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PERIODIC TABLE
1. PROUT’S HYPOTHESIS
The atomic weights of all elements are simple multiple of atomic weight of hydrogen. Prout gave this
hypothesis on the basis of Dalton’s atomic theory and the atomic weights of some elements known at
that time. But this hypothesis could not last longer, because there are some atomic weights which are
fractional and not in whole number.
2. DOBEREINER’S TRIADS
According to Dobereiner when elements of same properties are kept in the increasing order of their
atomic weights, the atomic weight of middle element is equal to the mean atomic weight of remaining
two elements. Such a group of elements is called Dobereiner’s triad.
Li Na K 7 39
23
2
7 23 39
Be Mg Ca 8 40
24
8 24 40 2
Dobereiner could arrange only a few elements as triads and there are some such elements present in a
triad, whose atomic weights are approximately equal, e.g.
Fe Co Ni
Ru Rh Pd
There fore, this hypothesis was not acceptable for all elements.
Alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg Ca, Sr, Ba, etc.) which are relatively a little less electropositive. Occupy
positions on the descending part of the curve.
Halogens and the noble gases (except helium) occupy positions on the ascending part of the curve.
Transition elements have very small volumes and therefore these are present at the bottoms of the curve
From to
First H (1) He (2) 2
Group - The modern periodic table has 18 vertical columns and according to CAS system there are 16
groups having the following number of elements.
(n) VIII (3) group 9 (Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
7. s-BLOCK ELEMENTS
The elements of the periodic table in which the last electron enters in s–orbital, are called s–block
elements.
s-Orbital can accommodate a maximum of two electrons.
Their general formulae are ns1 and ns2 respectively, where n = (1 to 7).
I A group elements are known as alkali metals because they react with water to form alkali. II A group
elements are known as alkaline earth metals because their oxides react with water to form alkali and
these are found in the soil or earth.
The total number of s block elements are 14.
Fr87 and Ra88 are radioactive elements while H and He are gaseous elements
Cs and Fr are liquid elements belonging to s-block.
8. p - BLOCK ELEMENTS
The elements of the periodic table in which the last electron gets filled up in the p-orbital, called p-block
elements.
A p-orbital can accommodate a maximum of six electrons. Therefore, p-block elements are divided
into six groups which are III A, IV A, V A, VI, A VII A and zero groups.
The general formulae of p block elements are ns2 p1–6 (where n = 2 to 6)
The zero group elements having general formula ns2p6 are inert, because their energy levels are fully
filled.
The total number of p block elements in the periodic table is 30 (excluding He)
There are nine gaseous elements (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, F2, Cl2, O2 and N2) belonging to p-block.
Gallium (Ga) and bromine (Br) are liquids.
The step-like thick lines drawn in the periodic table in the p-block divides elements into metals nonmet-
als and metalloids.
9. d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
The elements of the periodic table in which the last electron gets filled up in the d orbital, called d block
elements.
The d block elements are placed in groups named IIIB, IV B, V B, VI B, VII B, VIII, I B and II B.
In d block elements the electron gets filled up in the d orbital of the penultimate shell. That is why these
elements are known as transition elements.
Through the total number of d block elements is 33 in the periodic table but there are only 30 transition
elements. Becuase only those elements are transition in which d orbital is partially filled.
The general formula of these elements is (n–1)s2, p6, d1–10 ns1–2 where n = 4 to 7.
All of these elements are metals
Out of all the d block elements mercury is the only liquid element.
van der Waals radius > Metallic radius > Covalent radius
Note : vander Waals radius is slightly larger than the actual radius.
8 PERIODIC TABLE
7p 8p 19p 20p
10e 10e 18e 18e
(v) Penetration power : In any atom the s orbital is nearer to the nucleus in comparison to p, d and f
orbitals. Therefor, greater energy is required to remove an electron from s orbital than from p, d and f
orbitals. Thus the decreasing order of ionisation potential of s, p, d and f orbitals is as follows
s>p>d>f
13.2 PERIODIC TRENDS IN IONISATION POTENTIAL
(a) In a Period :- The value of Ionisation potential normally increase on going from left to right in a
period, because effective nuclear charge increases and atomic size decreases.
