Reference-HI Wave PDF

Power*Tools
for Windows
™
HI_WAVE Reference Manual

Electrical Engineering Analysis Software
for Windows
Copyright © 2000, SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
SKM Power*Tools for Windows

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4/23/2004
Contents
1 HI_WAVE STUDY 1-1

1.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................1-2
1.2. Prepare Static System Data..................................................................................1-4
1.2.1. Choose Harmonic Source Library Models .......................................................1-4
How HI_WAVE Calculates Load Impedance Data ...............................................1-5
1.2.2. Enter Utility Impedance Data...........................................................................1-6
1.2.3. Enter Transmission Line Impedance Data .......................................................1-7
1.2.4. Enter Pi Equivalent Impedance Data................................................................1-9
1.2.5. Enter Cable Impedance Data ............................................................................1-9
1.2.6. Enter Two-Winding Transformer Impedance Data........................................1-10
How Delta Connections Trap 3rd-Order Harmonics............................................1-10
How Transformer Phase Shift Reduces Certain Harmonic Orders ......................1-11
1.2.7. Model Capacitor Banks, Resistors, and Reactors on One-Line Diagram.......1-14
Capacitor Banks ...................................................................................................1-14
1.2.8. Resistors and Reactors ...................................................................................1-16
1.3. Open the HI_WAVE Study Manager................................................................1-16
1.3.1. Introduction to the HI_WAVE Study Manager .............................................1-17
1.3.2. Choose Components.......................................................................................1-19
1.4. Run Harmonic Simulation to Produce Data.....................................................1-21
1.4.1. Setup Options .................................................................................................1-23
Fundamental Frequency .......................................................................................1-23
Max Harmonic Order ...........................................................................................1-24
Model Transformer Tap and Phase Shift..............................................................1-24
Including Triplet Harmonics Path ........................................................................1-24
Load Specification................................................................................................1-24
Frequency Scan Setup ..........................................................................................1-25
Distortion Setup....................................................................................................1-25
Report Option.......................................................................................................1-25
Fundamental Solution...........................................................................................1-25
1.4.2. LF Setup Options ...........................................................................................1-26
Load Specification................................................................................................1-26
Solution Criteria ...................................................................................................1-27
Generation Acceleration Factor, Load Acceleration Factor .............................1-27
Bus Voltage Drop, Branch Voltage Drop ........................................................1-27
1.4.3. Automatically-Generated Reports ..................................................................1-27
Input Report .........................................................................................................1-28
Load Flow Report.................................................................................................1-28
HI_WAVE Report................................................................................................1-28
1.5. View Waveforms .................................................................................................1-37

HI_WAVE ii Reference Manual
1.5.1. Distortion waveform for buses ...................................................................... 1-42

1.5.2. Distortion waveform for branches ................................................................. 1-43
1.5.3. Distortion Spectrum for buses and branches ................................................. 1-44
1.1.1. Taking Components to the Component Editor .............................................. 1-44
1.1.2. Finding all the Components that have Harmonic Source Models Assigned to
Them........................................................................................................................ 1-44
1.1.3. Taking Components to a One-Line Diagram................................................. 1-45
1.1.4. Zooming In and Out....................................................................................... 1-45
1.1.5. Adding Annotations to a plot......................................................................... 1-45
1.1.6. Exporting a plot as text or as a graphic.......................................................... 1-47
1.1.7. Changing Colors and Sizes............................................................................ 1-48
1.1.8. Printing Plots ................................................................................................. 1-51
1.6. Add Filters to Reduce Harmonics ..................................................................... 1-52
1.6.1. Single-Tuned Filter........................................................................................ 1-53
1.6.2. High-Pass Filter ............................................................................................. 1-55
1.7. Technical Information........................................................................................ 1-56
1.7.1. Harmonic Definition ...................................................................................... 1-56
1.7.2. Fundamentals of Harmonic Domain Analysis and Wave Forms................... 1-58
1.8. Examples.............................................................................................................. 1-64
1.8.1. Frequency Scan example ............................................................................... 1-64
1.8.2. Transformer Phase Shift and Filters .............................................................. 1-66
Case 1: Transformer with Capacitor, Modeled without Phase Shifting............... 1-66
Case 2: Transformer with Capacitor, Modeled with Phase Shifting.................... 1-70
Case 3: Transformers with Filter ......................................................................... 1-73
2 USING HI_WAVE’S LIBRARY 2-1

2.1. General Library Usage......................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.1. Editing an Existing Model ............................................................................... 2-2
2.1.2. Adding a New Model....................................................................................... 2-3
2.1.3. Copying an Existing Model ............................................................................. 2-3
2.1.4. Metric Units ..................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2. Harmonic Source Models..................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.1. Creating Custom Harmonic Sources................................................................ 2-4
2.2.2. Build-In Typical Data Models ......................................................................... 2-5
2.2.3. Six Pulse Converter ......................................................................................... 2-6
2.2.4. Twelve Pulse Converter................................................................................. 2-12
Index HI_WAVE i
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1 HI_WAVE Study
The HI_WAVE Study module helps you examine and reduce harmonic disturbances,
phenomena that threaten many power systems today. HI_WAVE plots distortion
waveforms, distortion spectra, scan magnitudes, and scan angles, and includes a user-
customizable Library for accurate modeling of almost any harmonic sources that you
encounter in your system. As with all PTW Study modules, HI_WAVE uses the same
database, so you can examine all your existing Projects.
IN THIS CHAPTER
1.1. Introduction....................................................................................................... 1-2

1.2. Prepare Static System Data ............................................................................... 1-4
1.3. Open the HI_WAVE Study Manager ............................................................. 1-16
1.4. Run Harmonic Simulation to Produce Data.................................................... 1-21
1.5. View Waveforms ............................................................................................ 1-37
1.6. Add Filters to Reduce Harmonics................................................................... 1-52
1.7. Technical Information..................................................................................... 1-56
1.8. Examples......................................................................................................... 1-64
HI_WAVE 1-2 Reference Manual
1.1. Introduction
Distortion of the sinusoidal wave form is not a new problem. It was first noted in the
1920’s with the development of rectifiers. In the 1960’s dc transmission systems added
harmonics to the power system on a new scale. In modern power systems, the
introduction of solid state devices for power supplies, variable speed motor control
systems, and all types of electronic equipment have increased the distortion of the
sinusoidal wave to the point where they threaten the safe operation of the power system.
Using HI_WAVE, you can determine which portions of your electrical system are causing
these harmonic disturbances and where you should install filters to reduce the
disturbances, thereby smoothing out your system’s sinusoidal wave form. The more
accurately you model the harmonic sources, of course, the more reliable the results will be.
HI_WAVE conforms to the IEEE 519 Standard (IEEE Std 519), which specifies
acceptable levels of voltage distortion.
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HI_WAVE Study HI_WAVE 1-3
Flowchart of the steps in a HI_WAVE Study
Prepare Data
Enter static system data (cables, transformers, loads, motors, and

so on).
Assign harmonic source models to motors and loads in the
Component Editor.
Add capacitor banks to One-Line Diagram.
Assign transmission line models to transmission lines in the
Component Editor (if you don't use a model, be sure to enter
Return to the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence impedance data in the
Component Editor and Component Editor).
One-Line Diagram to
modify the static
portion of the system in
order to reduce
harmonics; this usually Create Cases
involves adding filters
to the One-Line Create or select a Study.
Diagram.
Create or select a Case.
Select buses and branches to be included in the Case.
Run Harmonic Simulation to Produce Data
Run the Simulation to generate harmonic waveforms for the

components in the Case.
Plot Harmonic Waveforms
View harmonic waveforms for components.

