PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

College of Engineering and Technology

Chemical Engineering Department

WASTEWATE
R PIPING
SYSTEM

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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

WASTEWATER PIPING SYSTEM

There are nine (5) major wastewater piping systems within the wastewater treatment
of Esolite Chemicals Inc. These are:

Table 10.1: List of Wastewater Piping System

No. Piping System

1 Flow Equalization Basin to Neutralization Contact Basin
2 Neutralization Contact Basin to Clarifier
3 Clarifier to Bleaching Tank
4 UASB Reactor 1 to UASB Reactor 1
5 UASB Reactor 2 to Trickling Filter
6 Trickling Filter to Aerated Lagoon

The design of the wastewater piping system includes the calculation of the pipe size
(inside and outside diameters and wall thickness), flow velocity, friction factor, pipe length, and
power requirement.

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PIPING LAYOUTTT!!

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Chemical Engineering Department

WASTEWATER PIPING SYSTEM (1): FLOW EQUALIZATION BASIN TO

NEUTRALIZATION CONTACT BASIN

Figure 10.1 Wastewater Piping System 1 Layout

Design Description:
Wastewater from the flow equalization basin is transported to the neutralization contact basin for
the next treatment process.

Data and Assumption:

1. The piping system includes
a. One Standard Elbow
b. One Gate Valve (fully open)
c. One Centrifugal Pump
2. The mass flow rate of the collected wastewater is 107,976.96 kg
3. The time of transport is 3,600 seconds.
4. The density of the wastewater is is 1059.06 kg/m3 (66.13 lb/ft3)
5. The viscosity of the neutralized wastewater is 2 cp
6. The length of pipe A is 5m and pipe B is 0.3 m. The total straight pipe length is 5.3 m.

Design Consideration:
1. The material of construction of pipeline is stainless steel 317.
2. The fluid is incompressible and isothermal.
3. For plain end pipe, over 1 in nominal size, an allowable for threading, mechanical strength and
corrosion s 0.065 (Equipment Design by Hesse, pp. 221).
4. Centrifugal pump efficiency is 80% (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by Peters
&Timmerhaus, 5th ed., pp. 510).

Design Requirements:
1. Pipe Diameter 4. Power Requirement
2. Pipe Thickness 5. Retention Time
3. Pipe Length

Design Calculations:
1. Pipe Diameter
In calculating for the fluid flow rate,

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Chemical Engineering Department

𝑚 107,976.96 kg
𝒒𝒇 = 𝑡 = 3600 𝑠 = 1.00 ft 3 /s
𝜌 1 m3
1059.06 kg/m3 × 3
35.31 ft
Assuming turbulent flow, using Equation 15 (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers,
Peters and Timmerhaus, 4th ed., pp. 496):

𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝒒𝒇 𝟎.𝟒𝟓 𝝆𝟎.𝟏𝟑

where:
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = optimum inside diameter, in.
𝒒𝒇 = fluid flow rate, ft3/s
𝝆 = fluid density, lb/ft3
0.45 0.13
Di,opt = 3.9𝑞𝑓 𝜌 = 3.9 × (1.00 ft 3 /s)0.45 (66.13 lb/ft 3 )0.13 = 6.7254 in
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
Use 8 in sch. 40
ID = 7.981 in = 0.2027 m
OD= 8.625 in = 0.2191 m
π 2 π
A= D = × (0.2027 m)2 = 0.0323 m2
4 4
kg
(107,976.96 )
batch
m 3600 sec
v= = = 0.8768 m/s
ρA kg
1059.06 3 × 0.0323 m2
m
Checking if the assumption is correct,
m kg
Dvρ 0.2027 m × 0.8768 × 1059.06 3
s m = 94112
Nre = =
μ kg
0.002
m−s
The calculated value falls to a turbulent flow, therefore the assumption is correct.
2. Pipe Thickness
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
t = 0.322 in
3. Pipe Length
Using Fig 127 (Equivalent Lengths of Valves and Various Fittings – Crane Co.) with a nominal pipe
diameter of 8 in with an inside diameter of 7.981 in (Unit Operations by Brown),
Standard Elbow = 22 ft
Gate valve = 4.50 ft
Straight pipe = 5.30 m = 17.3885 ft
Solving total length,
Ltotal= 22 ft + 4.50 ft + 17.3885 ft = 43.8885 ft = 13.3772 m
Use 13.5 m
4. Power Requirement
Using the Colebrook-White Equation:
ε 0.00015
= = 0.00023
D 1 𝑓𝑡
7.981 in ×
12 in
1 ε 2.52
= −2 log ( + )
√f 3.7D Nre √f
The friction factor is 0.0194.