13.2.1 Exceptions
In second period ionisation potential of Be is greater than that of B, and in the third period ionisation
potential of Mg is greater than that of Al due to high stability of fully filled orbitals.
In second period ionisation potential of N is greater than O and in the third period ionisation potential
of P is greater than that of S, due to stability of half filled orbitals.
The increasing order of the values of ionisation potential of the second period elements is
Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
The increasing order of the values of ionisation potential of the third period elements is
Na < Al < Mg < Si < S < P < Cl < Ar
13.2.2 IONISATION POTENTIAL OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
In transition elements, the value of ionisation potential has very little increase on going from left to right
in a period because the outermost orbit remains the same but electrons get filled up in the (n–1)d
orbitals resulting in very little increase in the values of ionisation potential.
In transition element series the first ionisation potential normally increases with increase in atomic num-
ber on going from left to right, but this periodicity is not uniform. The value of ionisation potential of
transition elements depends on the following two important factors.
(a) The value of ionisation potential increases with increase in effective nuclear charge.
(b) The value of ionisation potential decreases with increase in shielding effect when the number of
electrons increases in (n-1)d orbitals
In the first transition element series the first ionisation potential normally increases on going from left to
right from Sc to Cr because shielding effect is much weaker in comparison to effective nuclear charge.
The value of first ionisation potential of Fe, Co and Ni remains constant, because shielding effect and
effective nuclear charge balance one another. The value of ionisation potential shows slight increase
from Cu to Zn because they have fully filled s and d orbitals. The value of first ionisation potential of Mn
is maximum because it has maximum stability due to fully filled s and half filled orbitals.
13.2.3 INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS
The size of inner transition elements is greater than that of d block elements. Therefore the value of
ionisation potential of f block elements is smaller than that of d block elements and due to almost
constant atomic size of f block elements in a period the value of their ionisation potential remains
more constant than that of d block elements.
13.2.4 In a Group
The value of ionisation potential normally decreases on going from top to bottom in a group because
both atomic size and shielding effect increase.
Exception :
The value of ionisation potential remains almost constant from Al to Ga in the III A group. (B>Al ,
Ga > In)
In IVB group i.e. Ti,, Zr and Hf the I.P. of Hf is higher than that of Zr due to Lanthanide contraction.
Thus the I.P. of IVB group varies as Ti > Zr < Hf.
In the periodic table the element having highest value of ionisation potential is He.
PERIODIC TABLE 11
The values of ionisation potential of noble gases are extremely high, because the orbitals of outer-
most orbit are fully-filled (ns2 , np6) and provide great stability.
In a period, the element having least value of ionisation potential is an alkali metal (group I A ) and
that having highest value is inert gas (Group 0)
13.3 APPLICATIONS OF IONISATION POTENTIAL
The elements having high values of ionisation potential have low reactivity, e.g. inert gases.
The value of ionisation potential decreases more on going from top to bottom in a group in compari-
son to a period. Therefore, reactivity increases and the atom forms a cation by loss of electron.
The elements having low value of ionisation potential readily lose electron and thus behave as strong
reducing agents.
The elements having low value of ionization potential readily lose electron and thus exhibit greater
metallic property.
The elements having low value of ionisation potential readily lose electron and thus oxide and hy-
droxides of these elements have basic property.