1.2. Prepare Static System Data

Before you open the HI_WAVE Study Manager, you must be sure that the electrical
system is “complete.” By complete, we mean that all the necessary elements of your
electrical system are in place and that the appropriate Studies have been run. Take the
following steps to ensure the system is complete:
• Assign a harmonic source model to at least one induction motor, synchronous

motor, or non-motor load component (there’s no point in running a harmonic
study if there’s nothing in the system to generate harmonics);
• Connect all components;
• Connect at least one swing bus to every isolated portion of the electrical system.
In PTW, a swing bus is one of two things: 1) a utility component; 2) a generator
component whose Schedule type (found on the first subview of the Component
Editor) is set to “Volts & Angle (SB).”
• Enter sizes in the Component Editor for all the cables, transformers, motors, and
non-motor loads.
If the electrical system is not complete, HI_WAVE will report an error and will not run.
1.2.1. Choose Harmonic Source Library Models

Because HI_WAVE analyzes the dynamic portion of the electrical system, we need to
supply HI_WAVE with additional information about the harmonic characteristics of the
induction motor, synchronous motor, and non-motor load components. These models are
crucial because they tell HI_WAVE what kind of harmonics that component contributes to
the system. (If you didn’t apply any harmonic source models to any components, the
distortion waveform that HI_WAVE generates would be a perfectly smooth sine wave.)
To apply these models, we use the Harmonic Source subview of the Component Editor:
Click here to
choose a
Harmonic Source
model from the
HI_WAVE
Library.
Fig. 1-1. The Harmonic Source subview of the Component Editor (this subview
exists for induction motors, synchronous motors, and non-motor loads).
When you click the Library button, the Select a Device dialog box appears, which opens
the HI_WAVE Library in read-only form and allows us to “peer into” it and retrieve data
04/23/2004
from it without accidentally editing the data. (To edit the Library, you must open it, as
discussed in Chapter 2.)
To open the Select a Device dialog box

1. Click the Library button.
The Select a Device dialog box appears. Now highlight the Harmonic Source category
and the devices will appear. To apply a harmonic source model, select it and click the
Apply button or double-click the model itself.
Click the Apply button or double-click Click the Close button to close the Select
on the name to apply the harmonic a Device dialog box.
source model to the component.
Click the Deselect button to remove a model
you have applied to a component.
Note: A single Library harmonic source model may be applied to as many

components as you want, because Library models merely provide a per-unit
“template” of harmonic characteristics. The per-unit values are converted to real
values based on the size of the component. If you want to edit a Library model, you
have to open the Library by clicking the Document>Library command. See
Chapter 2, “Using HI_WAVE’s Library,” for more information about editing the
Library.
For those induction motors, synchronous motors, and non-motor loads that don’t have
harmonic source models applied to them, HI_WAVE lumps these loads together by their
total kVA and power factor and calculates their equivalent R+jX and modifies X linearly
as the frequency increases.
How HI_WAVE Calculates Load Impedance Data

The synchronous motors have their positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence impedance
data calculated based on the data in the ANSI Contribution subview (or the IEC
Contribution subview if the Application options are set to IEC) of the Component Editor.
The induction motors and non-motor loads, which don’t have sequence impedance data in
the Component Editor, have their positive- and negative-sequence impedance data
calculated by
Z (order n) = R + ( jX × n )
where
n is a non-triplet order—1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.
R is resistance, which never changes.

The induction motors and non-motor loads have their zero-sequence impedance set equal
to the negative-sequence impedance data (that is, Z0 = Z1) at each order if you turn on the
“Including Triplet Harmonics Path” options described on page 1-24:
Z (order n) = R+j (X × n)
where
n=3, 6, 9, etc.
If these options aren’t turned on, induction motors and non-motor loads have their zero-
sequence impedance set to infinite (Z0 = Infinite).
For those non-motor loads and induction motors which don’t have harmonic source
models applied to them, HI_WAVE determines their zero-sequence impedance data based
on the Including Triplet Harmonics Path checkboxes, which are Study Setup options
(see “Setup Options” on page 1-23 for a list of the Study Setup options). If these options
are checked, HI_WAVE sets the zero-sequence impedance equal to the positive-sequence
impedance, whereas if these options are unchecked, HI_WAVE sets the zero-sequence
impedance to infinite. Typically it’s best to leave these options unchecked.
1.2.2. Enter Utility Impedance Data

Note: Typically you won’t need to change the data on this subview because PTW
calculates the values for you. You should only enter your own values if you have
access to data that is more precise than PTW’s estimates.
Just as the loads in a system contribute to harmonics, so do the utility sources that provide
the power. Utilities have their positive- and negative-sequence impedance data calculated
by
Z (order n) = R + ( jX × n )
where
R is the positive-sequence resistance entered on the first subview of the Component Editor
and
X is the positive-sequence reactance entered on the first subview of the Component Editor
and
n is a non-triplet harmonic order 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.
Utilities have their zero-sequence impedance data calculated by
Z (order n) = R + ( jX × n )
04/23/2004
except that R is the zero-sequence resistance entered on the first subview of the
Component Editor
and
X is the zero-sequence reactance entered on the first subview of the Component Editor
and
n is a triplet harmonic order 3, 6, 9, etc.
For example, the first-order factor is 1 × 0.1999 = 0.1999, the second-order factor is 2 ×
0.1999 = 0.3998, and the third-order factor is 3 × 0.3006 = 0.9018 . You can see these
calculated results on the Harmonic Impedance subview, as shown in Fig. 1-2.
To enter your own data, select the “User-Defined” option (when set to “Linear from
Base,” PTW generates its estimates):
Select the User-Defined option

to enter your own data instead
of using PTW's estimates.
Fig. 1-2. The Harmonic Impedance subview for Utilities.
1.2.3. Enter Transmission Line Impedance Data

You can model the transmission line impedance using one of two methods:
1. By entering positive- and zero-sequence resistance and reactance values;

2. By using a Transmission Line Library model.

Fig. 1-3. If you choose a Library model, Fig. 1-4. If you don’t choose a Library
the Sequence values are uneditable model, you need to enter the sequence
because they are calculated based on values.
the Library model.
If you use the Library model, HI_WAVE determines the impedance using Carson’s
equation, which is discussed in Chapter 2 under “Transmission Line Models.”
If you don’t use a Library model, HI_WAVE calculates the positive- and negative-
sequence impedance data by:
Z (order n) = R + ( jX × n )
where
R is the positive-sequence resistance entered in the Transmission Line subview of the
Component Editor
and
X is the zero-sequence reactance entered in the Transmission Line subview of the
Component Editor
and
n is a non-triplet order 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.
HI_WAVE calculates the zero-sequence impedance data by
Z (order n) = R + ( jX × n )
where
R is the zero-sequence resistance entered in the Transmission Line subview of the
Component Editor
and
X is the zero-sequence reactance entered in the Transmission Line subview of the
Component Editor
and
n is a triplet order 3, 6, 9, etc.
HI_WAVE calculates the shunt admittance for transmission lines by
G+jB ( order n ) = G + jB/n
04/23/2004
where
G and B come from the first subview of the Component Editor.
Of the two methods, the Library model provides more accurate modeling, particularly if
the transmission line spans more than 50 miles. This is because HI_WAVE can calculate
impedance data non-linearly if you use the Library model, whereas if you don’t use the
Library model HI_WAVE must calculate the impedance data by multiplying the same
sequence values by each harmonic order, resulting in a linear model.
1.2.4. Enter Pi Equivalent Impedance Data

HI_WAVE calculates these exactly the same as the transmission lines without a model
applied. See “Enter Transmission Line Impedance Data” on page “1-7.”
1.2.5. Enter Cable Impedance Data

HI_WAVE calculates the impedance data for cables using the data on the first subview of
the Component Editor (if you are using a Cable Library Model, this data comes from the
Library; otherwise, you must enter it yourself). Cables have their positive- and negative-
sequence impedance data calculated by
Z (order n) = R + ( jX × n )
where
and
and
Cables have their zero-sequence impedance data calculated by
Z (order n) = R + ( jX × n )
Component Editor
and

and
1.2.6. Enter Two-Winding Transformer Impedance Data

HI_WAVE calculates the impedance data for two-winding transformers using the data on
the “Transformer Impedance” subview of the Component Editor (if you are using a
Transformer Library Model, this data comes from the Library; otherwise, you must enter it
yourself). Two-winding transformers have their positive- and negative-sequence
impedance data calculated by
Z (order n) = R + ( jX × n )
where
and
and
Two-winding transformers have their zero-sequence impedance data calculated by
Z (order n) = R + ( jX × n )
Component Editor
and
and
How Delta Connections Trap 3rd-Order Harmonics

Transformers significantly impact the triplet harmonic orders in the system. As shown in
the following figure,
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Two-Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuits

Positive- and Negative- Zero-
Sequence Impedance Sequence Impedance
Connection
∠ h ×30 °±30 °
∠ h ×30 °± 30 °
∠ h ×30 °±30 °
Fig. 1-5. Equivalent circuit modeling for transformer connections.
non-triplet harmonics pass directly through delta connections. For the triplet harmonics,
though, delta connections act as an open circuit and prevents these harmonics from
passing through the transformer. Thus, the transformer acts as a natural filter for triplet
harmonics, so the distortion spectrum and distortion waveform for 3rd, 6th, 9th, etc. orders
for buses downstream of delta-wye transformers will be smooth—the one drawback to this
behavior is that the transformer generates more heat and may have to be sized larger to
handle the additional heat. Pay attention to the K-factor in the HI_WAVE report to keep
tabs on this behavior.
How Transformer Phase Shift Reduces Certain Harmonic Orders

Two-winding transformer impedance includes the phase shift if you check the “Model
Transformer Tap and Phase Shift” option in the HI_WAVE setup dialog box (shown on
page 1-23).
HI_WAVE calculates the two-winding transformer phase shift by
(for positive-sequence) Phase Shift = Phase Shift × (order-1)
(for negative-sequence) Phase Shift = Phase Shift × (order+1)
where
Phase Shift comes from the first subview of the Component Editor for two-winding
transformers.