To solve the friction loss, using Equation 63 of Unit Operations by Brown:

2
m 1 ft
fLv 2 0. 0194 × 43.8885 ft × (0.8768 × ) ft − lbf
lwf = = s 0.3048 m = 0.1645
2g c D lb − ft 1 ft lbm
2 × 32.2 × 7.981 in ×
lbf − s2 12 in
Solving for potential head:
g
∆z = 0
gc
Solving for pressure head:

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Chemical Engineering Department

𝑙𝑏𝑓 12 𝑖𝑛 2
∆P 14.7 𝑖𝑛2 𝑥( 1 𝑓𝑡 ) ft − lbf
= = 32.01
ρ 𝑙𝑏𝑚 lbm
66.13 3
𝑓𝑡
Solving for kinetic head:
m 1 ft
∆v 2 ∆v 2 ( 0.8768 × )2 − 0 ft − lbf
= = s 0.3048 m = 0.1285
2g c 2g c lb − ft lbm
2 × 32.2
lbf − s2
Substitute in Mechanical Energy Balance,
∆v 2 g ∆P
−Ws = lwf + + ∆z +
2g c gc ρ
ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf
−Ws = 0.1645 + 0.1285 + 0 + 32.01 = 32.3030
lbm lbm lbm lbm lbm
Mass flowrate,
107976.96 kg 2.205lb lb
ṁ = × = 66.1359
3600 s 1 kg s
Since the pump has efficiency of 80%,
ft − lbf lb 1 hP
32.3030 × 66.1359 ×
lbm s ft − lbf
550
Power Requirement = s = 4.8554 hP
0.80
Use 5.0 hp
5. Retention Time
−𝑊𝑠 × m
P=
E
PE
m=
−Ws
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝐭=
𝐏𝐄
−𝐖𝐬
Where,
P = power requirement
ft − lbf
−𝑊𝑠 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘,
lbm
lb
ṁ = mass flowrate,
s
Ė = efficiency

Based on the used power requirement for the centrifugal pump of 5.0 hp,
2.205 𝑙𝑏
107976.96 kg x
1 𝑘𝑔
t= = 3495.9070 𝑠 = 58.23 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ft − lbf
550
5.0 hp x s x 0.80
1 ℎ𝑝
( )
ft − lbf
32.3030
lbm
𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝟓𝟖. 𝟓 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐬
Design Specification:
Flow Equalization Basin to Neutralization
Piping Connection:
Contact Basin
Transfer the collected wastewater to
Function:
Neutralization Contact Basin
Material of construction: Stainless Steel Type 317
1 Standard Elbow
Auxiliaries 1 Gate Valve
1 Centrifugal Pump
Outside Diameter 0.2191 m (8.625 in)
Inside Diameter 0.2027 m (7.981 in)
Nominal Diameter 8 in Sch. 40
Wall Thickness 0.0082 m (0.322 in)

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Total Length 13.5 m

Power Requirement 1.0 hp
Retention Time 58.5 min
WASTEWATER PIPING SYSTEM (2): NEUTRALIZATION CONTACT BASIN
TO CLARIFIER

Figure 10.2 Wastewater Piping System 2 Layout

Design Description:
Wastewater from the neutralization contact basin is transported to the clarifier for the next
treatment process.

Data and Assumption:

1. The piping system includes
a. One Standard Elbow
b. One Gate Valve (fully open)
c. One Centrifugal Pump
2. The mass flow rate of the neutralized wastewater is 111,109.20 kg
3. The time of transport is 3,600 seconds.
4. The density of the wastewater is is 1274.78 kg/m3 (79.60 lb/ft3)
5. The viscosity of the neutralized wastewater is 2 cp
6. The length of pipe C is 5m and pipe D is 0.3 m. The total straight pipe length is 5.3 m.
Design Consideration:
1. The material of construction of pipeline is stainless steel 317.
2. The fluid is incompressible and isothermal.
3. For plain end pipe, over 1 in nominal size, an allowable for threading, mechanical strength and
corrosion s 0.065 (Equipment Design by Hesse, pp. 221).
4. Centrifugal pump efficiency is 80% (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by Peters
&Timmerhaus, 5th ed., pp. 510)

Design Requirements:
1. Pipe Diameter 4. Power Requirement
2. Pipe Thickness 5. Retention Time
3. Pipe Length

Design Calculations:
1. Pipe Diameter
In calculating for the fluid flow rate,

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𝑚 111,109.20 kg
𝒒𝒇 = 𝑡 = 3600 𝑠 = 0.8549 ft 3 /s
𝜌 3 1 m3
1274.78 kg/m ×
35.31 ft 3
Assuming turbulent flow, using Equation 15 (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers,
Peters and Timmerhaus, 4th ed., pp. 496):

𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝒒𝒇 𝟎.𝟒𝟓 𝝆𝟎.𝟏𝟑

where:
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = optimum inside diameter, in.
𝒒𝒇 = fluid flow rate, ft3/s
𝝆 = fluid density, lb/ft3
0.45 0.13
Di,opt = 3.9𝑞𝑓 𝜌 = 3.9 × (0.8549 ft 3 /s)0.45 (79.60 lb/ft 3 )0.13 = 6.4202 in
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
Use 8 in sch. 40
ID = 7.981 in = 0.2027 m
OD= 8.625 in = 0.2191 m
π π
A = D2 = × (0.2027 m)2 = 0.0323 m2
4 4
kg
(111,109.20 )
batch
m 3600 sec
v= = = 0.7496 m/s
ρA kg
1274.78 3 × 0.0323 m2
m
Checking if the assumption is correct,
m kg
Dvρ 0.2027 m × 0.7496 × 1274.78 3
s m
Nre = = = 96848
μ kg
0.002
m−s
The calculated value falls to a turbulent flow, therefore the assumption is correct.
2. Pipe Thickness
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
t = 0.322 in
3. Pipe Length
Using Fig 127 (Equivalent Lengths of Valves and Various Fittings – Crane Co.) with a nominal pipe
diameter of 10 in with an inside diameter of 10.020 in (Unit Operations by Brown),
Standard Elbow = 22 ft
Gate valve = 4.50 ft
Straight pipe = 5.30 m = 17.3885 ft
Solving total length,
Ltotal= 22 ft + 4.50 ft + 17.3885 ft = 43.8885 ft = 13.3772 m
Use 13.5 m
4. Power Requirement
Using the Colebrook-White Equation:
ε 0.00015
= = 0.00023
D 1 𝑓𝑡
7.981 in ×
12 in
1 ε 2.52
= −2 log ( + )
√f 3.7D Nre √f
The friction factor is 0.0193.

To solve the friction loss, using Equation 63 of Unit Operations by Brown:

2
m 1 ft
fLv 2 0. 0193 × 43.8885 ft × (0.7496 × ) ft − lbf
lwf = = s 0.3048 m = 0.1196
2g c D lb − ft 1 ft lbm
2 × 32.2 × 7.981 in ×
lbf − s2 12 in
Solving for potential head:
g
∆z = 0
gc
Solving for pressure head:

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𝑙𝑏𝑓 12 𝑖𝑛 2
∆P 14.7 𝑖𝑛2 𝑥( 1 𝑓𝑡 ) ft − lbf
= = 26.59
ρ 𝑙𝑏𝑚 lbm
79.60 3
𝑓𝑡

Solving for kinetic head:

m 1 ft
∆v 2 ∆v 2 ( 0.7496 × )2 − 0 ft − lbf
= = s 0.3048 m = 0.0939
2g c 2g c lb − ft lbm
2 × 32.2
lbf − s2
Substitute in Mechanical Energy Balance,
∆v 2 g ∆P
−Ws = lwf + + ∆z +
2g c gc ρ
ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf
−Ws = 0.1196 + 0.0939 + 0 + 26.59 = 26.8035
lbm lbm lbm lbm lbm
Mass flowrate,
111109.20 kg 2.205lb lb
ṁ = × = 68.0544
3600 s 1 kg s
Since the pump has efficiency of 80%,
ft − lbf lb 1 hP
26.8035 × 68.0544 ×
lbm s ft − lbf
550
Power Requirement = s = 4.1457 hP
0.80
Use 5.0 hp

5. Retention Time
−𝑊𝑠 × m
P=
E
PE
m=
−Ws
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝐭=
𝐏𝐄
−𝐖𝐬
Where,
P = power requirement
ft − lbf
−𝑊𝑠 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘,
lbm
lb
ṁ = mass flowrate,
s
Ė = efficiency
Based on the used power requirement for the centrifugal pump of 5.0 hp,
2.205 𝑙𝑏
111109.20 kg x
1 𝑘𝑔
t= = 3316.5377 𝑠 = 49.75 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ft − lbf
550
5.0 hp x s x 0.80
1 ℎ𝑝
( )
ft − lbf
26.8035
lbm
𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐬

Design Specification:
Piping Connection: Neutralization Contact Basin to Clarifier

Function: Transfer the neutralized wastewater to Clarifier

Material of construction: Stainless Steel Type 317
1 Standard Elbow
Auxiliaries 1 Gate Valve
1 Centrifugal Pump
Outside Diameter 0.2191 m (8.625 in)
Inside Diameter 0.2027 m (7.981 in)
Nominal Diameter 8 in Sch. 40

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Wall Thickness 0.0082 m (0.322 in)

Total Length 13.5 m
Power Requirement 5.0 hp
Retention Time 50.00 min
WASTEWATER PIPING SYSTEM (3): CLARIFIER TO UASB 1

Figure 10.3 Wastewater Piping System 3 Layout

Design Description:
Wastewater from the clarifier is transported to UASB for the next treatment process.

