1. Give at least 3 theories on how the universe began.

Explain each.
 The Oscillating Universe Theory This is another idea by
George Gamow. It says that when the universe finally runs
down, another Big Bang will start it going again. The main
difference is that, while the first Bang occurred when nothing
exploded into all the matter in the universe, the later ones
would be the result of all the matter packing into a tiny point
and then exploding again.
 The Nebular Hypothesis (also called the Planetesimal
Theory) says that, as the gas swirled around, eddies of gas
caused the sun and planets. All seven theories require circling
gas which contracts into the sun. We have already disproved
the basics underlying this concept. Many say that material
from the sun made the planets and moons. But the elemental
composition of each of the planets is different from the sun
and from one another. One could not come from the other. In
addition, the sun would have to rotate extremely fast to hurl
off planets and moons, yet it rotates very slowly. More on this
later.
 The Fision Theory says that our sun burst and sent out the
planets and moons. But they would fly outward forever; they
would not stop and begin circling the sun or one another.
2. Give at least 5 scientists who contributed to early
astronomy.
 Eratosthenes (276–195 B.C.) used the sun to measure the
size of the round Earth. His measurement of 24,660 miles
(39,690 kilometers) was only 211 miles (340 km) off the true
measurement.
 Claudius Ptolemy (A.D. 90–168) set up a model of the solar
system in which the sun, stars, and other planets revolved
around Earth. Known as the Ptolemaic system, it remained in
place for hundreds of years, though it turned out to be flat
wrong. According to NASA, "Ptolemy represents the epitome
of knowledge of Grecian astronomy."
 Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) is often credited with the creation
of the optical telescope, though in truth he improved on
existing models. According to the Rice University's Galileo
Project, "Galileo made his first telescope in 1609, modeled
after telescopes produced in other parts of Europe that could
magnify objects three times. He created a telescope later that
same year that could magnify objects twenty times."
 Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) proposed the earliest
theory about the nature of light, a phenomenon that puzzled
scientists for hundreds of years. His improvements on the
 telescope allowed him to make the first observations of
Saturn's rings and to discover its moon, Titan.
 Edmond Halley (1656–1742) was the British scientist who
reviewed historical comet sightings and proposed that the
comet that had appeared in 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682 were
all the same, and would return in 1758. Although he died
before its return, he was proven correct, and the comet was
named in his honor.
3. Differentiate geocentric and heliocentric universe.
 The geocentric model says that the earth is at the center of
the cosmos, and the planets, the sun and the moon, and the
stars circles around it. The early heliocentric models
consider the sun as the center, and the planets revolve
around the sun.
4. Differentiate astronomy from astrology.
 Astronomy is a science that studies everything outside of the
earth's atmosphere, such as planets, stars, asteroids,
galaxies; and the properties and relationships of those
celestial bodies. Astronomers base their studies on research
and observation. Astrology, on the other hand, is the belief
that the positioning of the stars and planets affect the way
events occur on earth, the solar system and the planets, other
celestial objects like asteroids and comets, other galaxies and
the rest of the universe, what makes up space, and the
possibility of alien life or space travel.
5. What is parallax?
 Parallax is “the best way to get distance in astronomy,” said
Mark Reid, an astronomer at the Harvard Smithsonian Center
for Astrophysics. He described parallax as the “gold standard”
for measuring stellar distances because it does not involve
physics; rather, it relies solely on geometry.
 The method is based on measuring two angles and the
included side of a triangle formed by the star, Earth on one
side of its orbit and Earth six months later on the other side of
its orbit, according to Edward L. Wright, a professor at the
University of California, Los Angeles.
Division Of Prose
1. Prose Drama – a drama in prose form. It consists entirely dialogues in
prose, and is meant to be act on stage.
2. Essay – a short literary composition which is expository in nature. The
author shares his thoughts feelings, experiences, or observations on some
aspects of life that has interested him.
3. Prose Fiction – something invented, imagined, or feigned to be true)
 Novel – a long fiction narrative with a complicated plot. It may
have one main plot and one or more sub plots that develop with
the main plot. It is made up of chapters.
 Short Story – a fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of
time, place and action. It deals with single character interest, a
single emotion or series of emotions called forth by a single. It is
distinguished from the novel by its compression.