Ex.12 Which of the following should be the order of increasing values of second ionisation potential of C6,
N7, O8 and F9
(1) C > N > F > O (2) C < F < N < O (3) C < F < N < O (4) C < N < F< O
Ans. (4)
Sol. The second ionisation potential means removal of electron from a cation
C+1 (5e) = 1s2 , 2s2 , 2p1
N+1 (6e) = 1s2, 2s2, 2p2
O+1 (7e) = 1s2, 2s2, 2p3
F+1 (8e) = 1s2, 2s2 , 2p4
Therefore C < N < F < O
Ex.13 Which of the following should be the correct order of the second ionisation potential of Li, Be B and
C
(1) Li < Be > B < C (2) Be < B < C < Li (3) Be < C < B < Li (4) Li < C < B < Be
Ans. (3)
Sol. Li (2e) = 1s
+1 2
Ex.16 Which of the following should be correct for Z1 and Z2 in the following two processes
M+ + Z1 M+2 + e–
M+2 + Z2 M+3 + e–
1 1
(1) Z = Z2 (2) Z1 = Z2 (3) Z1 = Z (4) Z1 < Z2
2 1 2 2
Ans. (4)
Sol. Z1 = second ionisation potential and Z2 = Third ionisation potential.
Second ionisation potential is always less than the third ionisation potential.
15. ELECTRONEGATIVITY
The measure of the capacity or tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons of the
covalent bond towards itself is called electronegativity of that atom.
Electronegativity is a relative value that indicates the tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons
more than the other atom bonded to it. Therefore it does not have any unit. Pauling was the first
scientist to put forward the concept of electronegativity. On pauling’s scale the electronegativity is
expressed in paulings.
The numerical value of electronegativity of an atom depends on its ionisation potential and electron
affinity values.
15.1 Factors Affecting Electronegativity
Atomic size – Electronegativity of a bonded atom decreases with increase in size with increase in size
the forces of attractions on valence shell electrons decrease and hence electron negativity decreases.
When effective nuclear charge is high the nucleus will attract the shared electrons with greater strength
and the electronegativity will be high.
This effect increases the atomic size which decreases the electronegativity value.
Hybridisation state of atom – Electronegativity increases with increases in the s character of the
hybrid orbital. This is because the s orbital is nearer to the nucleus and thus suffers greater attraction
resulting in increase in electronegativity.
The number of covalent bonds present between two bonded atoms is known as bond order. With
increases in the bond order, the bond distance decreases, effective nuclear charge increases and thus
electronegativity increases. Increasing order of electronegativity is as follows : C–C < C = C < C C
14 PERIODIC TABLE
Oxidation number – The electronegativity value increases with increase in oxidation number
because radius decreases with increase in oxidation number.
The increasing order of electronegativity is as follows : Fe < Fe+2 < Fe+3
Electronegativity does not depend on stability of fully-filled or half-filled orbitals because it is simply
the capacity of nucleus to attract bonded pair of electrons.
15.2 Trends in Electronegativity
Atomic size decreases on going from left to right in a period thus electronegativity increases. Atomic
size increases on going from top to bottom in a group thus electronegativity decreases.
Inert Gases – The electronegativity value of inert gases is zero, because they do not form covalent
bonds
In a period, the electronegativity value of halogen is maximum, while the electronegativity value of alkali
metal is minimum.
F has maximum electronegativity value in the periodic table, while Cs has minimum electronegativity.
According to Pauling scale, the electronegativity value of F is 4.0, O is 3.5 N is 3.0 and Cl is 3.1.
Exceptions -
The elements of group II B i.e. Zn, Cd and Hg show increase in electronegativity value on going
from top to bottom in the group.
The elements of group III A , i.e. Al to Ga show increase in electronegativity value on going from top
to bottom in the group.
The elements of group IV A, show no change in electronegativity value on going from top to bottom
in the group from Si on words.