Data and Assumption:

1. The piping system includes
a. One Standard Elbow
b. One Gate Valve (fully open)
c. Centrifugal Pump
2. The mass flow rate of the clarified wastewater is 110,976.8753 kg/batch.
3. The time of transport is 3600 seconds.
4. The density of the wastewater is is 1274.78 kg/m3 (79.60 lb/ft3)
5. The viscosity of the clarified wastewater is 2 cp
6. The length of pipe E is 0.3 m and pipe F is 5.5 m. The total straight pipe length is 5.8 m.

Design Consideration:
1. The material of construction of pipeline is stainless steel 317.
2. The fluid is incompressible and isothermal.
3. For plain end pipe, over 1 in nominal size, an allowable for threading, mechanical strength and
corrosion s 0.065 (Equipment Design by Hesse, pp. 221).
4. Centrifugal pump efficiency is 80% (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by Peters
&Timmerhaus, 5th ed., pp. 510).

Design Requirements:
1. Pipe Diameter 4. Power Requirement
2. Pipe Thickness 5. Retention Time
3. Pipe Length

Design Calculations:
1. Pipe Diameter
In calculating for the fluid flow rate,

𝑚 110,976.8753 kg/batch
𝒒𝒇 = 𝑡 = 3600 𝑠 = 0.8539 ft 3 /s
𝜌 3 1 m3
1274.78 kg/m ×
35.31 ft 3

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Chemical Engineering Department

Assuming turbulent flow, using Equation 15 (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers,
Peters and Timmerhaus, 4th ed., pp. 496):

𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝒒𝒇 𝟎.𝟒𝟓 𝝆𝟎.𝟏𝟑

where:
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = optimum inside diameter, in.
𝒒𝒇 = fluid flow rate, ft3/s
𝝆 = fluid density, lb/ft3
Di,opt = 3.9𝑞𝑓 0.45 𝜌0.13 = 3.9 × (0.8539 ft 3 /s)0.45 (79.60 lb/ft 3 )0.13 = 6.4168 in
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
Use 8 in sch. 40
ID = 7.981 in = 0.2027 m
OD= 8.625 in = 0.2191 m
π 2 π
A= D = × (0.2027 m)2 = 0.0323 m2
4 4
kg
(110,976.8753 )
batch
m 3600 sec
v= = = 0.7487 m/s
ρA kg
1274.78 3 × 0.0323 m2
m
Checking if the assumption is correct,
m kg
Dvρ 0.2027 m × 0.7487 × 1274.78 3
s m = 96731
Nre = =
μ kg
0.002
m−s
The calculated value falls to a turbulent flow, therefore the assumption is correct.
2. Pipe Thickness
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
t = 0.322 in
3. Pipe Length
Using Fig 127 (Equivalent Lengths of Valves and Various Fittings – Crane Co.) with a nominal pipe diameter of
8 in with an inside diameter of 7.981 in (Unit Operations by Brown),
Standard Elbow = 22 ft
Gate valve = 4.50 ft
Straight pipe = 5.8 m = 19.0289 ft
Solving total length,
Ltotal= 22 ft + 4.50 ft + 19.0289 ft = 45.5289 ft = 13.8772 m
Use 14.00 m
4. Power Requirement
Using the Colebrook-White Equation:
ε 0.00015
= = 0.00023
D 1 𝑓𝑡
7.981 in ×
12 in
1 ε 2.52
= −2 log ( + )
√f 3.7D Nre √f
The friction factor is 0.0193.

To solve the friction loss, using Equation 63 of Unit Operations by Brown:

2
m 1 ft
fLv 2 0.0193 × 45.5289 ft × (0.7487 × )
lwf = = s 0.3048 m = 0.0103 ft − lbf
2g c D lb − ft 1 ft lbm
2 × 32.2 × 7.981 in ×
lbf − s2 12 in
Solving for potential head:
g
∆z = 0
gc
Solving for pressure head:
𝑙𝑏𝑓 12 𝑖𝑛 2
∆P 14.7 𝑖𝑛2 𝑥( 1 𝑓𝑡 ) ft − lbf
= = 26.59
ρ 𝑙𝑏𝑚 lbm
79.60 3
𝑓𝑡

