DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF VEHICLE AUTOMATIC BRAKE

FAILURE INDICATOR

PREPARED BY

GODEN LUGANO KIBANGA

NIT/BAE/2015/252

SUPERVISED BY

MADAME: PRISCILLA PISHABAKAKI

A Special Project Report Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the

bachelor degree in Automobile Engineering of the National Institute of Transport.

July 2019
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CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certify that she has read the project: DESIGN AND

MANUFACTURING OF VEHICLE AUTOMATIC BRAKE FAILURE INDICATOR

in fulfillment of the requirement for the bachelor degree in automobile engineering at

National institute of Transport.

PRISCILLA PISHABAKAKI

Project Supervisor

Signature……………………. Date…………………….
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DECLARATION

I GODEN, LUGANO K; declare to the best of my knowledge that this project which is

the part of the module to be covered in the award of Bachelor in Automobile

Engineering is my own work and has neither been copied from anywhere nor presented

in any Institution of higher learning for any award. Some of the information I have taken

from various books, lecture notes and other being browsed from internet.

Goden Lugano K

(Student)

Sign……………………..

Date…………………….
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ABSTRACT

This project is to design and manufacturing automatic brake failure indicator. This sensor

will be used to sense the leakage in the braking system specifically on the vehicle. The

presence of this sensor will help to increase the possibility of safe operation.

The existence of this sensor in the vehicle will help to reduce the occurrence of accident

that caused due to brake system failures.

This report involves literature review, methodology, testing, results and discussion of the

brake failure indicator, conclusion and recommendation.

In literature review, different findings relate to brake system and its operation has been

discussed so as to understand the, features, components, types of brakes and operation of

the brake system. In this chapter some problems have been identified that face the

braking systems one of them is reduction in pressure due either corrosion or any other

defects that cause the in activeness of brake.

In methodology various methods to achieve the project were discussed and through data

collection, the data were collected from literature review, difference web site, books in

order to observe the related materials related to brake failure.

The development of this project will be advantageous for the vehicle and development

of automobile industries so as to safe guides the life of people. .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to those who in one way or another have

contributed to the successful completion of my project. It is not easy to mention all of

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them for how corporative they were to me. I would like to take this opportunity to

express my thanks to my supervisors Madame Priscilla Pishabakaki and Eng. Malaki for

devoting their valuable time and patience for guiding me to successful completion of this

project, Eng.Nashon (Project coordinator) for his assistance from the beginning of the

project, and all the Panel under Dr. Eng. Chang’waro for their guiding to successful

completion of the project. Much thanks to Mr. Ibrahim who were with me in

manufacturing of this project.

Secondly, I would like to express my thanks to my Parents, Mr and Mrs Kibanga for

how kind and supportive they are to me.

Also, I would like to express my sincerely thanks to my classmates for their support

since the beginning of this project up to this point.

Lastly but not least I would like to thank everyone who enabled me toaccomplish this

project

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: disc brake…………………………………………………… 6

Figure 2.2: drum brake…………………………………………………... 7

Figure 2.3: vehicle brake operation………………………………………. 9

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Figure 3.1 automatic brake failure indicator……………………………….. 10

Figure3.2:circuit diagram for brake failure indicator…………………… 14

LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS

ABS- anti braking system

DC- direct current

LCD- liquid crystal display

LED- light emitting diode

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PCB-printed circuit board

R- Resistance

V-voltage

𝐼𝑑- Diode current

𝑉𝑑- Diode voltage

𝑉𝑠- Voltage from the source

Ω- ohms

CONTENTS

DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. ii

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................... iii

LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................iv

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LIST OF ABBRIVIATION .............................................................................................. ii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background information........................................................................................... 1

1.1 Problem statement .................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Justification of the problem ...................................................................................... 3

1.3 Objectives of the project ........................................................................................... 3

1.3.1 Main objective ................................................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................. 3

1.4 Significance of the project ........................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 4

2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4

2.2 Types of brakes ........................................................................................................ 5

2.2.1 Disc Brakes ........................................................................................................ 5

2.2.2 Drum Brakes ...................................................................................................... 6

2.2.3 Single-Circuit Hydraulic Brakes ........................................................................ 7

2.2.4 Dual-Circuit Hydraulic Brakes .......................................................................... 8

2.2.5 Brake-by-wire .................................................................................................... 8