G
R
O
U
P
S
PERIODIC TABLE 21
LANTHANIDES
CARBON FAMILY
CHALCOGENS
24 PERIODIC TABLE
HALOGENS
3-D SERIES
PERIODIC TABLE 25
PRAYAS - I
PRAYAS - II
Q.1 The law of triads is not applicable on –
(A) Cl, Br, I (B) Na, K, Rb (C) S, Se, Te (D) Ca, Sr, Ba
Q.2 The atomic volume was choosen as the basis of periodic classification of elements by –
(A) Niels Bohr (B) Mamdeleev (C) Lother meyer (D) Newlands
Q.3 The majority of gaseous elements in the periodic table are placed –
(A) at bottom left hand side (B) at top right hand side
(C) below the main table (D) along side d block elements
Q.4 The last electron in each normal element of a period is filled in –
(A) the same energy sublevel (B) the same energy level
(C) the same orbital (D) successive energy level
Q.5 Two p-block elements x (outer configuration ns2, np3) and z (outer configuration ns2np4) occupy
neighbouring positions in a period. Using this information which of the following is correct with respect
to their ionization potential Ix and Iz.
(A) Ix > Iz (B) Iz > Ix
(C) Iz = Ix (D) relation between Ix and Iz is uncertains
Q.6 The greater stability of the lower oxidation state in heavier P block metals in the consequence of –
(A) electronic transition within p-orbitals (B) electronic transition from s to p-orbitals
(C) inert pair effect (D) expansion of octet
Q.7 Oxidation number of p-block elements is [Excluding inert gases] –
(A) equal to group number (B) group number +2
(C) between the range [Group no..... (Group no. 8)]
(D) number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell
PERIODIC TABLE 29
Q.8 Which of the following is the configuration of second excited state of the element isoelectronic with O2 or
P– or Cl+
(A) [Ne]3s2 3px2 3py1 3pz1 (B) [Ne]3s2
(C) [Ne] 3s 3pz 3py 3pz 3dxy 3dyz
1 1 1 1 1 1
(D) [Ne] 3s2 3px1 3pz1 3dxy1
Q.9 Which of the following isoelectronic species is smallest ?
(A) O2– (B) F– (C) Ne (D) Na+
Q.10 Metallic radii of transition elements –
(A) first increase, then decrease periodically
(B) first decrease, then remain almost constant
(C) first increase, then remaining almost constant
(D) first increase, then increase periodically
Q.11 True position of lanthanides are –
(A) after III B group and in the 6th period (B) after III B group in the 3rd period
(C) after VI B group in the 3rd period (D) after VI B group and in the 6th period
Q.12 Properties of the elements of which of the following pairs do not resemble ?
(A) Li and Mg (B) Be and Al (C) Mg and Al (D) B and Si
Q.13 The main cause of diagonal relationship between Be and Al is –
(A) similarity in ionic sizes (B) similar ionic potentials
(C) similar electronegativity (D) similar atomic sizes
Q.14 Electronic configuration of four elements are : a = 1s2; 2s2, 2p1, b = 1s2; 2s2, 2p2, c = 1s2; 2s2, 2p5, d=
1s2; 2s2, 2p6; 3s1. Which one of these would most readily form diatomic molecule ?
(A) a (B) b (C) c (D) d
Q.15 Which of the following statement is untrue –
(A) the atoms have no tendency to accept electrons in empty higher energy levels
(B) the atoms have no tendency to accept electrons in empty higher energy sublevels
(C) the alkali metals have no tendency to accept electrons
(D) the atoms with exactly half filled electronic configurations have no tendency to accept electrons.
Q.16 Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists –
List I List II
A. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
2 2 6 2 6 2
a. ln
B. 1s2 2s22p63s23p63d104s1 b. Pd
C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d10 c. Ca
D. 1s 2p 2p 3s 3d 4s 4p 5s 5p
2 2 6 2 10 2 10 2 1
d. Cu
Codes : A B C D A B C D
(A) a b c d (B) a c b d
(C) c d b a (D) a d c b
Q.17 Electronic configuration of an element of atomic weight 40 is 2,8,8,2 which of the following statement
regarding this element is not correct –
(A) it belong to second group of periodic table (B) it has 20 neutrons
(C) the formula of its oxide is MO2 (D) it belongs to the fourth period
Q.19 There are four elements P, Q, R and S : their configuration are also given. Show that which element will
have highest value of I.P. (II) ?