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Solving for kinetic head:

m 1 ft
∆v 2 ∆v 2 ( 0.7487 × )2 − 0 ft − lbf
= = s 0.3048 m = 0.0937
2g c 2g c lb − ft lbm
2 × 32.2
lbf − s2
Substitute in Mechanical Energy Balance,
∆v 2 g ∆P
−Ws = lwf + + ∆z +
2g c gc ρ
ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf
−Ws = 0.0103 + 0.0937 + 0 + 26.59 = 26.6940
lbm lbm lbm lbm lbm
Mass flowrate,
110,976.8753 kg 2.205lb lb
ṁ = × = 67.9733
3600 s 1 kg s
Since the pump has efficiency of 80%,
ft − lbf lb 1 hP
26.6940 × 67.9733 ×
lbm s ft − lbf
550
Power Requirement = s = 4.1238 hP
0.80
Use 5.00 hp

5. Retention Time
−𝑊𝑠 × m
P=
E
PE
m=
−Ws
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝐭=
𝐏𝐄
−𝐖𝐬
Where,
P = power requirement
ft − lbf
−𝑊𝑠 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘,
lbm
lb
ṁ = mass flowrate,
s
Ė = efficiency

Based on the used power requirement for the centrifugal pump of 4.5 hp,
2.205 𝑙𝑏
110,976.8753 kg x
1 𝑘𝑔
t= = 2969.1495 𝑠 = 49.45 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ft − lbf
550
5.0 hp x s x 0.80
1 ℎ𝑝
( )
ft − lbf
26.6940
lbm
𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐬
Design Specification:
Piping Connection: Clarifier to UASB 1
Transfer the clarified wastewater to UASB
Function:
Reactor 1
Material of construction: Stainless Steel Type 317
1 Gate Valve
Auxiliaries 1 Standard Elbow
1 Centrifugal Pump
Outside Diameter 0.2191 m (8.625 in)
Inside Diameter 0.2027 (7.981 in)
Nominal Diameter 0.0082 m (8 in Sch. 40)
Wall Thickness 0.322 in
Total Length 14 m
Power Requirement 5.0 hp
Retention Time 49.50 min

Production of Tylose Powder via Alkali Digestion and

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WASTEWATER PIPING SYSTEM (4): UASB 1 TO UASB 2

Figure 10.4 Wastewater Piping System 4 Layout

Design Description:
Wastewater from the UASB1 is transported to UASB 2 for the next treatment process.

Data and Assumption:

1. The piping system includes
a. One Gate Valve (fully open)
b. Two Standard elbow
2. The mass flow rate of the clarified wastewater is 103,669.55 kg/batch.
3. The time of transport is 3600 seconds.
4. The density of the wastewater is 1274.78 kg/m 3 (79.60 lb/ft3)
5. The viscosity of the wastewater is 2 cp.
6. The length of pipe G is 4 m, pipe H is 8 m, and pipe I is 0.25 m. The total straight pipe length is 12.25 m.

Design Consideration:
1. The material of construction of pipeline is stainless steel 317.
2. The fluid is incompressible and isothermal.
3. For plain end pipe, over 1 in nominal size, an allowable for threading, mechanical strength and corrosion s 0.065
(Equipment Design by Hesse, pp. 221).

Design Requirements:
1. Pipe Diameter 3. Pipe Length
2. Pipe Thickness 4. Retention Time

Design Calculations:
1. Pipe Diameter
In calculating for the fluid flow rate,
𝑚 103669.55 kg/batch
𝒒𝒇 = 𝑡 = 3600 𝑠 = 0.7976 ft 3 /s
𝜌 1 m3
1274.78 kg/m3 × 3
35.31 ft
Assuming turbulent flow, using Equation 15 (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, Peters and
th
Timmerhaus, 4 ed., pp. 496):
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝒒𝒇 𝟎.𝟒𝟓 𝝆𝟎.𝟏𝟑
where:
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕= optimum inside diameter, in.
𝒒𝒇 = fluid flow rate, ft3/s
𝝆 = fluid density, lb/ft3
Di,opt = 3.9𝑞𝑓 0.45 𝜌0.13 = 3.9 × (0.7976 ft 3 /s)0.45 (79.60 lb/ft 3 )0.13 = 6.2228 in
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
Use 6 in sch. 10
ID = 6.357 in = 0.1615 m

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Technical Study 627
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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