2.2.6 Antilock Braking System (ABS ......................................................................... 8

2.2.7 Power Brake Booster ......................................................................................... 9

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2.2.8 Air Brakes .......................................................................................................... 9

2.2.9 Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS ................................................. 9

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 10

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 10

3.2 Conceptual design and development ...................................................................... 10

The circuit diagram of the brake failure indicator ........................................................ 14

3.3 Design calculations ................................................................................................. 15

3.4 System implementation .......................................................................................... 16

3.4 System operation .................................................................................................... 17

3.5 System testing......................................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER FOUR: TESTING, RESULT AND DISCUSSION ...................................... 18

4.1 testing procedures of the brake failure indicator .................................................... 18

4.2. Result after testing ................................................................................................. 19

4.3 Discussion of results ............................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................. 20

5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 20

5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................... 21

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 23

APPENDIX A .................................................................................................................. 23
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APPENDIX B .................................................................................................................. 26
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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background information

According to Fidel (2012) with the passage of time, today’s generation is growing up

with the dreams of high speed vehicles. The problem is that as the birth ratio is

increasing, the accidents are getting in number which is one of the major problems faced

in this era and it would be rapidly increasing in the coming period. So, everyone tries to

avoid accidents while travelling but sometimes it is unavoidable. Accidents are

happening at each nook of the streets around the world. Thousands of life results in

death as an aspect of these accidents. As the population is increasing, the numbers of

vehicles are increasing in the same proportion. Which suggests there needs a lively hood

of the brakes giving out. The condition of brakes is regularly monitored by the brake

failure indicator circuit. The brake failure condition is sensed by the sensors attached to

the circuit through monitoring the brake switch. So, when the brake is applied it shows

the condition of brake every time.

Johnson (1997), there are several limits that must be kept in mind while driving a

vehicle. The brake failure indicator circuit contains much electrical as well as electronic

equipment such as light emitting diodes (LED), sensors, piezo buzzers, etc. The brake

failure indicators are used to avoid major damage.

Dr Mohan Kumar, (2005) It is a main advantage of brake failure indicator, and it

operates in automatic mode that makes it easy to use. At present many other instrument
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or system can be used to warn before any accident condition but it is only use to monitor

the braking system or any disturbances in electrical circuit of the braking system when

the brake is applied to stop or slow down the vehicle. But this project i.e. Automatic

Brake Failure Indicator uses sensors for constant monitoring of the braking switch and

gives the whole condition of braking system of the vehicle. Many problem occur while

using automatic braking system like some says hydraulic pipes are not connected tightly

and temperature of braking system increases, it can give adverse effect on brake pad

and the rotor.

1.1 Problem statement

Automobiles have been the primary mode of transportation for most of us and we

depend on them for our day to day commute. Unfortunately there are lots of mishaps

that could occur while driving an automobile and Brake Failures are one such case. Of

course accidents cannot be avoided sometimes but they can sure be prevented by taking

some preventive measures. Today’s accidents occurs due to many reasons, one of the

main reason is brake failure, main causes of brake failure are air in the braking system,

wear of brake pads or brake shoes, and , and leakage in the brake system, these caused

due to poor maintenance as well as product defect. In this project we will build a Circuit

that can be attached to our Vehicles which will monitor the brake of our vehicle and

provide us an audio-visual feedback if the brake fails. The project will help to reduce the

problem of accident caused due to brake failure, due to its sensitivity the indicator will

detect the problem in the brake system and alert the driver, and then the driver will be

able to stop the vehicle for further inspections and correction.

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1.2 Justification of the problem

Most of the vehicles used in our daily life for transportation of both passenger and goods,

have been facing this problem for a long time, when the brake failed the driver guesses by

thinking that might be leakage in the brake system or may be low brake fluid, may there is

air in the brake system so need of bleeding and so many issues arises in the head of the

driver, this problem till today exists and faced in all daily basis during vehicle operation,

this is where the design and manufacture of automatic brake failure indicator comes from

to solve this problem. This project will direct be able to identify the failure in the brake

system and alert the driver especially leakage in the braking system.