You should understand the phase shifting that occurs between the primary and the
secondary of the transformer, particularly for ∆/Υ and Υ/∆ connected transformers. For
the positive mode, the phase shift is a function of the harmonic order and the basic phase,
as shown:
φ p = order × φ basic − φ basic
where
φbasic 30° for a ∆/Υ or Υ/∆ connected transformer.
The negative modal phase shift can be described as:
φ n = order × φ basic + φ basic

Eq. 1-1.
The relevance of phase shifting can be illustrated in a simple example. Consider the
sample system shown in Fig. 1-6:
Utility 1
69000/13800 V
6%
2 i(h)
13800/480 V 13800/480 V
6% 6%
1000 kVAR 1000 kVAR

3 4
i 1(h) i 2(h)
Fig. 1-6. Sample system to illustrate phase shifting.
Assume the two harmonic sources and the two transformers to be identical, except for the
connection of the transformers. For the 5th harmonic order, the current on the primary
side of the ∆/Υ transformer is shifted according to Eq. 1-1:
5 × 30° + 30° = 180°
04/23/2004
For the Υ/Υ connected transformer, the phase shift is calculated also according to Eq. 1-1:
5 × 0 ° + 0° = 0°
Therefore, the sum of the 5th order of harmonic current flowing from the transformers into
the utility is zero, as shown:
I5 Utility = I5∆ / Υ + I5Υ / Υ = 0
If the phase shifting is not taken into consideration, the 5th harmonics from the two
transformers would be in phase, and two currents would be added together to calculate the
total harmonic current:
I5 Utility = I5∆ / Υ + I5Υ / Υ = 2 × I5∆ / Υ
For the 7th, 17th, and 19th harmonics the results are the same. For other positive and
negative-sequence orders, the harmonics from both transformers also will be partially
canceled out.
Fig. 1-7a shows the harmonic spectrum in frequency domain and demonstrates the
magnitude spectrum currents. Fig. 1-7b shows the harmonic current waveform in time
domain and demonstrates the phase and magnitude cancellation.
a. Harmonic current spectrum. b. Harmonic current waveform.
Fig. 1-7. Harmonic current spectrum and waveform of sample system showing the
effects of transformer phase shift modeling.
Fig. 1-7 indicates that the 5th, 7th, 17th and 19th harmonic currents from the two
transformers cancel out one another. The utility current sees only the reduced 11th and
13th harmonic currents. The positive- and negative-sequence currents either cancel out
completely or are reduced by using the ∆/Υ and Υ/Υ transformer configuration; the zero-
sequence harmonic current is trapped by the ∆ or the Υ ungrounded connection
transformer.

Note: HI_WAVE represents an ideal case regarding transformer phase shift

cancellation, whereby identical size drives shifted by 30 degrees cancel 100 percent
of the 5th, 7th, 17th and 19th harmonics. In reality, less than 100 percent cancellation
will be achieved due to firing angle variations between the drives. In most cases the
ideal representation is adequate. However, if you need more conservative
approximations, you can manually adjust the phase angles for the harmonic sources
or the phase shift for the transformers.
1.2.7. Model Capacitor Banks, Resistors, and Reactors on One-

Line Diagram
In order to factor in the harmonics caused by capacitor banks, resistors, and reactors, be
sure to model them on the One-Line Diagram.
Capacitor Banks
Engineers typically add capacitor banks to a system to improve (increase) the power
factor; as a byproduct, though, capacitor banks affect the harmonics of the system,
sometimes reducing the harmonics but oftentimes increasing them.
Fig. 1-8. Equivalent circuit for capacitor bank.
04/23/2004
Enter the harmonic order you want to tune to, and the capacitor bank’s size in micro-
farads. If you don’t know the micro-farads, click the Filter Design button to use the
calculator:
Qc
Q2
ϕ ϕ1
P
Fig. 1-9. Power factor correction.
This example explains how you can determine the capacitor bank’s size. In Fig. 1-9, the
goal is to raise the power factor from cosine ϕ to cosine ϕ1 by applying a capacitor bank.
The required capacitor bank VAR can be found using:
Qc=Q - Q2
where
Q2 desired reactive power after implementation of the capacitor (to calculate, use
Q2=tanϕ1 × P, where P is real power);
Q reactive power before the implementation of the capacitor;
Qc capacitor reactive power in vars.
After determining Qc, divide it by 1,000 to convert it to kvars, then enter it in the
Capacitor Size box.

1.2.8. Resistors and Reactors

• Resistor
• Reactor
These increase impedance in the system. For resistors, enter positive-sequence and zero-
sequence ohms. For reactors, enter positive-sequence and zero-sequence henries.
Fig. 1-10. Resistor data entry.
Fig. 1-11. Reactor data entry.
1.3. Open the HI_WAVE Study Manager

Now that you have a complete electrical system (discussed in “Prepare Static System
Data” above), you can open the HI_WAVE Study Manager to begin analysis.
To open the HI_WAVE Study Manager

1. To begin, do one of the following:
• Click the Run>Harmonic Analysis (HI_WAVE) command.
• Click HI_WAVE toolbar button.
2. The HI_WAVE Study Manager will appear.
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X Y
The first thing you may have noticed is the three distinct panes, or “views,” in the
HI_WAVE Study Manager.
Parts of the HI_WAVE Study Manager:
X—The Study-Case View keeps track of the Cases you set up.
Y—The Plot-Graph Views display the waveforms for the selected components.
1.3.1. Introduction to the HI_WAVE Study Manager

Let’s begin with the Study-Case View (the left pane). When you first open HI_WAVE,
you will just see a single folder called “Study1” underneath “HI_WAVE.” You may
wonder, why is my Study-Case View so empty? Actually, it’s not completely empty—
HI_WAVE has a Case ready for you, hiding under Study1. To display the Case, click the
box next to folder Study1, like this:
Click the box next to Study1. . . to display the Case.
Although you can run HI_WAVE using just one Case, you will find it beneficial to create
lots of Cases, because, as we will demonstrate, Cases provide the real power of
HI_WAVE.
First, though, you need to understand how HI_WAVE handles data. When you run
HI_WAVE for a Case, HI_WAVE takes a snapshot of the Project’s harmonics and stores
the results in the Case. The Project itself doesn’t change. However, just because
HI_WAVE doesn’t change the Project doesn’t mean you shouldn’t—on the contrary, you
should try to change the electrical system frequently in order to compare the system under
different operating conditions. If you just run HI_WAVE once, all you get is your
system’s harmonics for the present moment in time, but by modifying the electrical system
and re-running HI_WAVE for a different Case, you can analyze your system under
different operating conditions.
To let you organize these different “what-if” scenarios, HI_WAVE uses containers called
Cases. Think of a Case as a snapshot of the system’s harmonics. At the moment you tell
HI_WAVE (by clicking the Run button) to take the snapshot, HI_WAVE looks at the

electrical system and calculates the harmonics for the components you have put in the
Case. Now, Cases are not linked to one another⎯each Case represents a distinct
snapshot; however, if you never flip back to the Component Editor or the One-Line
Diagram and change the system, every snapshot will be identical, because the electrical
system has never changed. The key to using Cases effectively is to run HI_WAVE for one
Case, then flip back to the Component Editor or One-Line Diagram and make a change,
then return to HI_WAVE and run another Case. (With regard to Studies, they merely
provide a way for you to organize the Cases; Studies have nothing to do with the harmonic
snapshots. Within a Study you may have multiple Cases, or you may create a new Study
for every Case. Whether you place all your Cases in one Study or every Case in a separate
Study doesn’t affect the Cases at all.)
For example, let’s say your factory takes most of its loads off-line at night, and you want
to compare the daytime harmonics to the nighttime harmonics. To analyze this in
HI_WAVE, you would first create a Case named “Daytime,” and run HI_WAVE for that
Case with all the loads in service to represent the daytime operating condition. Next, you
would flip to the Component Editor and take the loads out of service to represent the
nighttime operating condition, then return to HI_WAVE and create a Case called
“Nighttime,” and re-run the Harmonic Simulation for this new Case. You can now
compare the waveforms in the “Daytime” Case to the waveforms in the “Nighttime” Case.
You can also speculate about ways to reduce the system’s harmonics. Let’s say you’re
considering installing a harmonics filter in your system, but you’re not sure whether to
place it downstairs next to the motor, or outside by the warehouse. First switch to the
One-Line Diagram and add the filter in one location, then return to HI_WAVE and run the
Harmonic Simulation for a Case named “Downstairs Location.” Next, switch back to the
One-Line Diagram and move the filter to the second location, then return to HI_WAVE
and re-run the simulation for a different Case, one named “Warehouse Location.” You
can now compare the waveforms in the “Downstairs Location” Case to the waveforms in
the “Warehouse Location” Case.
To create a new Case

