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Course Code-19EE405T
Alok Jain
Lecturer
Department of Electrical Engineering
School of Technology
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum Univeristy
Course Structure
Course Structure
Lesson Plan
• 3 lectures for Unit 3- part 1 (Electric Heating)
• 3 lectures for Unit 3- part 2 (Electric Welding)
• 6 lectures for Unit 4- part 1 (Electric Traction)
• 6 lectures for Unit 4- part 2 (Illumination Systems)
• 4+3=7 lectures for Unit 2- part 2 (VSI & CSI)
• Total- 25 lectures
• If you have any problem/doubts/difficulties in any topic, then you
can meet me at my seating from 4 to 5 PM. (inform me through wats
app),
• As I will not provide you any of my presentations, you have to
prepare your own notes.
• If I will ask you any Q, then you have to raise your hand. Don’t shout
the ans.
• Some of the topics will be given to you for “self study”
• Ph- 7982904120
• Email- alok.jain@sot.pdpu.ac.in
Exam structure and evaluation criteria
• Initially when heating element is connected to the supply, the temperature goes
on increasing and finally reached high temperature.
• Stefan’s law-
Length – 135.14m
Diameter- 0.907mm
2. Liquid Heating
•Immersion Heater – e.g. heaters for hot water
•Circulation Heaters- DEHE (Dielectric heat exchange)
•Electrode Heaters- here there is no wire wound resistance, liquid itself act as resistance.
Q2. What are the Environmental, Efficiency and Economic aspects of Electric
Heating? E.g. Power plants
Q3. Explain Industrial Electric Heating? Discuss its pros and cons.
Methods of Electric Heating*:
𝟏 𝝆 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟗
• t=d = cm (for Numericals)
𝟐∗𝜫 µ𝒇
• An induction heater (for any process) consists of an induction coil (or
electromagnet), through which a high-frequency alternating current
(AC) is passed.
• Heat may also be generated by magnetic hysteresis losses in materials
that have significant relative permeability.
• The frequency of AC used depends on the object size, material type,
coupling (between the work coil and the object to be heated) and the
penetration depth.
Induction Heating
Direct Induction Heating Indirect Induction Heating
• In this method of heating, the currents • In this method of electric heating,
are induced by electromagnetic action in the eddy currents are induced in the
the body to be heated. heating element by electromagnetic
• The induced currents when flowing action.
through the resistance of the body to be
heated develop the heat and thus raise • Eddy currents set up in the heating
the temperature. element produce the heat which is
transferred to the body to be heated
• In induction furnace heat is used to
up, by radiation and convection.
melt the charge and eddy current
heaters used for heat treatment of • Certain types of induction ovens
metals are other forms of direct used for heat treatment of metals
induction heating. operate on this principle.
USES of Induction Heating
1. Surface hardening- like in saw blades, gears, axles etc.
2. Deep hardening- like in screw driver, tools, drills etc.
3. Tempering
4. Soldering
5. Melting
6. Smelting
Types of Induction Furnaces {SELF STUDY}
1. Core type or low frequency induction furnace- direct core, vertical core (Ajax-
Wyatt*) and indirect core.
2. Core-less type or high frequency induction surface
Q1. Differentiate Core and Core-less type induction furnace with the help of diagrams?
What are the advantages and disadvantages and also, write down their applications.
Q2. Differentiate direct core, vertical core (Ajax-Wyatt) and indirect core with the help
of diagrams?
Q3. What are the different sources of high frequency for Induction Heating with the help
of diagrams? (Hint- 1. The motor-generator set; 2. The spark gap converter; 3. Vacuum
tube oscillator)
Numerical
Q1. The power input to the charge in a ½ ton 960Hz Induction furnace 20 turns on the
primary winding is 325 kW. The cylindrical crucible has an internal diameter of 45cms.
And the depth of the charge in it is 50cms. Determine the equivalent resistance of the
charge and the current in the primary winding which is required to counter-balance the
m.m.f. due to secondary current.
(Assuming resistivity=200 micro ohm-cm and permeability=1 for molten steel)
Ans = R= 258 micro ohm.
I= 3.54*104 A
Current in primary winding= I= 1774 A
Numerical
Q2. A low frequency induction furnace whose secondary voltage is maintained constant at 10 volts,
takes 400kW at 0.6 p.f. When the hearth (the base or lower part of a furnace, where molten metal
collects) is full. Assuming the resistance of the secondary circuit to vary inversely as the height of the
charge and reactance to remain constant, find the height up to which the hearth should be filled to
obtain maximum heat.
Hint- W= Is.Vs.cosØ
Vs= Zs.Is
Rs= Zs . cosØ
Xs= Zs . sinØ
x=h/H
where- h= height of the charge at which maximum heat is obtained; H= height of the hearth.
Methods of Electric Heating:
• Three electrodes made of carbon or graphite are projected from the top of the furnace and three phase supply is given.
• The current passes through them via the charge. Since the arc is in direct contact with the charge so it is possible to
produce highest temperatures by direct electric arc furnace.
• As the arc passes through the charge, it will produce automatic stirring action.
• The arc has a negative resistance characteristic i.e. resistance falls with the increase in temperature.
• Thus some sort of current limiting device is required in the circuit to prevent short circuits. This may be in the form of
reactor.
• The direct electric arc furnace is very commonly used for the production of steel.
PROJECTION
1. Resistance Welding BUTT
FLASH BUTT
Carbon ARC