(A) (P) = [He] 2s2 (B) (Q) = [He] 2s22p2
(C) (R) = [He]2s 2p
2 1
(D) (S) = [He] 2s12p3
Q.20 The ionization potential of nitrogen is greater than that of oxygen because –
(A) nitrogen is an inert element
(B) the outermost shell of nitrogen has half filled orbitals
(C) the radius of nitrogen is more than that of oxygen
(D) the radius of oxygen is more than that of nitrogen
Q.21 The second I.P. of Na, third I.P. of Mg and fourth I.P. of Al are very high because
(A) the ion Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+ have high ionic potential
(B) these ions are isoelectronic
(C) these ions have outer ns2np6 configuration
(D) these ions are of normal elements
Q.22 Which of the following statements is correct for the addition of an electron to an isolated and gaseous
uninegatively charged oxygen (O–) ion ?
(A) the addition of electron cannot occur
(B) the addition of electron occurs with evolution of energy
(C) the addition of electron occurs with absorption of energy
(D) the heat of reaction is zero
Q.23 Be and Mg have zero value of electron affinities, because –
(A) Be and Mg have (He) 2s2 and (Ne) 3s2 configuration respectively
(B) 2s and 3s orbitals are filled to their capacity
(C) Be and Mg are unable to accept electron
(D) all the above are correct
Q.24 Following mulliken scale, what parameters are required to evaluate electronegativity ?
(A) only electronegativity (B) only ionization affinity
(C) electron affinity and ionization potential (D) ionic potential and electronegativity
Q.25 If I1, I2 and I3 etc. represent the successive ionization potentials of an atom then the correct order is :
(A) I1 > I2 > I3 (B) I1 < I2 > I3 (C) I1 < I3 > I2 (D) I2 > I1 > I3
Q.26 Increasing order of first ionisation potential is –
(A) Na < Mg < Al < Si (B) Na < Mg > Al > Si
(C) Na > Mg > Al > Si (D) Na > Mg > Al < Si
Q.27 In the transformation Na(s) Na+(g), the energies involved are –
(A) ionization energy (B) sublimation energy
(C) ionization energy and sublimation energy (D) bond dissociation energy
Q.28 4th I.P. > 3rd I.P. > 2nd I.P. > Ist I.P.
The above sequence for an atom is due to increase in the –
(A) number of electrons (B) number of protons
(C) effective nuclear charge (D) ionic radius
Q.29 For I.P. which order is wrong –
(a) F > O (b) O > N (c) S > P (d) Be > B
Code is –
(A) a, b, c (B) b, c, d (C) a, d (D) a, b, d
PERIODIC TABLE 31
Q.30 Alkali metals do not form dipositive ions, because –
(A) the difference in the first and second I.P. is more than 16 eV
(B) the difference in the first and second I.P. is less than 11 eV
(B) Alkali metals have one electron in their ultimate energy level
(D) oxidation state of alkali metal is +1
Q.31 Which of the following properties in a period, in general, increase or decreases with regularity ?