OD= 6.625 in = 0.1683 m

π 2 π
A= D = × (0.1615 m)2 = 0.0205 m2
4 4
kg
(103,669.55 )
batch
m 3600 sec
v= = = 1.1019 m/s
ρA kg
1274.78 3 × 0.0205 m2
m
Checking if the assumption is correct,
m kg
Dvρ 0.1615 m × 1.1019 × 1274.78 3
Nre = = s m = 113428
μ kg
0.002
m−s
The calculated value falls to a turbulent flow, therefore the assumption is correct.
2. Pipe Thickness
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
t = 0.134 in
3. Pipe Length
Using Fig 127 (Equivalent Lengths of Valves and Various Fittings – Crane Co.) with a nominal pipe diameter of
6 in with an inside diameter of 6.357 in (Unit Operations by Brown),
Standard Elbow = 12 ft (2)
Gate valve = 3.50 ft
Straight pipe = 12.25 m = 40.1903 ft
Solving total length,
Ltotal= 24 ft + 3.50 ft + 40.1903 ft = 67.6903 ft = 20.6320 m
Use 21 m
4. Retention Time
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝒒𝒇 𝟎.𝟒𝟓 𝝆𝟎.𝟏𝟑
0.45 𝐷𝑖
𝑞𝑓 = √
3.90.13
𝑚
( ) 0.45 𝐷𝑖
𝑡 = √
𝜌 3.90.13
𝒎
𝒕=
𝟎.𝟒𝟓 𝑫𝒊
𝝆𝒙 √
𝟑. 𝟗𝟎.𝟏𝟑
Where,
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕= optimum inside diameter, in.
𝒒𝒇 = fluid flow rate, ft3/s
𝝆 = fluid density, lb/ft3

Based on the used inside diameter of 6.357 in (6 in sch. 10),

2.205 𝑙𝑏
103,669.55 kg x
1 𝑘𝑔
𝒕=
79.60 𝑙𝑏 𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝟕 𝒊𝒏
( ) 𝒙 𝟎.𝟒𝟓√
ft 3 79.60 𝑙𝑏 𝟎.𝟏𝟑
𝟑. 𝟗 𝒙 ( )
ft 3
𝒕 = 𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟓 𝒔 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏

Design Specification:
Piping Connection: UASB 1 to UASB 2

Function: Transfer the wastewater from UASB1 to UASB2

Material of construction: Stainless Steel Type 317
1 Gate Valve
Auxiliaries
2 Standard Elbow
Outside Diameter 0.1683 m (6.625 in)
Inside Diameter 0.1615 m (6.357 in)
Nominal Diameter 6 in Sch. 10
Wall Thickness 0.0034 m (0.134 in)
Total Length 21 m
Retention Time 57.50 min

Production of Tylose Powder via Alkali Digestion and

Technical Study 628
Carboxymethylation of Abaca (Musa textilis) Stripping Wastes
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

WASTEWATER PIPING SYSTEM (5): UASB 2 TO Trickling Filter

Figure 10.5 Wastewater Piping System 5 Layout

Design Description:
Wastewater from the UASB1 is transported to UASB 2 for the next treatment process.

Data and Assumption:

1. The piping system includes
a. One Gate Valve (fully open)
b. Two Standard elbow
2. The mass flow rate of the clarified wastewater is 103,328.27 kg/batch.
3. The time of transport is 3600 seconds.
4. The density of the wastewater is 1274.78 kg/m3 (79.60 lb/ft3)
5. The viscosity of the wastewater is 2 cp.
6. The length of pipe J is 6 m, pipe K is 8.5 m, and pipe L is 1.5 m. The total straight pipe length is 16 m.

Design Consideration:
1. The material of construction of pipeline is stainless steel 317.
2. The fluid is incompressible and isothermal.
3. For plain end pipe, over 1 in nominal size, an allowable for threading, mechanical strength and corrosion s
0.065 (Equipment Design by Hesse, pp. 221).

Design Requirements:
1. Pipe Diameter 3. Pipe Length
2. Pipe Thickness 4. Retention Time

Design Calculations:
1. Pipe Diameter
In calculating for the fluid flow rate,
𝑚 103328.27 kg/batch
𝒒𝒇 = 𝑡 = 3600 𝑠 = 0.7950 ft 3 /s
𝜌 1 m3
1274.78 kg/m3 × 3
35.31 ft
Assuming turbulent flow, using Equation 15 (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, Peters and
th
Timmerhaus, 4 ed., pp. 496):
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝒒𝒇 𝟎.𝟒𝟓 𝝆𝟎.𝟏𝟑
where:
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕= optimum inside diameter, in.
𝒒𝒇 = fluid flow rate, ft3/s
𝝆 = fluid density, lb/ft3
Di,opt = 3.9𝑞𝑓 0.45 𝜌0.13 = 3.9 × (0.7950 ft 3 /s)0.45 (79.60 lb/ft 3 )0.13 = 6.2137 in
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
Use 6 in sch. 10
ID = 6.357 in = 0.1615 m

Production of Tylose Powder via Alkali Digestion and

Technical Study 629
Carboxymethylation of Abaca (Musa textilis) Stripping Wastes
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