1. With a folder highlighted, click the Case>New Case command or click the New Case
toolbar button . A new Case will appear.
Once you click the New Case command. . . a new Case will appear.
To move a Case to a different Study

1. With a Case highlighted, click the Edit>Cut command, then highlight a different
Study and click the Edit>Paste command. You can also drag the Case to a different
Study. (When you move a Case, the Case won’t retain the harmonic waveforms, so
you’ll have to re-run the Harmonic Simulation for that Case.)
To copy a Case
1. With a Case highlighted, click the Edit>Copy command, then highlight a different
Study and click the Edit>Paste command. You may paste Cases to the same Study or
04/23/2004
to a different Study. (When you copy a Case, the copied Case won’t retain the
harmonic waveforms, so you’ll have to re-run the Harmonic Simulation for the copied
Case.)
To rename a Case
1. Highlight a Case by single-clicking it with the left mouse button. With the Case
highlighted, click the Case>Rename command.
2. When the cursor appears, type a new name.
3. Click the mouse button elsewhere to “lock in” the new name.
To delete a Case
1. With a Case highlighted, hit the DEL key.
To create a new Study

1. With “HiWave” highlighted, click the Case>New Study command. A new Study
will appear.
Once you click the New Study command. . . a new Study will appear.
To rename a Study
1. Highlight a Study by single-clicking it with the left mouse button. With the Study
highlighted, click the Case>Rename command.
2. When the cursor appears, type a new name.
3. Click the mouse button elsewhere to “lock in” the new name.
To delete a Study
1. With a Study highlighted, hit the DEL key.
1.3.2. Choose Components

For a given Case, your first step is to add the branches (cables, two-winding transformers,
pi impedances, and transformer lines) and buses that you want to analyze for that Case.
You don’t choose the motors and non-motor loads that have harmonic source models
applied to them because you won’t be viewing waveforms for them; rather, you choose the
buses and branches because this is where the harmonic distortions are felt.

To add components to a Case

1. With a Case highlighted, click the Case>Select Components command from the
Case menu, or click the Select Components toolbar button . The Select
Components dialog box will appear.
2. In the Select Components dialog box, choose the components for this Case. You
select components of different types by switching to the appropriate tab (for example,
to add a transmission line, switch to the Branch tab).
Click on the arrow button or double-click on the and the selected components are added to the
component’s name itself. . . Case.
Tip: You can also use the Window>Go to HI_WAVE command to take
components from a One-Line Diagram or the Component Editor to HI_WAVE.
When you’re on a One-Line Diagram, the selected (that is, highlighted) components
will be taken to HI_WAVE, whereas when you’re in the Component Editor, all the
components currently shown will be taken to HI_WAVE. You can then create a
new Study and Case or pick an existing Study and Case in which to place the
components.
When finished, click the OK button. Note that the components you selected now appear
under the Case, as shown in Fig. 1-12:
Fig. 1-12. Selected components appear in the Case.
Important: If you add any components that are Out of Service, data will not be
generated for them.
04/23/2004
You can tell which components are out of service in two ways: by the Status indicator,
which reads “In Service” or “Out of Service,” and by the color of the component icon,
which appears grey if Out of Service:
In Service component Out of Service Component
Icon
color
Status
indicator
To remove components from a Case

1. With a Case highlighted, click the Case>Select Components command from the
Case menu, or click the Select Components toolbar button . The Select
Components dialog box will appear.
2. In the Select Components dialog box, choose the components on the right, then click
the left arrow button (or simply double-click the components themselves) to remove
them.
1.4. Run Harmonic Simulation to Produce Data

The final step is to run the Harmonic Simulation to produce waveforms and reports. This
process takes place internally; that is, it takes place “behind the scenes.”
When you run the Harmonic Simulation, HI_WAVE actually performs three Studies:
• Load Flow study (similar to DAPPER’s Load Flow) to prepare the data;
• Frequency Scan study;
• Harmonic Distortion study.
You can select to skip any of these three studies, but generally you should run all three to
give yourself all the available data.
Be sure you have the correct Case highlighted when you click the Run button. HI_WAVE
calculates data for the Case that is highlighted (if you have a component within a Case

highlighted, HI_WAVE will still calculate data for the whole Case, not just that
component).
To run the Harmonic Simulation
1. With a Case highlighted, do one of the following:
• Click the Case>Run Study command.

• Click the Run Study toolbar button.
• In the lower-left corner of the HI_WAVE Study Manager, click the Run button.
2. The following dialog box will appear:
Click here to change

HI_WAVE's
Select which portions of the Study
configurations (see
you want to run. Typically you
"Setup Options" on page
should run all three. See "LF Setup
1-23 for more
Options" on page 1-26 for more
information).
information about the Load Flow
Study. See "Setup Options" on
page 1-23 for more information
about the Frequency Scan and
Harmonic Distortion Studies. Click here to modify
the Load Flow portion
of the Simulation (see
"LF Setup Options" on
page 1-26 for more
information).
Type report names here (see
"Automatically-Generated Reports"
on page 1-27 for more information on
reading and interpreting Reports).
3. Type names for the Reports. If you select the Overwrite Existing Report check box,
the Reports will replace any that already exist with that name. If you clear the
Overwrite Existing Report check box and the names already exist, you will get a
warning.
4. Click the Run button to begin the Harmonic Simulation. You will see the Run Study
dialog box as it displays the progress of the Study:
04/23/2004
Fig. 1-13. The Study Messages dialog box as HI_WAVE runs.
1.4.1. Setup Options

Use the Study Setup dialog box to choose how you want the Frequency Scan and
Harmonic Distortion portions of the HI_WAVE Harmonic Simulation to create data.
Fig. 1-14. The Study Setup dialog box.
Fundamental Frequency
The frequency is determined by the Engineering Standard chosen in the Application
Options. If the Engineering Standard is ANSI, then the Fundamental Frequency = 60 Hz.
Conversely, if the Engineering Standard is IEC, then the Fundamental Frequency = 50 Hz.
The frequency at each order is determined by Order × Fundamental Frequency, so at the
first order the frequency is (in ANSI) 60 Hz, at the second order the frequency is 120 Hz,
and so on.

Max Harmonic Order

This is the maximum harmonic order that HI_WAVE will calculate for the harmonic
magnitude and the angle spectrum. Keep in mind that HI_WAVE will only calculate to
the highest order that the harmonic source models have been modeled to, unless
HI_WAVE reaches the “Max Harmonic Order” first. In other words, if you have the
“Max Harmonic Order” set to 64, but the harmonic source models that you are using have
only been modeled to 25 orders, HI_WAVE will only plot through the 25th order.
Similarly, if the harmonic source models that you are using have been modeled to 50
orders, but you have set the “Max Harmonic Order” to 30, HI_WAVE will only plot
through the 30th order.
Model Transformer Tap and Phase Shift

When unchecked, all transformers appear without the effect on any taps, and the pre-fault
voltage is relative to the swing bus voltage and the transformer phase shift angle remains
at 0°. When checked, HI_WAVE calculates the system pre-fault no-load voltage profile
based on the swing bus voltage and transformer tap settings. You must check this box to
analyze transformer off-nominal voltages properly.
Including Triplet Harmonics Path