(A) density (B) melting point
(C) amphoteric character of oxides (D) relative shared electron attracting ability in a bond
Q.32 Select the wrong statement with respect to gradation in properties as we more from left to right along a
period–
(A) base forming tendency to acid forming
(B) metallic solids through the net work solids to molecular solids
(C) oxidising to reducing (D) metallic to non-metallic character
Q.33 Electronic configuration of X+2 and Y+3 are : X–2 = [Ar] 3d8, Y+3 = [Ar] 3d3. What are the atomic
number of X0 and Y0 respectively –
(A) 28, 24 (B) 28, 25 (C) 28, 26 (D) 28, 27
Q.34 Cl2O is named as –
(A) oxygen chloride (B) chloro oxide (C) oxy chloride (D) chlorine oxide
Q.35 The electronegavitity values of C, N, O and F –
(A) increase from carbon to fluorine (B) decrease from carbon to fluorine
(C) increase up to oxygen and is minimum at fluorine
(D) is minimum at nitrogen and then increase continuously
Q.36 The valency in the II period from left to right –
(A) increases (B) decreases
(C) first increases then decreases (D) first decreases then increases
Q.37 Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below the lists –
List I List II
A. ns2, np5 a. Chromium
B. (n – 1)d , ns
10 1
b. Copper
C. (n –1) d , ns
5 1
c. Krypton
D. (n –1) d10, ns2, np6 d. Bromine (n = 4)
Codes : A B C D A B C D
(A) a b c d (B) b c d a
(C) d b a c (D) a d b c
Q.38 Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below the lists
List I List II
A. Highest ionization potential a. Technitium
B. Highest electronegativity b. Lithium
C. Artificial element c. Helium
D. High reducing ability d. Fluorine
Codes : A B C D A B C D
(A) c d a b (B) c d b a
(C) c b d a (D) a d b c
Q.39 The correct order of relative basic character of NaOH, Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)3 is –
(A) Al(OH)3 > Mg(OH)2 > NaOH (B) Mg(OH)2 > NaOH > Al(OH)3
(C) NaOH > Mg(OH)2 > Al(OH)3 (D) Al(OH)3 > NaOH < Mg(OH)2
32 PERIODIC TABLE
Q.40 Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below the lists
List I List II
A. Increasing atomic size a. Cl < O < F
B. Decreasing atomic radius b. Li < Be < B
C. Increasing electronegativity c. Si < Al < Mg
D. Decreasing effective nuclear charge d. N>O>F
Codes : A B C D A B C D
(A) c d a b (B) d b c a
(C) a b c d (D) b a d c
Q.41 Which of the following represents incorrect relation of O –
(A) C > O > N (B) C < O > N (C) O > C < N (D) O > N > C
Q.42 In a period, elements are arranged in strict sequence of –
(A) decreasing charges in the nucleus (B) increasing charges in the nucleus
(C) constant charges in the nucleus (D) equal charges in the nucleus
Q.43 Which of the following statement concerning lanthanides elements is false –
(A) lanthanides are separated from one another by ion exchange method
(B) ionic radii of trivalent lanthanides steadily increases with increases in the atomic number
(C) all lanthanides are highly dense metals
(D) more characteristic oxidation state of lanthanide elements is +3
Q.44 In the periodic table, the metallic character of elements –
(A) decrease from left to right across a period and on descending a group
(B) decreases from left to right across a period and increases on descending a group
(C) increases from left to right across a period and on descending a group
(D) increases from left to right across a period and decreases on descending a group
Q.45 The screening effect of inner electrons of the nucleus causes –
(A) A decreases in the ionisation potential (B) an increase in the ionisation potential
(C) no effect on the ionisation potential
(D) an increase in the attraction of the nuclei of the electrons
Q.46 The order of the magnitude of ionic radii of ions N3–, O2– and F– is –
(A) N3– > O2– > F– (B) N3– < O2– < F– (C) N3– > O2– < F– (D) N3– < O2– > F–
Q.47 The statement that is not correct for the periodic classification of elements is –
(A) The properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic numbers
(B) non-metallic elements are lesser in number than metallic elements
(C) the first ionisation energies along a period do into vary in a regular manner with increase in
atomic number
(D) for transition elements the d-sub-shells are filled with electrons monotonically with increase in
atomic number
Q.48 The electron affinity of the halogens follows the order –
(A) F < Cl < Br < I (B) F > Cl < Br < I (C) F < Cl > Br > I (D) F > Cl > Br > I
Q.49 The process of requiring absorption of energy is –
(A) F F– (B) Cl Cl– (C) O– O–2 (D) H H–
Q.50 The cynide CN– & N2 are isoelectronic. But in contrast to CN–, N2 is chemically inert because of –
(A) low bond energy (B) absence of bond polarity
(C) unsymmetrical electron distribution (D) presence of more electron in bonding
PERIODIC TABLE 33
ANSWER
PRAYAS-I
Que . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans A D A A C C C D B C
Que . 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans C A C C B D D D A A
Que . 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans B D B D A C B D A A
Que . 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans A B B B D D D D D D
Que . 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans D D B C A B B B A A
PRAYAS-II
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans B B B B A C C C D B
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans A C B C D C A A B
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans C C D C C C C B A
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans D C C D A C C A C A
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans A B B A A C C C B
34 PERIODIC TABLE
Q.2 Calculate lattice energy of NaCl, from following data of Born-Haber’s cycle.