1.3 Objectives of the project

The objectives of the projects is categorized into two categories

1.3.1 Main objective

The main objective of the project is to fabricate the Automatic Brake Failure Indicator

which will help to detect any failure in the braking system.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

The following are specific objectives of the of the project

i. To review literature related to brake failure.

ii. To design the brake failure indicator

iii. To manufacture the brake failure indicator

iv. To test the prototype

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1.4 Significance of the project

i. It will ensure the proper working condition of braking system

ii. It will help to reduce accident caused due brake failure.

iii. It will help the driver to detect the leakage in the brake system easily

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

According to kripal Singh (2018), A brake is a mechanical device that hinders, restrain,

or prevents motion, slowing or stopping a moving object or preventing its motion. Most

of the brakes generally uses friction between two surfaces pressed together to change the

form of the kinetic energy of the moving object into heat, despite the fact that other

methods of energy conversion may be employed for the same. For example, regenerative
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braking converts a large amount of the energy to electrical energy along with the heat

energy, which may be stored or can be sent back to the source for later use. Some other

methods convert the kinetic energy into potential energy in such stored forms as

pressurized oil or pressurized air. Magnetic fields are used in Eddy current brakes to

convert kinetic energy into electric current in the brake disc, fin, or rail, which is

converted into heat energy. Still there are other braking methods to transform kinetic

energy into different forms, for example by transferring the energy to a rotating

flywheel.

2.2 Types of brakes

Depending on the vehicle, there are several types of brake systems. As an example,

many modern passenger cars use an antilock braking system, whereas semi-trucks and

trailers may require an air braking system.

2.2.1 Disc Brakes:

M. Bertozzi at all,(2002) A friction system which basically uses a wheel brake to slow

down or to stop the rotation of the automobile’s wheels; brake pads are pressed against

the brake’s rotor with a set of calipers. In a conventional disc brake (usually located in

the front wheels of the vehicle), the brake fluid is pumped through a hydraulic line

toward the hydraulic caliper. The caliper is fitted with a pair of brake pads made up of

fiber that grabs a spinning metal disk so called rotor – attached to the front axle in order

to slow down or to stop the vehicle. The pads are always in contact with the rotor, it is

necessary that they are periodically checked and adjusted in order to detect any sign of

wear or damage to the pads.

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Figure 2.1: disc brake kripal Singh (2018),

2.2.2 Drum Brakes:

M, bittoz at all, (2002) friction system using a set of brake shoes or pads to press

against a brake drum of the wheels of the vehicle.

A basic drum brake (usually located at the rear of the vehicle) consists of a rotating

drum that is attached to the wheels of the vehicle, and two expanding brake shoes. The

brake shoes are so arranged that when the brake is applied they both are expanded in the

opposite direction with respect to each other towards the drum of the wheels. When the

brake pressure is applied at the brake pedal by the driver, the brake fluid goes through

the hydraulic pipes of the brake system towards the wheel cylinder located at the brake

shoes, which is then expands the brake shoes towards the outer side of the brake shoes

and comes in contact with the inner side of the brake drum and due to this contact of

brake shoes and drum, friction is created between them i.e. the rotating part and the non-

rotating part of the wheel which slowdowns the vehicle and stops it after some time
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Figure 2.2: Drum brakes kripal Singh (2018)

2.2.3 Single-Circuit Hydraulic Brakes:

according to kanji (2006) master or primary cylinder fed by a reservoir of hydraulic

brake fluid and connected by a system made up of metal pipes and rubber fittings

attached to wheel cylinders; each wheel is having an opposing pistons on band or drum

brake; pressure is produced to push pistons apart and force brake pads into wheel

cylinder
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2.2.4 Dual-Circuit Hydraulic Brakes

according to kanji (2006) consists of a command circuit which is activates when the

brakes are pressed and a second circuit controlled by the vehicle’s computer that

calculates applied force and applies it to the hydraulic pump system.

2.2.5 Brake-by-wire

A system consisted of electronic wires that, when brake pedal is pressed or pushed,

measures electrical resistance and sends the signals to the car’s computer, which here

calculates the applied force and applies it to the hydraulic pump system.

2.2.6 Antilock Braking System (ABS)

Kaneko Junichi et all (1993) The Antilock Braking System is basically used in order to

prevent the wheels from “locking up” when the brake is applied by the driver. It is

located between the brake master cylinder and the wheels of the vehicle. Its basic

purpose is to prevent instability of the vehicle in the extreme braking condition.ABS

constantly monitors each wheel through an electronic wheel sensor while in normal

braking system brake fluid pressure is restored from the hydraulic pipes when there is no

longer a possibility of the wheel locking up.

