Out let

Water Inlet Water Inlet

Drop and Film

Condensing Steam Pressure Gauge
Tubes
FLIM DROP
Voltmeter Ammeter

Steam
On - Off Swich

Condensed
Water Out let

Fig,: Drop and Film wise Condensation Test rig.

Procedure:
 Fill the water to steam generator sufficiently.

 After filling the water, close the top of the generator separately.

 Start the water flow thru one of the condenser under test.

 Switch on the steam generator to start the generation, and as the steam rises to test section, and
gets condensed till it falls down on the cylinder.

 Depending upon the type of condenser under the test, drop wise or film wise condensation are
visualized.

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 If the water flow rate is low, then the steam pressure in the chamber will rise and pressure gauge
reads the pressure.

 If the water flow rate is changed, then the condensation will occur at more or less atmospheric
pressure in the cylinder & the pressure gauge will read the pressure.

 Observations like temp, water flow, and pressure are all tabulated.

 Repeat the experiment with different steam pressures.

Specifications:
Condensers – one chromium plated for drop wise condensation and one having natural finish for
film-wise condensation both have identical construction.
Inside diameter of condenser = 15mm.
Out side diameter of condenser = 17mm.
Length of the condenser = 150mm.
T1= plated drop wise condenser temperature.
T2 = plane film condenser.
T3 = steam temperature inside the cylinder.
T4 = water inlet temperature to drop wise condenser wall
T5 = water inlet temperature to film condenser wall.
T6 = water outlet temperature to drop wise condenser wall
T7 = water outlet temperature to film condenser wall.
Tabular Column:

Drop wise Condensation

Slno. Water flow TEMPERATURES 0C

rate in
L.P.M T1 T3 T4 T6
1
2
3

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Film wise Condensation

Slno. Water flow TEMPERATURES 0C

rate in
L.P.M T2 T3 T5 T7
1
2
3

Calculations:
1) Bulk mean temperature of condenser wall.
T +T
t = s w
b 2
t = - - - - 0C
b
Where. Ts = stem temperature inside the cylinder
Tw = condenser wall temperature.
From properties of water at tb = 770C
Density r = 979.5 Kg/m3 Pr = 2.62
Thermal conductivity K = 639.5 x 10-3 W/m oC
Kinematic viscosity g = 421 x 10-9 m2/sec
Heat evaporation l = hfg = 2334 KJ/Kg
2) out side heat transfer co-efficient
0.25

é l x r xg xK ù
2 3

ho = 0.943 ê ú
ë (Ts - Tw ) m l û
ho = --------- W/m 0C
3) Bulk mean temperature of water
T -T
Tbm = w wo where Tw = water inlet temp to condenser wall.
2
Two = water outlet temp from the condenser wall.
Tbm = ----- 0C

4) Reynolds number
4M w
Re =
p Di rg
Re = -----------
5) N u = Re x Pr
0.8 0.4

Nu = ---------

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6) Inside heat transfer do-efficient

N xK
hi = u
l
hi=----------- W/m2 oC
7) Over all heat transfer co-efficient (u)
1 1 Di 1
= + x
u hi Do ho
U= ----------- W/m2 oC

Sl No. Outside heat Reynolds Nusselt Inside heat Overall

transfer number number transfer co- heat
co-efficient ‘Re’ ‘Nu’ efficient transfer co-
‘ho’ ‘hi efficient
‘U’
For Drop Wise Condensation
1
2
3
Film Wise Condensation
1
2
3

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EXPERIMENT NO- 10:

VAPOUR COMPRESSION AIRCONDITIONER

Aim: To test the performance of a air conditioning set up.

Apparatus Required: Air conditioner set up with blower unit and duct, with a heater, a steam
generator.
Theory:
Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of partial pressure of water in the mixture to the saturation
pressure of pure water. Specific humidity is defined as the ratio of mass of water vapour per unit to the
mass of dry air in a mixture of air and water vapour.
Dry bulb temp is the temp recorded by the thermometer with a dry bulb. Wet bulb temp is that temp
recorded by a thermometer when the bulb is covered by with saturated water.
During summer, it is necessary to the air and de-humidify it. As the humidity ratio decreases, the air is
said to be dehumidified. This process occurs in summer, and is called air conditioning. During the
winter, its necessary to heat the air & humidify it.
Description of Set up:
The apparatus consists of a seal compressor, air cooled condenser, blower unit to force air thru a duct
and evaporator. The power to the heater can be controlled and air is warmed while it passes over the
heater. The rotometer is used in refrigeration circuit, which measures the flow of refrigerants. The mass
flow rate in the duct can be varied by arrangement provided on the blower unit. There is an
arrangement for humidification, achieved by introducing steam in the duct. A dry and wet bulb
thermometer can measure the relative humidity of air i/c & o/c. An expansion valve is provided in the
circuit for throttling the gas from high pressure to low pressure. There are 2 gauges of measurement for
high and low pressure. 4 thermocouples are placed to measure the temp of gas or vapour at
evaporation, and 4 condensers with help of digital temp indicator. HP & LP cut off is provided for the
safety of compressor.