Note: These options only affect the non-motor loads and induction motors which
don’t have harmonic source models applied to them, because HI_WAVE needs
some method to determine their zero-sequence impedance data. Since synchronous
motors already have zero-sequence impedance data in the Component Editor,
HI_WAVE needs no special consideration for them.
Chances are you won’t apply harmonic source models to every induction motor and non-
motor load in the system. For those that don’t have harmonic source models applied to
them you can select whether you want to include the zero-sequence impedance data
(which is modeled in the third-order harmonics, or as HI_WAVE calls them, in the
“Ground Mode”) in the Harmonic Simulation. If these options are checked, HI_WAVE
sets the zero-sequence impedance equal to the positive-sequence impedance (for
information on how the negative-sequence impedance is calculated, see “How HI_WAVE
Calculates Load Impedance Data” on page 1-5).
Typically it’s best to leave these options unchecked, in which case HI_WAVE sets the
zero-sequence impedance to infinite. Also, if you uncheck the “Model Ground Mode”
options, these checkboxes are irrelevant because HI_WAVE won’t be calculating third-
order harmonics (the zero-sequence ones) anyway.
Load Specification
This choice determines how HI_WAVE calculates the loads at each harmonic order.
When the Connected Load option button is selected, HI_WAVE calculates the loads
without considering any load or demand factors. If motor loads are identified, and if
multiple motors are modeled in a single motor load object, the total motor connected load
is the number of motors multiplied by the motor’s rated size. Otherwise, the load rated
size is the connected load value. Motors expressed in horsepower and kW output are
converted to electrical units by dividing by the efficiency.
When the 1st Level Demand or Energy Factor option button is selected, HI_WAVE
calculates the loads using the first level demand factors or energy audit load factors, as
appropriate. If a non-motor load has an energy audit load factor or a demand load
category (in the Component Editor), then the Study will use the energy audit load factor or
04/23/2004
the first level demand load factor multiplied by the load’s rated size in the Component
Editor. For motor loads, the load is calculated as the number of motors multiplied by the
motor rated size multiplied by the motor load factor. Load diversity resulting from
identifying multiple levels of demand load factors is not taken into consideration.
Frequency Scan Setup

These options determine how HI_WAVE runs the Frequency Scan portion of the
Harmonic Simulation. (If you unchecked the “Run Frequency Scan” box in the Run Study
dialog box, these options are irrelevant because HI_WAVE won’t run the Frequency Scan
anyway.) To run the Frequency Scan, HI_WAVE applies a one-per-unit current at each
bus for every order up to the Max Harmonic Order you specified in the setup dialog box.
You don’t have to have any harmonic sources in the system to see these results.
The Ground Mode plots triplet orders (that is, the orders that are multiples of 3, such as 3,
6, 9, and so on) while the Aerial Mode plots non-triplet orders (that is, the orders that are
not multiples of 3, such as 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and so on).
The Bus Equivalent Impedance option determines whether or not the HI_WAVE reports
the Thevenin impedance looking into the bus-to-ground for each bus in the system. This
data only appears in the report—it doesn’t appear in the waveform plots. Because the bus
equivalent impedance section can generate a lot of report pages (every bus is reported at
every frequency, often spanning 80 pages or more), you can choose not to report bus
equivalent impedance by unchecking this option. If this option is unchecked, HI_WAVE
will still generate data for the Plots. For more information about the reports, see
“Automatically-Generated Reports” on page 1-27.
Distortion Setup
These options determine how HI_WAVE runs the Harmonic Distortion portion of the
Harmonic Simulation. (If you unchecked the “Run Harmonic Distortion” box in the Run
Study dialog box, these options are irrelevant because HI_WAVE won’t run the Harmonic
Distortion anyway.) As with the Frequency Scan portion of the Harmonic Simulation, the
Ground Mode plots “triplet harmonic,” or orders that are multiples of 3 (3, 6, 9, etc.). The
Aerial Mode plots orders that are not multiples of 3 (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.). A total system
analysis requires the use of both modes to specify the system properly.
Report Option
This option determines what distortion data you want HI_WAVE to report. If you choose
“Both,” HI_WAVE generates tables showing the voltage and current distortion data for all
the buses in the system, then generates tables showing only the buses which violate the
IEEE 519 standard. If you have a small system consisting of 50 or 60 buses, the “Both”
option will work just fine. However, if you have a large system consisting of 1,000 or
more buses, you may want to use the “Violations Only” option because the tables showing
the voltage and current distortion data for all the buses in the system will be extremely
long. For more information about the reports, see “Automatically-Generated Reports” on
page 1-27.
Fundamental Solution
The Fundamental Solution option determines whether HI_WAVE will use the results from
its running of the Load Flow Study or to apply a standard 1-per-unit voltage to the voltage
results (the current results always use the load flow results).

1.4.2. LF Setup Options

Use the LF Study Setup dialog box to choose how you want the Load Flow portion of the
Harmonic Simulation to create data. (If you unchecked the “Run Load Flow” box in the
Run Study dialog box, these options are irrelevant because HI_WAVE won’t run the Load
Flow study anyway. If HI_WAVE doesn’t run the Load Flow study, it uses the results
from the last run of the Load Flow study for the distortion calculations.)
Fig. 1-15. The Load Flow Study Setup dialog box.
These are the same setup options as those for DAPPER’s Load Flow Study.
It is recommended that you run the Study using the Exact (Iterative) Solution method first.
This is because the solution method usually converges on most power systems. In the
unlikely event that the steady-state load flow solution does not converge, you should re-
run the Study using the Approximate Solution method. If it does not converge, a message
in the Study Message dialog box will notify you of the problem. When the Approximate
Solution method is selected, PTW temporarily converts all loads to constant impedance
type characteristics, making these system losses smaller than if constant kVA type loads
were modeled. An output report is then written, and data is sent to the database. Although
it is an approximate solution (since the load characteristic is approximated), this solution
method may help to identify the reasons for the non-convergence.
If you have a non-convergent solution, examine the Load Flow Report’s bus voltage
mismatch values and bus mismatch location, as there may be a data input problem that has
caused the non-convergence. Check specifically for excessive voltage drop and multiple
PV generators separated by small impedance values. If the voltage drops are within a
reasonable range, try adjusting the Solution Criteria. See “Solution Criteria,” following.
Load Specification
When either of the “Directly Connected Loads” options is selected, the load flow solution
calculates the load at each bus, then solves the steady state load flow equation
LM b
P − jQg OP
= [Y][V] . Neither of these options uses results from the Demand Load Study,
N [V]* Q
so HI_WAVE runs the Load Flow Study but doesn’t use the results from the last time you
ran the Demand Load Study.
When the Connected Load option button is selected, the HI_WAVE Harmonic Simulation
calculates the loads without considering any load or demand factors. If motor loads are
04/23/2004
identified, and if multiple motors are modeled in a single motor load object, the total
motor connected load is the number of motors multiplied by the motor’s rated size.
Otherwise, the load rated size is the connected load value. Motors expressed in kW output
are converted to kVA units by dividing by the efficiency, power factor, etc.
When the 1st Level Demand or Energy Factor option button is selected, the HI_WAVE
Harmonic Simulation calculates the loads using the first level demand factors or energy
audit load factors, as appropriate. If a non-motor load is identified with both an energy
audit load factor and a demand load category, then the Study will use the energy audit load
factor or the first level demand load factor (depending on the choice in the Component
Editor) multiplied by the load’s rated size. For motor loads, the load is calculated as the
number of motors multiplied by the motor rated size multiplied by the motor load factor.
Load diversity resulting from identifying multiple levels of demand load factors is not
taken into consideration.
Solution Criteria
These options control the solution data.
Generation Acceleration Factor, Load Acceleration Factor

The two Acceleration Factor text boxes allow you to control how the HI_WAVE
Harmonic Simulation converges upon the solution. Generally, the Acceleration Factors do
not need to be changed from their default values. However, if a non-convergent solution
occurs, even after an Approximate Solution method has been run, try changing the
Generation Acceleration Factor and/or the Load Acceleration Factor from their default of
1.0 to a factor between 0.1 and 1.0. The smaller the factor, the smaller the step change
used in the iteration solution.
Bus Voltage Drop, Branch Voltage Drop

These provide a quick method to flag excessive voltage drops in the output report. In the
report, PTW flags with a dollar sign ($) any bus or branch voltage drop value that exceeds
the limits set in these text boxes. Upon creating a new Project, the default values are a 5%
bus voltage drop, and a 3% branch voltage drop. However, you can change these
percentages by typing a percent value in the appropriate text box.
1.4.3. Automatically-Generated Reports

HI_WAVE generates a number of reports when it runs:
• Input Report—Contains static system data (that is, the data you enter in the
Component Editor and the One-Line Diagram).
• Load Flow Report—Contains results of the Load Flow Study that HI_WAVE
runs.
• HI_WAVE Report—Contains harmonic setup data.
Each of these Reports will be discussed in detail.
To Open a Report
1. Either click the Document>Report command or click the Report toolbar button .
2. In the Open Report dialog box, choose the name of the HI_WAVE report you created.