The figure below shows working principle of anti braking system

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Figure 2.4: Anti braking system, kanji (2006)

2.2.7 Power Brake Booster

A system utilizing the vacuum power which is been produced in an engine naturally to

amplify the pressure applied by the driver’s foot to stop even very heavy vehicles.

2.2.8 Air Brakes

A system using air instead of using the hydraulic fluid to slam a standard disc or drum

brake, it is usually used in buses, trucks, trailer and other heavy vehicles.

2.2.9 Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS):

An autonomous safety system that uses the sensors to monitor a vehicle’s proximity to

others in the area near or surrounding and automatically applies emergency braking

mechanisms to avoid collision about to happen, Zitao Zhang (2009)

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CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter, methodology gives an overview of the related methods which required

for the project. This method is mainly obtained through browsing various internet

websites, and related engineering electronics books, and some from automobile

engineering books which gave the methods about the types of sensors to be used, LED

lights, buzzer, and resistors.

3.2 Conceptual design and development

Design process has some stages to consider for is completion. The early stage conceptual

design and development, this deals with development of varieties of the design where the

optimal solution is found. In order to obtain the dimensions and other specification of the

devices to be used calculation involving design was performed.

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The block diagram of vehicle automatic brake failure indicator

POWER SUPPLY

LCD DISPLAY
SENSOR
MICRO
CONTROL
LER
BUZZER

LED

Figure 3.1: Automatic brake failure indicator

Battery

In this circuit the battery used as the source of power to run the circuit, the battery has

voltage of 12V, this because the circuit powered by the vehicle battery with the

Specifications, Model: N40, Nominal voltage: 12V, Capacity (20HR): 40Ah, Dimensions:

(L) 235 x (W) 130 x (H) 220mm, Net weight: 6.5kg.

Microcontroller

Microcontroller in this circuit used the control information center from the pressure

sensor, LCD display, the type of microcontroller used is arduino nano ATmega328P, with

the specification I/O and Packages – 23 Programmable 32-lead TQFP ,Operating

Voltage: – 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega328P ,Temperature Range: – -40°C to 85°C Speed

Grade: – 0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V, Low Power Consumption at 1MHz, 1.8V, 25°C for
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ATmega328P, Active Mode: 0.2 mA, Power-down Mode: 0.1 µA, Power-save Mode:

0.75 µA (Including 32 kHz RTC)

LCD display 16×2

The LCD in this circuit was used to display the reduction in pressure detected by the

pressure sensor, the LCD displayed maximum when the pressure is well in the braking

system and the LCD display minimum when the pressure is low due reduction of pressure

as a result of leakage in the braking system. The specification of LCD 16×2 is:

The BL55024 is a general LCD driver IC for 60 units LCD panel. It features a wide

operating supply voltage range, incorporates simple communication interface with

microcomputer and is suitable for multiple application. Operation voltage: 2.5~5.5V

60(15x4) Display Units, Low power dissipation design: Power saving mode: Idd=14uA at

5V and Idd=9uA at 3.3V

Voltage regulator 7805 (u1)

The voltage regulator 7805 U1 in this circuit was used to regulate the voltage from the

source, this voltage regulator gives the output of 5V which is supplied to the

microcontroller, LCD, potentiometer, the voltage regulator has the specifications of

Output Current up to 1.5A, Package is TO-220AB

Voltage regulator LM 7812 (u2)

The voltage regulator 7812 U1 in this circuit was used to regulate the voltage from the

source, this voltage regulator gives the output of 12V which is supplied to the drive which

is used sound the buzzer, the voltage regulator has the specifications of 3-Terminal

Regulators ,Available in fixed 12-V and Output Current up to 1.5A

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Darlington ULN2001A

The darlington here was used to supply voltage to the buzzer, this is because the buzzer

use more voltage approximately 12V where by the microcontroller cannot supply 12V, so

the darlington supplied the required voltage. Specification of darlington each channel

rated at 500mA and can withstand peak currents of 600mA, output voltage 50V, input

voltages 5V

Buzzer

The buzzer in this circuit was used to notify the driver whenever will be any reduction of

pressure braking system, the buzzer has the following specification Voltage: 5 -12VDC,

Maximum current: 30mA/12VDC, Resonant frequency: 2500Hz (+/- 300 HZ) and

Operating temperature: -20 to 70 C

Potentiometer

The potentiometer in this circuit used and connected with the LCD so as to vary the

brightness of the LCD. The potentiometer selected has the following specifications

Nominal resistor tolerance error: ±8% maximum, Wiper current: ±6 mA, Low power

consumption: 2.5mA max , Wide bandwidth: 4 MHz (5 kΩ option) ,2.3 V to 5.5 V supply

operation , Wide operating temperature: −40°C to +125°C

LED diode
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The purpose of this diode used in this circuit was to glow light when there is reduction in

pressure in the brake system, with the voltage of 2V and the minimum current of 15mA,

40°C to +125°C Operating Temperature Range.