OD= 6.625 in = 0.1683 m

π 2 π
A= D = × (0.1615 m)2 = 0.0205 m2
4 4
kg
(103,328.27 )
batch
m 3600 sec
v= = = 1.0983 m/s
ρA kg
1274.78 3 × 0.0205 m2
m
Checking if the assumption is correct,
m kg
Dvρ 0.1615 m × 1.0983 × 1274.78 3
Nre = = s m = 113057
μ kg
0.002
m−s
The calculated value falls to a turbulent flow, therefore the assumption is correct.
2. Pipe Thickness
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
t = 0.134 in
3. Pipe Length
Using Fig 127 (Equivalent Lengths of Valves and Various Fittings – Crane Co.) with a nominal pipe diameter of 6 in with an
inside diameter of 6.357 in (Unit Operations by Brown),
Standard Elbow = 12 ft (2)
Gate valve = 3.50 ft
Straight pipe = 16 m = 52.4934 ft
Solving total length,
Ltotal= 24 ft + 3.50 ft + 52.4934 ft = 79.9934 ft = 24.3820 m
Use 24.50 m
4. Retention Time
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝒒𝒇 𝟎.𝟒𝟓 𝝆𝟎.𝟏𝟑
0.45 𝐷𝑖
𝑞𝑓 = √
3.90.13
𝑚
( ) 0.45 𝐷𝑖
𝑡 = √
𝜌 3.90.13
𝒎
𝒕=
𝟎.𝟒𝟓 𝑫𝒊
𝝆𝒙 √
𝟑. 𝟗𝟎.𝟏𝟑
Where,
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕= optimum inside diameter, in.
𝒒𝒇 = fluid flow rate, ft3/s
𝝆 = fluid density, lb/ft3

Based on the used inside diameter of 6.357 in (6 in sch. 10),

2.205 𝑙𝑏
103,328.27 kg x
1 𝑘𝑔
𝒕=
79.60 𝑙𝑏 𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝟕 𝒊𝒏
( ) 𝒙 𝟎.𝟒𝟓√
ft 3 79.60 𝑙𝑏 𝟎.𝟏𝟑
𝟑. 𝟗 𝒙 ( )
ft 3
𝒕 = 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝒔 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏

Design Specification:
Piping Connection: UASB 1 to UASB 2

Transfer the wastewater from UASB2 to Trickling

Function:
Filter
Material of construction: Stainless Steel Type 317
1 Gate Valve
Auxiliaries
2 Standard Elbow
Outside Diameter 0.1683 m (6.625 in)
Inside Diameter 0.1615 m (6.357 in)
Nominal Diameter 6 in Sch. 10
Wall Thickness 0.0034 m (0.134 in)
Total Length 24.50 m
Retention Time 57.50 min

Production of Tylose Powder via Alkali Digestion and

Technical Study 630
Carboxymethylation of Abaca (Musa textilis) Stripping Wastes
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

WASTEWATER PIPING SYSTEM (6): TRICKLING FILTER TO

AERATED LAGOON

Figure 10.6 Wastewater Piping System 6 Layout

Design Description:
Wastewater from the Trickling Filter is transported to the aerated lagoon for the next treatment
process.

Data and Assumption:

1. The piping system includes
a. One Standard Elbow
b. One Gate Valve (fully open)
c. One Centrifugal Pump
2. The mass flow rate of the collected wastewater is 103,241.51 kg.
3. The time of transport is 3600 seconds.
4. The density of the wastewater is is 1274.78 kg/m3 (79.58 lb/ft3)
5. The viscosity used is 1 cp
6. The length of pipe M is 0.3 m and pipe N is 5 m. The total straight pipe length is 5.3 m.

Design Consideration:
1. The material of construction of pipeline is stainless steel 317.
2. The fluid is incompressible and isothermal.
3. For plain end pipe, over 1 in nominal size, an allowable for threading, mechanical strength and
corrosion s 0.065 (Equipment Design by Hesse, pp. 221).
4. Centrifugal pump efficiency is 80% (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by Peters
&Timmerhaus, 5th ed., pp. 510).

Design Requirements:
1. Pipe Diameter 4. Power Requirement
2. Pipe Thickness 5. Retention Time
3. Pipe Length
Design Calculations:
1. Pipe Diameter
In calculating for the fluid flow rate,
𝑚 103,241.51 kg
𝒒𝒇 = 𝑡 = 3600 𝑠 = 0.7944 ft 3 /s
𝜌 3 1 m3
1274.78 kg/m ×
35.31 ft 3
Use: 𝒒𝒇 = 0.8 ft 3 /s
Assuming turbulent flow, using Equation 15 (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers,
Peters and Timmerhaus, 4th ed., pp. 496):