Input Report
The Input Report contains a detailed breakdown of each component’s structural, or static,
data, such as the components it connects to, its voltage, and its size (in essence, the Input
Report contains all the data that you have input using the Component Editor and One-Line
Diagram).
The following example shows part of a typical Input Report:
FEEDER INPUT DATA

FEEDER FROM FEEDER TO QTY VOLTS LENGTH FEEDER DESCRIPTION
NAME NAME /PH L-L SIZE TYPE DUCT INSUL
003-HV SWGR 004-TX B PRI 1 13800 200.0 FT 6 C N XLP
+/- Impedance: 0.5100 + J 0.0636 OHMS/M Length 0.0536 + J 0.0067 PU
Z0 Impedance: 0.8108 + J 0.1618 OHMS/M Length 0.0851 + J 0.0170 PU
TRANSFORMER INPUT DATA

PRIMARY RECORD VOLTS * SECONDARY RECORD VOLTS FULL-LOAD NOMINAL NO NAME L-L
NO NAME L-L KVA KVA
===========================================================================
002-TX A PRI D 69000.0 003-HV SWGR YG 12900.0 25000.0 20000.0
Pos. Seq. Z%: 0.140 + J 0.410 0.007 + j 0.020 PU
Zero Seq. Z%: 0.140 + J 0.410 0.007 + j 0.020 PU
Taps Pri. -4.99 % Sec. 0.000 % Phase Shift (Pri. Leading Sec.): 30.00 Deg.
Load Flow Report

The Load Flow Report lists the results of the running of the Load Flow Study, which
calculates the voltage drop through each branch impedance component, and the associated
voltages at each bus or node in the electrical system.
The following example shows part of a typical Load Flow Report:
BALANCED VOLTAGE DROP AND LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

VOLTAGE EFFECT ON LOADS MODELED
VOLTAGE DROP CRITERIA: BRANCH = 3.00 % BUS = 5.00
==== BUS: 028-BUS 28 DESIGN VOLTS: 480 BUS VOLTS: 439 %VD: 8.59$
======================= PU BUS VOLTAGE: 0.914 ANGLE: -2.8 DEGREES
**** PQ TYPE MACHINE:IND-028 -800.0 KW -600.0 KVAR
LOAD FROM: 027-TX B PRI FEEDER AMPS:1315.7 VOLTAGE DROP: 9. %VD: 1.81
PROJECTED POWER FLOW: 800.0 KW 600.0 KVAR 1000.0 KVA PF: 0.80 LAGGING
LOSSES THRU FEEDER: 13.3 KW 15.3 KVAR 20.3 KVA
HI_WAVE Report
Note: The HI_WAVE Report does not contain the graphical data points used in the
waveforms; you view the waveforms on the Plots, as discussed in “View
Waveforms” on page 1-37.
The HI_WAVE Report lists the results of the Harmonic Distortion and Frequency Scan
studies. (If you unchecked the “Run Harmonic Distortion” box and the “Run Frequency
Scan” box in the Run Study dialog box, these options are irrelevant because HI_WAVE
won’t run the Studies.)
Study Criteria section. This section lists the setup criteria you have entered (the setup
options are described in “Setup Options” on page 1-23 and “LF Setup Options” on page
1-26).
04/23/2004
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≥ S T U D Y C R I T E R I A ≥
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Studies Selected To Run:

Load Flow: Yes
Frequency Scan: Yes
Harmonic Distortion: Yes
Load Flow Study Setup Options

Utility Impedance: Yes
Transformer Phase Shift: Yes
Solution Method: Exact
Load Specification: 1st Level Demand or Energy Audit
Generation Acceleration Factor: 1.00
Load Acceleration Factor: 1.00
Bus Voltage Drop: 5.00
Branch Voltage Drop: 3.00
HI_WAVE Study Setup Options

Fundamental Frequency: 60 Hz
Max. Harmonic Order: 50
Model Transformer Tap and Phase Shift: Yes
Include Triplet Harmonics Path (Static Load): No
Include Triplet Harmonics Path (Ind. Motor): No
Load Specification: 1st Level Demand or Energy Audit
Model Aerial Mode (for Frequency Scan): Yes

Model Ground Mode (for Frequency Scan): Yes
Report Bus Equivalent Impedance: No
Model Aerial Mode (for Distortion): Yes

Model Ground Mode (for Distortion): Yes
Fundamental Solution: Use Load Flow Result
Report Option: All Distortions and Violations
Harmonic Source section. This section first lists all the components which have
harmonic source models, then lists the harmonic orders for each one, then lists all the
harmonic orders that have at least harmonic disturbance on them.
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≥ LOADS AND MOTORS WITH HARMONIC SOURCE MODELS ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ Bus Name ≥ Voltage ≥ Component Name ≥ LF Current≥ Harmonic Library ≥
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≥B3 ≥ 480≥ M1 ≥ 624.2≥ SKM Six Pulse ≥
≥B4 ≥ 480≥ L1 ≥ 624.2≥ SKM Six Pulse ≥
≥C2 B3 ≥ 480≥ C2 M1 ≥ 624.4≥ SKM Six Pulse ≥
≥C2 B4 ≥ 480≥ C2 L1 ≥ 624.4≥ SKM Six Pulse ≥
≥C3 B3 ≥ 480≥ C3 M1 ≥ 620.1≥ SKM Six Pulse ≥
≥C3 B4 ≥ 480≥ C3 L1 ≥ 620.1≥ SKM Six Pulse ≥
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≥ HARMONIC SOURCE ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ SKM Six Pulse ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥ Order≥ Magnitude≥ Angle ≥
≥ ≥ (%)≥ (Degrees)≥
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≥ 1 ≥ 100.000≥ -12.60≥
≥ 5 ≥ 37.660≥ 107.40≥
≥ 7 ≥ 12.550≥ -126.90≥
≥ 11 ≥ 7.110≥ -93.20≥
≥ 13 ≥ 3.350≥ -50.20≥
≥ 17 ≥ 2.930≥ 15.90≥
≥ 19 ≥ 1.670≥ 45.00≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ

⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥ H A R M O N I C S O U R C E I N D E X T A B L E ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ HARMONIC SOURCES HAVE BEEN FOUND AND INJECTED FOR EACH OF ≥
≥ THE FOLLOWING HARMONIC ORDERS ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥ 5 7 11 13 17 19 ≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ
Filter section. This section all the filters in the Project.

⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥ P A S S I V E F I L T E R D A T A ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÀÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ Filter ≥ Bus ≥ Bus ≥ Rated ≥Connect≥ Filter ≥Capacitor≥Tuned≥ ≥ ∫ R ≥ L ≥ C ≥
≥ Name ≥ Name ≥ Voltage ≥ Voltage ≥ ≥ Type ≥ KVAR ≥Order≥ Q ≥ M ∫ (Í) ≥ (H) ≥ (ÊF) ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒ◊ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥C2 CAP ≥C2 B2 ≥ 4160≥ 4160≥ WYE_G≥ Capacitor≥ 400.0≥ ≥ ≥ ∫999999.0≥ 0.0000≥ 61.3115≥
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ∫999999.0≥ 0.0000≥ 61.3115≥
≥Filter ≥B2 ≥ 4160≥ 7205≥ WYE≥SingleTuned≥ 400.0≥ 10≥ 50≥ ∫ 0.2496≥ 0.0032≥ 20.4372≥
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ∫ 0.2496≥ 0.0032≥ 20.4372≥
≥FLTR1 ≥C3 B2 ≥ 4160≥ 4160≥ WYE_G≥SingleTuned≥ 400.0≥ 2≥ 20≥ ∫ 1.0816≥ 0.0287≥ 61.3115≥
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ∫ 1.0816≥ 0.0287≥ 61.3115≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒ–ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ
Utility, Generator, and Motor Data section. This section lists all the utilities,
generators, and motors in the Project.
⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥ U L T I L I T Y , G E N E R A T O R A N D M O T O R D A T A ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÀÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ Component ≥ Component ≥ Bus ≥ Bus ≥ Base ≥ Base ∫ R1 ≥ X1 ≥
≥ Name ≥ Type ≥ Name ≥ Voltage ≥ Voltage ≥ KVA ∫ R2 ≥ X2 ≥
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ∫ R0 ≥ X0 ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ◊ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥C1 UTIL ≥UTILITY ≥B1 ≥ 13800≥ 13800≥ 100000∫ 0.2217≥ 3.3260≥
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ∫ 0.2217≥ 3.3260≥
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ∫ 0.2217≥ 3.3260≥
≥C2 UTIL ≥UTILITY ≥C2 B1 ≥ 13800≥ 13800≥ 100000∫ 0.2217≥ 3.3260≥
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ∫ 0.2217≥ 3.3260≥
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ∫ 0.2217≥ 3.3260≥
≥C3 UTIL ≥UTILITY ≥C3 B1 ≥ 13800≥ 13800≥ 100000∫ 0.2217≥ 3.3260≥
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ∫ 0.2217≥ 3.3260≥
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ∫ 0.2217≥ 3.3260≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ–ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ
Bus Equivalent Impedance section. Because this section can generate a lot of
report pages (every bus is reported at every frequency, often spanning 80 pages or more),
you can choose not to report bus equivalent impedance by unchecking the following
checkbox which appears in the Study Setup dialog box (described in “Setup Options” on
page 1-23):
⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥ B U S E Q U I V A L E N T I M P E D A N C E R E P O R T ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ Bus Name ≥ Voltage ≥Frequency≥ R (PU) ≥ JX (PU) ≥ Z (PU) ≥ Angle ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥003-HV SWGR ≥ 13800≥ 50≥ 0.0309≥ 0.0041≥ 0.0312≥ 7.6≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ
Voltage and Current Distortion section. This section’s contents depends on the
option selected in the Study Setup dialog box (described in “Setup Options” on page 1-
23):
04/23/2004
You choose to exclude the “Total Voltage Distortion” table and the “Total Current
Distortion” table by selecting “Violations Only.” If you have a small system consisting of
50 or 60 buses, the “Both” option will work just fine. However, if you have a large system
consisting of 1,000 or more buses, you may want to use the “Violations Only” option
because the tables showing the voltage and current distortion data for all the buses in the
system will be extremely long.
⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥ T O T A L V O L T A G E D I S T O R T I O N ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ Bus Name ≥ Voltage ≥ V_RMS(V) ≥ V_TIF ≥ V_THD(%) ≥ IEEE-519 ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥028-MTR 28 A ≥ 480≥ 469.40≥ 0.5752≥ 0.1932 ≥ 5.0≥
≥028-MTR 28 B ≥ 480≥ 469.40≥ 0.5596≥ 0.1707 ≥ 5.0≥
≥029-TX D SEC ≥ 4160≥ 4124.06≥ 0.5170≥ 0.0869 ≥ 5.0≥
≥BLDG 115 SERV ≥ 4160≥ 4124.06≥ 0.5422≥ 0.1407 ≥ 5.0≥
≥LV DISTRIB ≥ 480≥ 479.16≥ 191.5442≥ 5.1322>≥ 5.0≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ:
HI_WAVE marks the violations with a “>” symbol (shown circled), then puts the violators
into the following summary table (the IEEE Standard 519 tables are listed in the THD
description section after these sample tables):
⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥ V O L T A G E D I S T O R T I O N S U M M A R Y ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ Bus Name ≥ Voltage ≥ V_RMS(V) ≥ V_TIF ≥ V_THD(%) ≥ IEEE-519 ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥LV DISTRIB ≥ 480≥ 479.16≥ 191.5442≥ 5.1322>≥ 5.0≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ
The Current Distortion tables operate the same way as the Voltage Distortion tables.
⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥ T O T A L C U R R E N T D I S T O R T I O N ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ Bus Name ≥ Bus Name ≥ Load Name ≥ Voltage ≥ Voltage ≥ I_RMS(A) ≥ IT ≥ K ≥ I_THD(%) ≥ IEEE-519 ≥
≥ (From) ≥ (To) ≥ ≥ (From) ≥ (To) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥026-TX G PRI ≥027-DSB 3 ≥TX G ≥ 4160≥ 480≥ 151.19≥ 86.27≥ 1.00≥ 0.19 ≥ ≥
≥027-DSB 3 ≥028-MTR 28 A ≥C13 A ≥ 480≥ 480≥ 588.13≥ 341.98≥ 1.00≥ 0.20 ≥ ≥
≥027-DSB 3 ≥028-MTR 28 B ≥C13 B ≥ 480≥ 480≥ 588.13≥ 341.98≥ 1.00≥ 0.20 ≥ ≥
≥029-TX D SEC ≥BLDG 115 SERV ≥C19 ≥ 4160≥ 4160≥ 0.12≥ 0.00≥ 0.00≥ 0.00 ≥ ≥
≥BLDG 115 SERV ≥025-MTR 25 ≥C11 ≥ 4160≥ 4160≥ 268.47≥ 147.46≥ 1.00≥ 0.16 ≥ ≥
≥BLDG 115 SERV ≥026-TX G PRI ≥C10 ≥ 4160≥ 4160≥ 151.19≥ 80.46≥ 1.00≥ 0.13 ≥ ≥
≥LV DISTRIB ≥015-MCC 1A ≥C14 ≥ 480≥ 480≥ 301.96≥ 154.64≥ 1.00≥ 0.08 ≥ ≥
≥LV DISTRIB ≥016-H2A ≥C16 ≥ 480≥ 480≥ 166.04≥ 85.14≥ 1.00≥ 0.08 ≥ ≥
≥LV DISTRIB ≥017-H1A ≥C17 ≥ 480≥ 480≥ 73.90≥ 37.43≥ 1.00≥ 0.06 ≥ ≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ
⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥ C U R R E N T D I S T O R T I O N S U M M A R Y ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ Bus Name ≥ Bus Name ≥ Load Name ≥ Voltage ≥ Voltage ≥ I_RMS(A) ≥ IT ≥ K ≥ I_THD(%) ≥ IEEE-519 ≥
≥ (From) ≥ (To) ≥ ≥ (From) ≥ (To) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥ NO VIOLATION ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ
For the buses you selected, the following data will appear in the Report (explanations of
these data types follow):
• V_THD—Total voltage distortion.

• V_RMS—True root mean square (rms) voltage.

• TIF—Voltage telephone interference factor.
For the branches you selected, the following data will appear in the Report (explanations
of these data types follow)
• I_THD—Total current distortion.

• I_RMS—True rms current.
• IT—Current telephone interference factor.
• K—K-factor (related to the harmonic order and the harmonic current)
The IEEE Guide for Harmonic Control and Reactive Compensation of Static Power
Converters describes a method to quantify the harmonic distortion in the power system.
The term Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is defined for voltage distortion. Total bus
voltage distortion V_THD:
V22 + V32 +... Vn2

V _ THD =
V1
where
V1 fundamental voltage level in per unit (pu);
V2...Vn harmonic voltage level in pu.
The rms value for voltage is defined by:

1
Vrms = e∑ j 2 2
Vh
where
h 1, 2, 3, . . . n ;
Vh rms value of each harmonic voltage level.
Similar terms are defined for total branch current distortion I_THD:
I 22 + I32 +... I 2n
l _ THD =
l1
where
I1 fundamental current in pu;
I2 ... In harmonic current in pu.
The total rms branch current is:

1
I rms = e∑ j I 2h 2
where
h1,2,3... maximum harmonic order.
04/23/2004
The IEEE Standard 5191 defines maximum values of distortion for voltage and current as
follows:
Table 10.3
Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems
(120 V through 69,000 V)
Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in percent of IL
Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics)
ISC / IL <11 11 ≤ h ≤ 17 17 ≤ h ≤ 23 23 ≤ h ≤ 35 35 ≤ h TDD
<20* 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20<50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50<100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100<1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
Even Harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits above.
Current distortions that result in a dc offset, e.g., half-wave converters, are not allowed.
* All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion, regardless of actual
ISC / IL .
where
ISC = maximum short-circuit current at the PCC. (PCC stands for Point of Common
Coupling. In PTW, the PCC is the bus attached to the swing bus. A swing bus is a utility
component or any generator which has its Schedule option set to Volts & Angle (SB) in
the Synchronous Generator subview.)
IL = maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency component) at the PCC.
1
see IEEE Brown Book: IEEE recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial
Power System Analysis. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.,
1990, pp. 260-61.