Pressure sensor

In brake failure indicator, the pressure sensor was used to detect the severe pressure

reduction in the braking system. The use of pressure sensor used to detect the fluid

leakage with the help of pressure change

The circuit diagram of the brake failure indicator

The circuit diagram has been used to design the internal operation of the sensor, the

circuit consists of different components as listed above.

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Figure 3.2 circuit diagram

3.3 Design calculations

Resistor for LED

The selection of resistor required was fixed with LED so as to drop the amount of current

through the LED. The resistor required was given by, 𝑉𝑠 = 5𝑉, 𝑉𝑑 = 2𝑉, 𝐼𝑑 = 15𝑚𝐴

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟 + 𝑉𝑑

𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼𝑑𝑅 + 𝑉𝑑

𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑑
𝑅=
𝐼𝑑

5−2
𝑅=
15 × 10−3

𝑅 = 200Ω

Where by 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝐼𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

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The resistance required should not be less than 0.2KΩ, therefore the nearest resistor to

200Ω is 1KΩ.

Maximum pressures

The maximum pressure exerted by the brake pedal was given by

𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴

The force applied to the brake pedal was 215N, and the area of the of the cylinders was

𝑑2
given by 𝜋 , the diameter of the cylinder was 30mm
4

0.032
𝜋 = 7.065× 10−4 𝑚2
4

Now pressure
215
𝑃 = 7.065×10−4= 304.317Kpa

3.4 System implementation

The implementation of the project was achieved with the help of different process, step

by step; the following are the ways on how the project is going to be implemented.

i. Collection of materials

Materials was be collected according to the required design and specification of

prototype.

ii. Soldering

Soldering of the electronic materials so as to mantle altogether in the printed

circuit body (PCB), this done by using gun and solder wires.
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iii. Programming of the microcontroller

The programming of microcontroller was done by using C++ programming so as

to display in the LCD minimum for reduction in pressure and maximum for

required pressure.

iv. Assembling the electronic parts and mechanical parts.

All the part was assembled and mantled together so as to bring the meaningful

project.

v. System testing

This is the last stage was to test the manufactured prototype.

3.4 System operation

This circuit was continuously monitored the conditions of brake and gives indication red

was LED glows. This brake switch works on when pressure is maintained and if the

pressure drops due to leakage, the pressure sensor detected the reduction in pressure and

sent the information to the micro controller, the micro controller sent data to the LCD

which displayed minimum for reduction in pressure ad maximum for normal operation

of the vehicle breaking system. The buzzer sounds as the pressure indicated minimum.

3.5 System testing

Construction & testing

The circuit was assembled on any general-purpose PCB or perforated board. Connect

point A to that terminal of the brake switch which goes to the brake lamps. . The power
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supply required for the circuit can be easily obtained from the vehicle’s battery. The

circuit required well-regulated power supply to avoid unwanted triggering while the

battery is charging from the dynamo.

CHAPTER FOUR

TESTING, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 testing procedures of the brake failure indicator

After the manufacture and implementation of the automatic brake failure indicator, the

prototype was tested so as to observe the intended result. The following were the

testing procedures.

I. Connect the source of power to the circuit so as to supply the required to

Electrical devices. 12v source was connected.

II. Put the ignition switch on, so as to allow the flow of electrical charge over

the entire circuit, allowing the 12v dc gear motor to rotate hence causing the
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wheels to rotate. When the ignition switch is on the LCD should be

displaying no brake applied.

III. Set the leakage area by tightening to its full close, then apply the brake,

making sure no pressure escape from the system.

IV. Read the pressure on the LCD, the display will show the response of the

sensor.

V. Rotate the area of leakage by allowing the small pressure to escape, read the

LCD response.

