Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
College of Nursing
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
Nursing Care Management 103 (Care of the Clients with Cardiovascular & Hematologic
Diseases)
1
Weight. Approximately the size of a person’s fist, the hollow, cone-shaped heart
weighs less than a pound.
Mediastinum. Snugly enclosed within the inferior mediastinum, the medial cavity
of the thorax, the heart is flanked on each side by the lungs.
Apex. It’s more pointed apex is directed toward the left hip and rests on the
diaphragm, approximately at the level of the fifth intercostal space.
Base. Its broad posterosuperior aspect, or base, from which the great vessels of
the body emerge, points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second
rib.
Pericardium. The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the
pericardium and is the outermost layer of the heart.
Fibrous pericardium. The loosely fitting superficial part of this sac is referred to as
the fibrous pericardium, which helps protect the heart and anchors it to
surrounding structures such as the diaphragm and sternum.
Serous pericardium. Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the slippery, two-layer
serous pericardium, where its parietal layer lines the interior of the fibrous
pericardium.
2
Aorta. Blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into
the aorta from which the systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body
tissues.
Heart Valves
3
Blood Vessels
Arteries. As the heart beats, blood is propelled into large arteries leaving the heart.
Arterioles. It then moves into successively smaller and smaller arteries and then into
arterioles, which feed the capillary beds in the tissues.
Veins. Capillary beds are drained by venules, which in turn empty into veins that
finally empty into the great veins entering the heart.
Tunics
Except for the microscopic capillaries, the walls of the blood vessels have three
coats or tunics.
Tunica intima. The tunica intima, which lines the lumen, or interior, of the vessels,
is a thin layer of endothelium resting on a basement membrane and decreases
friction as blood flows through the vessel lumen.
Tunica media. The tunica media is the bulky middle coat which mostly consists
of smooth muscle and elastic fibers that constrict or dilate, making the blood
pressure increase or decrease.
Tunica externa. The tunica externa is the outermost tunic composed largely of
fibrous connective tissue, and its function is basically to support and protect the
vessels.
4
Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
5
Coronary arteries. The only branches of the ascending aorta are the right and left
coronary arteries, which serve the heart.
6
7
SUFFER NOW & BE A GREAT NURSE LATER…princerenerpera
Veins Draining into the Superior Vena Cava
Veins draining into the superior vena cava are named in a distal-to-proximal
direction; that is, in the same direction the blood flows into the superior vena cava.
Radial and ulnar veins. The radial and ulnar veins are deep veins draining the
forearm; they unite to form the deep brachial vein, which drains the arm and
empties into the axillary vein in the axillary region.
Cephalic vein. The cephalic vein provides for the superficial drainage of the
lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein.
Basilic vein. The basilic vein is a superficial vein that drains the medial aspect
of the arm and empties into the brachial vein proximally.
Median cubital vein. The basilic and cephalic veins are joined at the anterior
aspect of the elbow by the median cubital vein, often chosen as the site for
blood removal for the purpose of blood testing.
Subclavian vein. The subclavian vein receives venous blood from the arm
through the axillary vein and from the skin and muscles of the head through
the external jugular vein.
Vertebral vein. The vertebral vein drains the posterior part of the head.
Internal jugular vein. The internal jugular vein drains the dural sinuses of the
brain.
Brachiocephalic veins. The right and left brachiocephalic veins are large
veins that receive venous drainage from the subclavian, vertebral, and
internal jugular veins on their respective sides.
Azygos vein. The azygos vein is a single vein that drains the thorax and enters
the superior vena cava just before it joins the heart.
8
Physiology of the Heart
As the heart beats or contracts, the blood makes continuous round trips- into and
out of the heart, through the rest of the body, and then back to the heart- only to
be sent out again.
Cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells can and do contract spontaneously
and independently, even if all nervous connections are severed.
Rhythms. Although cardiac muscles can beat independently, the muscle cells in
the different areas of the heart have different rhythms.
Intrinsic conduction system. The intrinsic conduction system, or the nodal system,
that is built into the heart tissue sets the basic rhythm.
9
Composition. The intrinsic conduction system is composed of a special tissue found
nowhere else in the body; it is much like a cross between a muscle and nervous
tissue.
Function. This system causes heart muscle depolarization in only one direction- from
the atria to the ventricles; it enforces a contraction rate of approximately 75 beats
per minute on the heart, thus the heart beats as a coordinated unit.
Sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node has the highest rate of depolarization in the
whole system, so it can start the beat and set the pace for the whole heart; thus the
term “pacemaker“.
Atrial contraction. From the SA node, the impulse spread through the atria to the
AV node, and then the atria contract.
Ventricular contraction. It then passes through the AV bundle, the bundle branches,
and the Purkinje fibers, resulting in a “wringing” contraction of the ventricles that
begins at the heart apex and moves toward the atria.
Ejection. This contraction effectively ejects blood superiorly into the large arteries
leaving the heart.
10
leaving the heart, the semilunar valves are forced open, and blood rushes
through them out of the ventricles; the atria are relaxed, and their chambers
are again filling with blood.
Early diastole. At the end of systole, the ventricles relax, the semilunar valves
snap shut, and for a moment the ventricles are completely closed chambers;
the intraventricular pressure drops and the AV valves are forced open; the
ventricles again begin refilling rapidly with blood, completing the cycle.
First heart sound. The first heart sound, “lub”, is caused by the closing of the AV
valves.
Second heart sound. The second heart sound, “dub”, occurs when the
semilunar valves close at the end of systole.
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart in
one minute. It is the product of the heart rate and the stroke volume.
Stroke volume
Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each
heartbeat.
Regulation of stroke volume. According to Starling’s law of the heart, the critical
factor controlling stroke volume is how much the cardiac muscle cells are stretched
just before they contract; the more they are stretched, the stronger the contraction
will be.
11
ventricular contraction) and diastolic pressure (the pressure when the ventricles
are relaxing).
Peripheral resistance. Peripheral resistance is the amount of friction the blood
encounters as it flows through the blood vessels.
Neural factors. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
has little or no effect on blood pressure, but the sympathetic division has the
major action of causing vasoconstriction or narrowing of the blood vessels,
which increases blood pressure.
Renal factors. The kidneys play a major role in regulating arterial blood pressure
by altering blood volume, so when blood pressure increases beyond normal,
the kidneys allow more water to leave the body in the urine, then blood volume
decreases which in turn decreases blood pressure.
Temperature. In general, cold has a vasoconstricting effect, while heat has a
vasodilating effect.
Chemicals. Epinephrine increases both heart rate and blood pressure; nicotine
increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction; alcohol and
histamine cause vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
Diet. Although medical opinions tend to change and are at odds from time to
time, it is generally believed that a diet low in salt, saturated fats,
and cholesterol help to prevent hypertension, or high blood pressure.
12
Entrance to the heart Blood enters the heart through two large veins (the
inferior and superior vena cava) emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body
into the right atrium of the heart.
Atrial contraction. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from the right atrium to the
right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve.
Closure of the tricuspid valve. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts to
prevent blood from flowing backward into the atria while the ventricle contracts.
Ventricle contraction. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the
pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs where it is oxygenated.
Oxygen-rich blood circulates. The pulmonary vein empties oxygen-rich blood from
the lungs into the left atrium of the heart.
Opening of the mitral valve. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your left
atrium into your left ventricle through the open mitral valve.
Prevention of backflow. When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts. This prevents
blood from flowing backward into the atrium while the ventricle contracts.
Blood flow to systemic circulation. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart
through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the body.
13