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Technical Study 631
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 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝒒𝒇 𝟎.𝟒𝟓 𝝆𝟎.𝟏𝟑

where:
𝑫𝒊,𝒐𝒑𝒕 = optimum inside diameter, in.
𝒒𝒇 = fluid flow rate, ft3/s
𝝆 = fluid density, lb/ft3
0.45 0.13
Di,opt = 3.9𝑞𝑓 𝜌 = 3.9 × (0.8 ft 3 /s)0.45 (79.58 lb/ft 3 )0.13 = 6.23 in
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
Use 6 in sch. 10
ID = 6.357 in = 0.1615 m
OD= 6.625 in = 0.1683 m
π 2 π
A = D = × (0.1615 m)2 = 0.0205 m2
4 4
103,241.51 kg
m 3600 𝑠
v= = = 1.1 m/s
ρA kg
1274.78 3 × 0.0205 m2
m
Checking if the assumption is correct,
m kg
Dvρ 0.1615 m × 1.1 × 1274.78 3
s m
Nre = = = 226,465
μ kg
0.001
m−s
The calculated value falls to a turbulent flow, therefore the assumption is correct.
2. Pipe Thickness
From Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th ed. by Perry and Green, Table 10-22, p. 10-79,
t = 0.134 in
3. Pipe Length
Using Fig 127 (Equivalent Lengths of Valves and Various Fittings – Crane Co.) with a nominal pipe diameter of
6 in with an inside diameter of 6.357 in (Unit Operations by Brown),
Standard Elbow = 12 ft
Gate valve = 3.50 ft
Straight pipe = 5.30 m = 17.3885 ft
Solving total length,
Ltotal= 12 ft + 3.50 ft + 17.3885 ft = 32.8885 ft = 10.0244 m
Use 10.5 m
4. Power Requirement
Using the Colebrook-White Equation:
ε 0.00015
= = 0.000283
D 1 𝑓𝑡
6.357 in ×
12 in
1 ε 2.52
= −2 log ( + )
√f 3.7D Nre √f
The friction factor is 0.1318.

To solve the friction loss, using Equation 63 of Unit Operations by Brown:

2
m 1 ft
fLv 2 0. 1318 × 32.8885 ft × (1.1 × ) ft − lbf
lwf = = s 0.3048 m = 1.6548
2g c D lb − ft 1 ft lbm
2 × 32.2 × 6.357 in ×
lbf − s2 12 in

Solving for potential head:

g
∆z =0
gc
Solving for pressure head:
𝑙𝑏𝑓 12 𝑖𝑛 2
∆P 14.7 𝑖𝑛2 𝑥( 1 𝑓𝑡 ) ft − lbf
= = 26.6
ρ 𝑙𝑏𝑚 lbm
79.58 3
𝑓𝑡
Solving for kinetic head:
m 1 ft
∆v 2 ∆v 2 ( 1.1 × )2 − 0 ft − lbf
= = s 0.3048 m = 0.2022
2g c 2g c lb − ft lbm
2 × 32.2
lbf − s2

Production of Tylose Powder via Alkali Digestion and

Technical Study 632
Carboxymethylation of Abaca (Musa textilis) Stripping Wastes
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

Substitute in Mechanical Energy Balance,

∆v 2 g ∆P
−Ws = lwf + + ∆z +
2g c gc ρ
ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf ft − lbf
−Ws = 1.6548 + 0.2022 + 0 + 26.6 = 28.457
lbm lbm lbm lbm lbm
Mass flowrate,
103,241.51 kg 2.205lb lb
ṁ = × = 63.2354
3600 s 1 kg s
Since the pump has efficiency of 80%,
ft − lbf lb 1 hP
28.457 × 63.2354 ×
lbm s ft − lbf
550
Power Requirement = s = 4.0897hP
0.80
Use 5.0 hp
5. Retention Time
−𝑊𝑠 × m
P=
E
PE
m=
−Ws
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝐭=
𝐏𝐄
−𝐖𝐬
Where,
P = power requirement
ft − lbf
−𝑊𝑠 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘,
lbm
lb
ṁ = mass flowrate,
s
Ė = efficiency

Based on the used power requirement for the centrifugal pump of 4.5 hp,
2.205 𝑙𝑏
103,241.51 kg x
1 𝑘𝑔
t= = 2944.6208 𝑠 = 49.08 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ft − lbf
550
5.0 hp x s x 0.80
1 ℎ𝑝
( )
ft − lbf
28.457
lbm
𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐬

Design Specification:
Piping Connection: Trickling Filter to Aerated Lagoon
Transfer the collected wastewater to Aerated
Function:
Lagoon
Material of construction: Stainless Steel Type 317
1 Standard Elbow
Auxiliaries 1 Gate Valve
1 Centrifugal Pump
Outside Diameter 0.1683 m (6.625 in)
Inside Diameter 0.1615 m (6.357 in)
Nominal Diameter 6 in Sch. 10
Wall Thickness 0.0034 m (0.134 in)
Total Length 10.5 m
Power Requirement 5.0 hp
Retention Time 49.50 min

Production of Tylose Powder via Alkali Digestion and

Technical Study 633
Carboxymethylation of Abaca (Musa textilis) Stripping Wastes