4.2. Result after testing

After testing the prototype the following results was obtained

I. When the leakage area set to its full close the result seen on the LCD was OK

II. When the leakage was set so as to allow a small pressure to escape when the

brake applied the result obtained was on the LCD was minimum and the buzzer

sound as an indication that there is a leakage in the braking system.

4.3 Discussion of results

After testing the prototype the results were good, because it functions well and sensor

was accurate in detecting the reduction in pressure in the brake system.

Investigation shows that the sensor has the ability to detect even a small leakage on the

braking system.
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CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

The design and manufacturing of the vehicle automatic brake failure indicator is

completed. During the designing, different factors were considered such as size, weight,

material, performance and power to be supplied to the circuit. According to its good

performance this project will help to reduce accident caused due to brake failure

especially leakage problem.

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5.2 Recommendation

I recommend to our institute that to improve and make the projects more profitable and

valuable it should take into consideration about time, and financing the big ideas, I

believe most of the student have good and big ideas but the fear of financial makes them

inferior to choose in regards to their financial status.

I recommend the who will be interested on this project automatic brake failure indicator

so as to Improve should innovate the following parts, by putting the automatic pressure

relief, so as when the brake applied and pressure created should escape automatic.

REFFERENCE:

Carl Svard, (2010). Division of Vehicular Systems Department of Electrical

Engineering Linkoping University, Sweden Part A:

Dr.mohankumar(2005). ,Electronics for you by, EFYAMG.COM Circuit ideas ,jus

Fedel John 2005. Final Rule published in the Register on( June 30, 2005) Light

Vehicle Brake Systems, revised as of October 1,2004, and ICIEA (2012)

Regenerative braking of series-wound brushed DC electric motors for electric

vehicles 2 Industrial Electronics and Applications 7th IEEE Conference

Izumi hasegawa and seigouchida (7, September 2006). Railway technology

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Johnson scarve (1994). Vehicle -highway automation activities in the United States.

U.S. Dept of Transportation.

Kaneko Junichi; Toshihiro Hamada, both of Shizuoka, Japan Assignee: Nissinbo

Industries, Inc., Tokyo, Japan, (Nov. 29, 1990) Date of patent-Jan 5,1993

failure detection circuit for anti-skid braking system, Inventors:

Kripal Singh February 19, 2018 A book on automobile engineering vol1

M.Bertozzi, A. Broggi, M. Cellario, A. Fascioli, P. Lombardi, and

M.Porta(2002).“Artificial vision in road vehicles,” Proceedings of the IEEE,

Oris L. Langer, Thomas (27 October 2007). DC ELECTRIC MOTOR CONTROL

SYSTEMS by Rader, Patent application

S. Tsugawa and Sadayuki, (1994. )“Vision based vehicle on japan: Machine vision

systems and driving control systems,” IEEE Trans,

today- Braking Systems edited by kanji wako

Zutao Zhang, Jiashu Zhang, (VOL.9, January 2009) “A Novel Vehicle Safety

Model: Vehicle speed Controller under Driver Fatigue”, “IJCSNS

International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security”

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

The estimated costs of the project

The estimated costs have been categorized into two categories, this costs includes

i. Material costs

ii. Labor costs

Material costs

The considered costs in this design are roughly estimated based on the materials that will

be used in designs and manufacture of the automatic brake failure indicator.

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Table1: cost estimates

NO ITEM NAME QUANTITY COST TOTAL(Tsh)

1 Buzzer 1 10000 10000

2 pressure sensor 1 20000 20000

3 Resistors 3 3@1000 3000

4 voltage regulator 2 2@20000 40000

5 Battery 1 1@70000 70000

6 Potentiometer 1 6000 6000

7 Led 1 5500 5500

8 Cylinders 2 2@25000 50000

9 brake fluid 1LT 5000 5000

10 Pipes 4 4@5000 20000

11 Stationary 30000 30000

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12 Microcontroller 1 50000 50000

13 lcd display 1 50000 50000

14 Transport 70000 70000

15 Drive 1 20000 25000

16 Pcb 1 5000 5000

Labor costs

The costs is estimated 30% of the total material costs will be paid for the labor

(30×509,000)÷100

Labor cost…………………… TSH 152,700/=

The total cost of the project ………..TSH 661,700/=

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APPENDIX B

Table 2: Time schedule of activities

ACTIVITY DURATION

dec jan Feb march april may june july

Literature review

proposal writing

design and

data analysis

Prototype testing

writing a report

`final presentation