1
Sol. Hf = Hsub + HD + IE + EA + U (using Hass’ Law)
2
1
– 411.2 = 108.2 + × 242 + 495.8 – 348 + U
2
U = 788.4 kJ mol–1
Q.3 Set up the Born-Haber’s cycle for determination of heat of solvation of Mg2+ ions by water given the
following data
Enthalpy of atomization of Mg = 167.2 kJ mol–1
First ionization energy of Mg = 7.646 eV
Second ionization energy of Mg = 14.035 eV
Enthalpy of dissociation of Cl2(g) = 241.6 kJ mol–1
Electron affinity of chlorine = 3.78 eV
enthalpy of formation of MgCl2(s) = – 639.5 kJ mol–1
Enthalpy of solution of MgCl2(s) = –150.5 kJ mol–1
Enthalpy of hydration of Cl– (g) = –383.7 kJ mol–1
Sol. [-1890.3 kJ mol–1]
PERIODIC TABLE 35
Q.4 Dipole moment of KCl is 3.336 × 10–29 coulomb metre which indicates that it is highly polar molecule.
The interatomic distance between K+ and Cl– in this molecule is 2.6 × 10–10 m. Calculate the dipole
moment of KCl molecule if there were opposite charges of one fundamental unit located at each molecule.
Calculate the percentage ionic character of KCl.
Sol. 4.1652 × 10–29 coulomb metre, percentage of ionic character = 80.09
Q.5 The dipole moment of HBr is 2.60 × 10–30 cm, and the interatomic spacing is 1.41 Å. What is the
percentage ionic character of HBr ?
Sol. 11.4%
Q.6 Calculate the percentage of ionic character in K-Cl bond in KCl molecule. The electronegativity values
of K and Cl are 0.8 and 3.0 respectively.
Sol. 52.1%
Q.9 Ionisation potential and electron affinity of fluorine are 17.42 and 3.45 eV respectively. Calculate the
electronegativity of fluorine.
Sol. According to Mulliken equation
IP EA
X= when both IP and EA are taken in eV..
5.6
17.42 3.45
XF = = 3.726
5 .6
Q.10 The electron affinity of chlorine is 3.7 eV. How much energy in kcal is released when 2 g of chlorine is
completely converted to Cl– ion in a gaseous state ?
(1 eV = 23.06 kcal mol–1)
Sol. Cl + e Cl– + 3.7 eV
35.5 3.7 × 23.06 kcal
Energy released for conversion of 2 g gaseous chlorine into Cl– ions
3.7 23.06
= × 2 = 4.8 kcal
35.5
36 PERIODIC TABLE
Q.11 Calculate the electronegativity of silicon using Allred-Rochow method. Covalent radius of silicon is
1.175Å.
Sol. Allred-Rochow equation is
Zeff
X = 0.359 + 0.744
r2
(Zeff is calculated on the basis of Slater’s rules taking all the electrons).
Zeff = 14 – (0.35 × 4 + 0.85 × 8 + 2 × 1) =3 .80
3.80
X = 0.359 + 0.744 = 1.73
(1.175) 2
Q.12 The first ionisation potential of Li is 5.4 eV and the electron affinity of Cl is 3.6 eV. Calculate H in kcal
mol–1 for the reaction.
Li (g) + Cl(g) Li+ + Cl–
Carried out at such low pressures that resulting ions do not combine with each other.