4. Biography and Autobiography

 Biography – a story of a certain person’s life written by another
who knows the subject well.
 Autobiography – a written account of man’s life written by
himself.

5. Letter – a written message which displays aspects of an author’s

physiological make-up not immediately apparent in his more public
writings. It is a prose form which by the force of its style and the
importance of its statements becomes an object of interest in its own right.
6. Diary – a daily written record of account of the writer’s own experiences,
thoughts, activities or observations.
7. Journal – a magazine or periodical especially of serious or learned nature.
It is the reflection, opinion of a read material.

 Narrative Poetry – a poem that tells a story.

1. Epic – a long narrative poem of the largest proportions. Epic is a
tale mainly about a hero concerning the beginning, continuance, and
the end of events of great significance on tribal or national
significance.
2. Metrical Poem – a narrative poem that tells a story of adventure,
love and chivalry. The Typical hero is a knight on a quest.
3. Metrical Tale – a narrative poem consisting usually a single series
connective events that are simple, and generally do not form a plot.
Examples of these are simple idylls or home tales, love tales, tales
of the supernatural or tales written for a strong moral purpose in
verse form.
4. Ballad – the simplest type of narrative poetry. It is s short narrative
poem telling a single incident in simple meter and stanzas. It is
meant to be sung.
 5. Popular ballad – a ballad of wide workman ship telling some simple
incidents of adventure, cruelty, passion, or superstition, an incident
that shows the primary instincts of man influenced by the restraint of
modern civilization.
6. Modern or artistic – created by poet in imitation of the folk ballad,
makes use of many of its devices and conventions.
7. Metrical Allegory – an extended narrative that carries a second
meaning along worth the surface story.
 Lyrical Poetry – a poem that is very personal in nature. It expresses the
author’s own thoughts, feelings, moods and reflections in musical
language. It derived its name from the musical instrument, the lyre.
1. Ode – a lyric poem of some length, serious in subject and dignified
in style. It is most majestic of the lyric poems. It is written in a spirit
of praise of some persons or things.
2. Elegy – a poem written on the death of a friend of the poet. The
ostensible purpose is to praise the friend. But in the end of the
poem, however, we can expect that poet will have come to terms
with his grief.
3. Song – a lyric poem in a regular metrical pattern set to music.
These have twelve syllables and slowly sung to the accompaniment
of a guitar or banduria.
4. Sonnet – a lyric poem containing four iambic pentameter lines, and
a complicated rhyme.
 Dramatic Poetry – is meant to be recited or enacted; the "dramatic" label
does not necessarily imply that the work is dark. More correctly, dramatic
implies theatrical. Shakespeare, for example, wrote all of his plays in
dramatic verse.
1. Hallmarks - Dramatic poetry is narrative -- it tells a story -- spoken
from the point of view of a persona, a speaker who is a character
rather than the author. Often, dramatic poetry has multiple
characters. They often speak mostly in rhymed lines, in blank verse
or in a combination of the two. Blank verse refers to unrhymed lines
of 10 syllables long with every other syllable stressed. Shakespeare
wrote his plays in blank verse.
2. Dramatic Monologue - The monologue may have multiple
characters but only one speaker. That speaker may or may not be
reliable. The reader has to keep in mind that the speaker is telling a
story from his point of view only. Were another character to tell the
story, the reader would get another point of view. For example, one
character, the Duke, tells the story in Robert Browning's "My Last
Duchess." He believes that the Duchess gave herself freely to other
men, but without the point of view of another more objective
speaker, you can't really know whether that is true.
3. Comedy - Some dramatic verse is comedy. It may be comedy in the
humorous sense that readers think of today, or it may be comedy in
the classical sense, in that it ends happily in spite of the sometimes
very serious trouble that unfolds throughout the story.
Shakespeare's "The Tempest" is a comedy, even though it's not
 funny, because it ends happily. "As You Like It," another of
Shakespeare's comedies, has a happy ending, and it is also funny.
4. Tragedy- A tragedy is any story that ends unhappily. The verse
dramas "Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet" and "The Crucible" are
examples of tragedies. Verse dramas always take place in the
present. For example, you read "My Last Duchess" as if you were
standing there listening to the Duke speak. Likewise, you watch the
events of a Shakespearian tragedy unfold as if they were happening
right now.