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Procedure:

The exp can be conducted by the following methods:

1. Cooling & Dehumidification process.
2. Heating & de humidification process.
Cooling process:
The cooling of air without changing the specific humidity is demonstrated:

 put on the air condenser fan (gas to liquid) and run it for 2-3 mins.

 Start the blower with suction full open

 Now put on the compressor switch such that the refrigeration circuit will be in process

 Switch on the fan to obtain steady conditions

 Measure the air velocity in the duct by using the system provided at the blower.

 Note the observed values in the observation table.

 Repeat the experiment with different air velocity in the duct.

Heating and humidification process:
Repeat the same process of cooling oil, however, the air is heated after the air is evaporation so that it
gains heat and relative humidity. Then, certain amount of moisture is added by injecting steam. This
process controls the dry bulb temp. Another set of readings can be achieved by changing the velocity in
the duct and changing the heating power.
Observations:
 Refrigerant = 134a.
 Cross sectional area of duct = 270 x 240mm2
 Energy meter constant = 3200 pules/Kw-hr
Specifications:
a) Compressor: sealed type kirloskar make using R-12 gas having capacity ½ tone CAJ 2612 N.
b) Condenser: air cooled type with cooling fan driven by motor (suitable for compressor) or
14’’ x 14’’ 4 Row.

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c) Rota meter: eureka make range 6.1 – 61LPH

d) Thermostatic expansion valve. Donfos make no TF-2, 1mm orifice, and evaporator.
e) Evaporator: evaporator fitted in the duct size 10’’ x 10’’ 3 Row.
f) Liquid receiver 1liter capacity.
g) Blower unit to force air through the duct 1HP, 3phacse capacity.
h) Heaters fitted in the duct after the evaporator 2Kw,industrial type.
i) Steam generator to create steam and suit able piping for introduction steam in the duct 8 liters.
2Kw industrial type.
j) HP & LP gauges one each LP-30 mm Hg to 0-150PSI,HP-0-300w PSI
k) HP & LP cut out, these are safety devices.
l) Energy meter one for compressor 10Amps single phase input power measurement, condenser
fan: 1/4 HP, 16’’ fan.
m)Control panel consisting of different switches for compressor, fan, heater & steam generator.
n) Digital temperature indicator with various thermocouple are used for measurement of various
temperatures filter/dryer.
Observation table:
Slno. Descriptions Trial-I Trial-II Trial-III
1 Velocity of air –----- m/sec
2 Time required for 10 pulses energy meter
3 Refrigerant flow rate in ----- L.P.M.
4 High pressure HP ----- lb/in2
5 Evaporator pressure LP---- lb/in2
6 Evaporator inlet temperature (T5) oC
7 Evaporator outlet temperature (T6) oC
8 Condenser inlet temperature (T7) oC
9 Condenser outlet temperature (T8) oC
10 Air inlet dry-blub temperature (T2) oC
11 Air inlet wet-bulb temperature (T1) oC
12 Air outlet dry-blub temperature (T4) oC
13 Air outlet wet-bulb temperature (T3) oC

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Calculations:
1) Mass of air (ma)= r xV x A
(ma)= ------ Kg/sec
2) Enthalpy of air at inlet temperature.(H1)
DBT1=--- oC
WBT1=--- oC
(H1)= ------ Kj/kg-K.
3) Enthalpy of air at outlet temperature.(H1)
DBT2=--- oC
WBT2=--- oC
(H2)= ------ Kj/kg-K.
4) Refrigeration effect.
RE= heat loss by air
RE = ma(H1- H2)
RE =------- Kj/sec
5) Power consumed by the compressor
N c x 3600
Pc =
t x 450
Pc = ---------- KW.
Refrigeration effect
6) Actual C.O.P =
power sup plied
= -------------
TL
7) Carnot C.O.P =
TH - TL
2
HP = X lb/in
= 100 x 0.07031+1.01325
= 12.2628 Kg/Cm2 = X 105 = 12.26 bar.
There fore
TH = ( t+ 273)
TH = ----- K