Sol. The overall reaction is written into two partial equations
Li(g) Li+ + e E1 = 5.4 eV
Cl(g) + e Cl– E2 = –3.6 eV
H = E1 – E2 = 5.4 – 3.6 = 1.8 eV
= 1.8 × 23.06 kcal mol–1
= 41.508 kcal mol–1
Q.13 Calculate the electronegativity value of chlorine on Mulliken’s scale, given that IP = 13.0 eV and
EA = 4.0 eV.
Q.14 The ionisation potential of atoms A and B are 400 and 300 kcal mol –1 respectively. The electron
affinities of these atoms are 80.0 and 85.0 kcal mol–1 respectively. Prove that which of the atoms has
higher electronegativity.
400 80 300 85
Sol. XA = = 3.84 ; XB = = 3.08
2 62.5 2 62.5
ans: A
Q.16 How many Cl atoms can you ionise in the process Cl Cl+ + e the energy liberated for the process
Cl + e Cl– for one Avogadro number of atoms. Given IP = 13.0 eV and EA = 3.60 eV.
Sol. Let n atoms be ionised.
6.02 × 1023 × EA = n + IP
6.02 10 23 3.60
n= = 1.667 × 1023
13
PERIODIC TABLE 37
Q.17 First and second ionisation energies of Mg(g) are 740 and 1450 kJ mol –1. Calculate percentage of
Mg+(g) and Mg2+(g), if 1 g of Mg(g) absorbs 50 kJ of energy.
1
Sol. Number of moles of 1g of Mg = = 0.0417
24
Energy required to convert Mg(g) to Mg+(g)
= 0.0417 × 740 = 30.83 kJ
Remaining energy = 50 – 30.83 = 19.17 kJ
19.17
Number of moles of Mg2+ formed = = 0.0132
1450
Thus, remaining Mg+ will be = 0.0417 – 0.0132 = 0.0285
0.0285
%Mg+ = × 100
0.0417
= 68.35%
% Mg2+ = 100 – 68.35 = 31.65 %
Q.19 The standard enthalpies of formation of gaseous XeF2, XeF4 & XeF5 are –108, –216 & –294 kJ mol–1
respectively an the bond energy in F2 is 159 kJ mol–1. Calculate the average Xe–F bond energy in each
of these compounds and use of the value for XeF2 to obtain a value for the electronegativity of xenon on
the Pauling scale assuming the electronegativity of fluorine to be 4.
N0 N0
Q.20 atoms of A(g) are converted to A+(g) by energy H1, atoms of A(g) are converted to A+(g)
2 2
N0
and atoms of A(g) are converted to A–(g) by energy H2. Calculate I. E. (ionisation energy) and E.
2
A. (electron affinity) of A(g).
Sol. Let I. E. = 1 atom–1, E. A = – E atom–1
N0
(i) For atoms. Energy required to convert A(g) to
2
I
A+(g) = N0 ×
2
I
H1 = N0 ×
2
38 PERIODIC TABLE
N0 I N0
(ii) A(g) A+(g) + e– ; Energy = for atoms
2 2
N 0E N0
A(g) + e– A–(g) ; Energy = – for atoms
2 2
N0 I N 0E
H2 = –
2 2
H1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii) I. E. = 2 N atom–1,
0
H 2 H1
E. A = 2 N0 atom–1
Q.21 Calculate the electron affinity of the hydrogen atom using the following enthalpy data
H2(g) 2H(g) ; H = +436 kJ mol–1
H2(g) + 2K(s) 2KH(s) ; H = –118 kJ mol–1
K(s) K(g) ; H = +83 kJ mol–1
K(g) K+(g) + e– ; H = +413 kJ mol–1
H–(g) + K+(g) KH(s) ; H = –742 kJ mol–1
Sol. It can be solved by forming the Born Haber’s cycle
Sol. The dipole moment of 100% ionic molecule (Li+H–) = (1 electronic charge x interdiatomic distance)
Exp. value of dipole moment
Fractional ionic character = Theoretical value of dipole moment
1.964 1029
= = 0.768
2.557 1029