HP = Ylb/in2
= 44x 0.07031+1.01325
= 4.106 Kg/Cm2 = 4.106 bar.
There fore
TL = (t+ 273)
TL = ----- K
TL
8) Carnot C.O.P=
TH - TL
Carnot C.O.P = -------

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Actual C.O.P
9) Efficiency of the plant h =
Carnot C.O.P
Hco - Hci
10) Theoretical C.O.P= .
Hci - Hco

Result Table

Trail Mass of air RE Actual Carnot Efficiency Theoretical

C.O.P C.O.P ofthe plant C.O.P
‘h ’
1
2
3

Result:

1. Efficiency in summer = -------- %

2. Efficiency in winter = -------- %

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 Srishyla Educational Trust(R), Bheemasamudra
GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi.
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, and Govt. of Karnataka.
POST BOX NO 4, P B ROAD, DAVANAGERE-577006

HMT VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define heat transfer.
Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one region to another due to
temperature difference.
2. What are the modes of heat transfer?
1. Conduction, 2. Convection, 3. Radiation.
3. What is conduction?
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to a region of
low temperature within a medium [solid, liquid or gases] or different medium in direct physical
contact.
4. State Fourier’s law of conduction.
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the direction of heat flow
and to the temperature gradient in that direction.
Q α – A dT / dx
Q = -kA dT /dx
Where, A – Area in m2.
dT / dx – Temperature gradient, K/m
k – Thermal conductivity, W/mK.
5. What is conduction?
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to a region of
low temperature within a medium [solid, liquid or gases] or different medium in direct physical
contact.
6. Define Thermal conductivity.
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
7. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall.
Heat transfer, Q = ∆ T overall / R
Where, ∆ T = T1 – T2, R = L / kA – Thermal resistance of slab, L – Thickness of slab
K – Thermal conductivity of slab, A – Area.
8. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder.
Heat transfer, Q = ∆ T overall / R
Where, ∆ T = T1 – T2,R = 1 / 2πLk in [r2 / r1] – Thermal resistance of slab.
L – Length of cylinder, k – Thermal conductivity,r2 – Outer radius,r1 – Inner radius.
9. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?
a. Moisture b. Density of material c. Pressure. d. Temperature e. Structure of material.
10. What is meant by free or natural convection?
It is fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature gradients, the
mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
11. Define Grashof number [Gr].
 It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the square of viscous
force. Gr = Inertia force x Buoyancy force / [Viscous force]2
12. Define Stanton number [St].
It is the ratio of Nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number and Prandtl number.
St = Nu / Re x Pr.
13. Define Convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a fluid medium
when they are at different temperatures.
14. Define Reynolds number [Re].
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force. Re = Inertia force / Viscous force
15. Define Prandtl number [Pr].
It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the thermal diffusivity.
Pr = Momentum diffusivity / Thermal diffusivity
16. Define Nusselt Number [Nu].
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under an unit temperature gradient
to the heat flow rate by conduction under an unit temperature gradient through a stationary
thickness [L] of metre. Nusselt Number [Nu] = qconv /qcond
17. State Newton’s law of convection.
Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the equation.
Q = h A = [Tw – T∞],This equation is referred to as Newton’s law of cooling..
Where h = Local heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K.A = Surface area in m2., Tw = Surface [or]
Wall temperature in K.T∞ = Temperature of fluid in K.
18. What is forced convection?
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or fan, that type
of heat transfer is known as forced convection.
19. What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced convection?
1. Reynolds number [Re].2. Nusselt number [Nu].3. Prandtl number [Pr].
20. What is fin?
Fins are extended surfaces used primarily to enhance the heat transfer rate between the solid fins
and an adjoining fluid.
21. Define Fin effectiveness
It is the ratio of fin heat transfer rate to heat transfer rate without fin
22. List out the Fin types.
a)Straight fin of uniform cross section,b)Straight fin of non-uniform cross section
c) Annular fin, d) Pin fin
23. Mention Stefan boltzman contant.
σ = Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.6697 x 10-8 W/ (m² K4)
24. Define Stefan boltzman contant.
Stefan Boltzman law states that the total emissive power of a perfect black body is proportional to
fourth power of the absolute temperature of black body surface
Eb = σT4, σ = Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.6697 x 10-8 W/ (m² K4)
25. Define Emissivity.
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat. It is also defined as the ratio of
emissive power of anybody to the emissive power of a black body of equal temperature.Emissivity,
ε = E / Eb.
26. Define Emissive power [Eb].
 The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit time and
unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
27. Define monochromatic emissive power. [Ebλ]
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all directions is
known as monochromatic emissive power.
28. What is meant by absorptivity?
Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident radiation. Absorptivity,
α = Radiation absorbed / Incident radiation.
29. Define Radiation.
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting mediumis known as radiation.
It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
30. What is meant by reflectivity?
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the incident radiation.
Reflectivity, ρ = Radiation reflected / Incident radiation.
31. What is meant by transmissivity?
Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the incident radiation. \
ransmissivity, τ = Radiation transmitted / Incident radiation.
32. What is black body?
Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.
1. A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wave length and direction.
2. For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy than black body.
33. What is meant by gray body?
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their wave length, the
body is known as gray body. The emissive power of a gray body is always less than that of the
black body.
34. What is heat exchanger?
A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment which transfers the heat from a hot fluid to a cold
fluid.
35. What is meant by Direct heat exchanger [or] open heat exchanger?
In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by direct mixing of hot and cold
fluids.
36. What is meant by Indirect contact heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchangers, the transfer of heat between two fluids could be carried out by
transmission through a wall which separates the two fluids.
37. What is meant by parallel flow and counter flow heat exchanger?
In parallel flow type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in the same direction & counter
flow type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in parallel but opposite directions.
38. What is meant by cross flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move at right angles to each other.
39. What is meant by Shell and tube heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, one of the fluids moves through a bundle of tubes enclosed by a
shell. The other fluid is forced through the shell and it moves over the outside surface of the tubes.
40. What is meant by LMTD?
We know that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the heat exchanger
varies from point to point. In addition various modes of heat transfer are involved. Therefore based
on concept of appropriate mean temperature difference, also called logarithmic mean temperature
 difference, the total heat transfer rate in the heat exchanger is expressed as Q = U A [∆T]m Where,
U=Overall heat transfer co-efficient [W/m2K], A=Area, m2 [∆T]m = Logarithmic mean
temperature difference.
41. What is meant by Effectiveness?
The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum
possible heat transfer. Effectiveness ε = Actual heat transfer / Maximum possible heat transfer = Q /
Qmax
42. Power requirement of a refrigerator is Inversely proportional to COP.
43. In SI units, one ton of refrigeration is equal to 210 kJ/min.
44. Define tons of refrigeration and COP.
A tonne of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat required to be removed from one tonne of
water [1000 kg] at 00C to convert that into ice at 00C in 24 hours. In actual practice,
1 tonne of refrigeration = 210kJ/min = 3.5kW.
45. The capacity of a domestic refrigerator is in the range of 1 to 3 tonne.
46. Name four important properties of a good refrigerant.
Low boiling point. High critical temperature & pressure& Low specific heat of liquid.
47. What is the difference between Air conditioning and Refrigeration?
Refrigeration is the process of providing and maintaining the temperature in space below
atmospheric temperature. Air conditioning is the process of supplying sufficient volume of clean air
containing a specific amount of water vapour and maintaining the predetermined atmospheric
condition with in a selected enclosure.
48. Name any four commonly used refrigerants.
1. Ammonia [NH3] 2. Carbon dioxide [CO2] 3. Sulphur dioxide [SO2] 4. Freon – 12.
49. What are the advantages and disadvantages of air refrigeration system?
Advantages:
1. The refrigerant used namely air is cheap and easily available.
2. There is no danger of fire or toxic effects due to leakages.
3. The weight to tonne of refrigeration ratio is less as compared to other systems.
Disadvantages:
1. The quantity of refrigerant used per tonne of refrigeration is high as compared to other system.
2. The COP of the system is very low. Therefore running cost is high.
3. The danger of frosting at the expander valves is more as the air contains moisture content.
50. What is net refrigerating effect of the refrigerant?
Refrigerating effect is the total heat removed from the refrigerant in the evaporator.
COP = Refrigeration effect / Work done. Refrigeration effect = COP x Work done.
51. Define refrigerant.
Any substance capable of absorbing heat from another required substance can be used as
refrigerant.