Table 10.4
Current Distortion Limits for General Subtransmission Systems
(69,001 V through 161,000 V)
Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in percent of IL
ISC / IL <11 11 ≤ h ≤ 17 17 ≤ h ≤ 23 23 ≤ h ≤ 35 35 ≤ h TDD
<20* 2.0 1.0 0.75 0.3 0.15 2.5
20<50 3.5 1.75 1.25 0.5 0.25 4.0
50<100 5.0 2.25 2.0 0.75 0.35 6.0
100<1000 6.0 2.75 2.5 1.0 0.5 7.5
>1000 7.5 3.5 3.0 1.25 0.7 10.0
ISC / IL .
where
Table 10.5
Current Distortion Limits for General Transmission Systems (>161 kV),
Dispersed Generation and Cogeneration
ISC / IL <11 11 ≤ h ≤ 17 17 ≤ h ≤ 23 23 ≤ h ≤ 35 35 ≤ h THD
<50 2.0 1.0 0.75 0.3 0.15 2.5
≥50 3.0 1.5 1.15 0.45 0.22 3.75
ISC / IL .
where
04/23/2004
Table 11.1
Voltage Distortion Limits
Bus Voltage at PCC Individual Voltage Distortion Total Voltage Distortion

(%) THD (%)
69 kV and below 3.0 5.0
69.001 kV through 161 kV 1.5 2.5
161.001 kV and above 1.0 1.5
Note: High-voltage systems can have up to 2.0 % THD where the cause is an HVDC terminal that
will attenuate by the time it is tapped for a user.
The utility industry has defined a Telephone Influence Factor (TIF) as a dimensionless
quantity which is used to describe the influence of a transmission line on a telephone line.
A weighting method known as the “C-message” weighting curve is used in the calculation
of the following equation. These weighting factors are automatically supplied by
HI_WAVE in the TIF calculations; the TIF value is a voltage related value:
1
LMe∑ bV W g jOP 2 2
V_ TIF = N h
Q f
Vrms
where
W the weighting factor from the C-message curve corresponding to each frequency;
Vrms rms voltage.
A similar value can be calculated for current influence. This factor is referred to as
current-telephone (IT).
The IT product is the rms of the current and the weighting factor. It gives an estimate of
the influence from the current:
1
LF n IO 2
IT = MG ∑ bI W g J P
2
MNH h =1 K PQ
h f
where
W0 the weighting factor from the C-message curve corresponding to each frequency;
The ANSI/IEEE C57.110-1986 standard offers a recommended procedure for determining

the capability of transformers to supply non-sinusoidal load currents without losing normal
life expectancy. This recommendation suggests that the capability of a transformer with a
given non-sinusoidal load should be operated at a certain percentage of its sinusoidal load
capability.
The K-factor takes the opposite approach by calculating the total harmonic influence on
the transformer. This allows you to take the harmonic distortion into account during the

design phase, and to specify the transformer so that it operates at a sinusoidal load current
capability even when the load current is non-sinusoidal.
HI_WAVE calculates and reports the K-factor for all branches in the system. The K-
Factor applied to transformers can typically be used to choose K rated transformers.
Mathematically, the K-factor is defined as:
∑I
h =1
h
2 2
h
K= N
∑I
h =1
h
2
where
h harmonic order;
N maximum harmonic order;
Ih harmonic current.
The above equation illustrates that the K-Factor is related to Ih2 and h2, meaning that it is
also directly related to losses; h2 suggests that a higher order harmonic current has more
influence than the lower harmonic current. For example at the 2nd harmonic
h2 = 4, but at the 25th harmonic, h2 = 252 = 625. Therefore, higher harmonic currents
may contribute greater losses in some circumstances, and should be kept in mind when
designing the K-Factor transformer.
Voltage and Current Spectrum Reports section. This section lists the voltage and
current spectrum results.
⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥ HARMONIC VOLTAGE SPECTRUM REPORT ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ Bus: 003-HV SWGR (13800V) ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥ Harmonic ≥ Harmonic ≥ Phase ≥Distortion≥ IEEE-519 ≥
≥ Order ≥ Voltages ≥ Angle ≥ Percent≥ Limit ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥ 1 ≥ 13643.167≥ -6.94≥ ≥ ≥
≥ 3 ≥ 0.000≥ 0.00≥ 0.000≥ 3.000≥
≥ 5 ≥ 7.720≥ 81.07≥ 0.057≥ 3.000≥
≥ 7 ≥ 0.717≥ -44.83≥ 0.005≥ 3.000≥
≥ 9 ≥ 0.000≥ 0.00≥ 0.000≥ 3.000≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥ Voltage: 13800.0 V_RMS: 13643.17 V_THD(%): 0.06 ≥
≥ IEEE-519 LIMIT: 5.0 ≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ
≥ HARMONIC CURRENT SPECTRUM REPORT ≥
≥ Device Name: TXL1 ≥
≥ From: 001-UTILITY CO (69000V) ≥
≥ To: 002-TX A PRI (69000V) ≥
≥ Connected to a utility as a PCC. (Isc/Ilf = 4752.662 ≥
≥ Order ≥ Amperes ≥ Angle ≥ Percent≥ Limit ≥
≥ 1 ≥ 135.046≥ -0.00≥ ≥ ≥
≥ 5 ≥ 1.504≥ 132.26≥ 1.113≥ 15.000≥
≥ 7 ≥ 0.366≥ 144.26≥ 0.271≥ 15.000≥
≥ Voltage: 69000.0 I_RMS: 21.80 I_THD(%): 1.36 ≥
≥ I_K: 1.01 IEEE-519 LIMIT: 20.0 ≥
04/23/2004
Filter Spectrum Report section. This section lists the filter spectrum results.
⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥ F I L T E R S P E C T R U M R E P O R T ≥
∆ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ Filter Name: FLTR-0007 (Reactor) ≥
≥ Bus Name: (0V) ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¬ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥ Harmonic ≥ IR ≥ IL ≥ IC ≥ R ≥ L ≥ C ≥ R ≥ L ≥ C ≥
≥ Order ≥ (Amp) ≥ (Amp) ≥ (Amp) ≥ (kW) ≥ (kVAR) ≥ (kVAR) ≥ (V) ≥ (V) ≥ (V) ≥
√ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥ 1 ≥ ≥ 13.74190≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¡ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ
1.5. View Waveforms

Once you have run the Harmonic Simulation, you can view the waveforms for the Cases.
The two panes in the right half of the HI_WAVE Study Manager together show the active
Plot.
This pane shows any one of the

four waveforms.
The two panes

together show the
active plot.
This pane shows another of the
four waveforms.
Fig. 1-16. HI_WAVE Study Manager showing waveforms.
You may create as many plots as you want, but only one plot will be displayed at a time.
Don’t be confused into thinking the dual panes display two different plots—they both
show the same plot. So what’s the point in having two panes if they show the same plot?
You have two panes because each plot contains four waveform types, so having two panes
lets you see two waveform types at a time instead of just one.
Here are the waveforms types that each plot can display:
• Distortion waveform (displayed for buses and branches)

• Distortion spectrum (displayed for buses and branches; won’t show if there’s no
distortion in the system)
• Scan magnitude (displays for buses)
• Scan angle (displays for buses)
Since there are two panes, you may view any two of the plot’s four waveforms at a single
time.

Fig. 1-17. The four data types plotted in HI_WAVE.
Important: A plot is not linked to any particular Case, but is merely a place to
display harmonic data. This means that you may display curves from multiple
Cases in a single plot.
Think of the plot as a bulletin board to which you add or remove a component’s
waveforms (when you add or remove a component, HI_WAVE automatically displays .
all the component’s waveforms—distortion waveform and distortion spectrum for
04/23/2004
branches, or distortion waveform, distortion spectrum, scan magnitude, and scan angle for
buses). For example, in the following picture, we have added the distortion waveforms for
components from two different cases:
Fig. 1-18. Plot showing waveforms for the same component from two different
cases.
As you can see, the Plot merely provides a place to display the waveforms—it has no link
to any specific Case.
You can also remove curves if you wish. Keep in mind, though, that once you add a curve
to a plot, it will remain there until you remove it; it will still be displayed even if you
switch to another Case which doesn’t have any curves displayed.
To add a component’s waveforms to the plot, double-click the check box next to the
component:

To add a component's
waveforms to the plot,
double-click the check box
next to the component
name...
and all of the

component's waveforms
appear. We have shown
all four panes for
illustration only; you will
actually see two at a time
(one in each pane), and
can browse through them
by clicking the Graph
button.
Note: The Graph button flips through the four different waveform
types for the active pane. To choose which pane you want active (that is, to choose
which pane you want to show a different waveform), make the pane active by
clicking on it.
It is important to understand that both panes show data for the same Plot. In fact, we can
intentionally set both panes to the same waveform to prove that each pane derives its data
from the same plot (you wouldn’t do this in standard practice because it’s redundant):
04/23/2004
Fig. 1-19. Example showing that both panes use data from the same plot.
You can also tell that both panes show data for the same plot by looking at their titles,
which both say “Plot1.”
To create a new Plot
1. Click the Case>Plot command or click the button.

2. Type a name for the new Plot and click the New button.
To open an existing Plot

2. Select an existing Plot and click the Open button.
To rename an existing Plot

2. Highlight a Plot and click the Rename button. (Note: You cannot rename a Plot when
it is open. If only one Plot exists, that Plot will always be open, since HI_WAVE
always displays a Plot. Therefore, if only one Plot exists and you want to rename it,
create a new Plot by clicking the New button, at which point you can rename the
previous Plot.)
3. Type a new name for the Plot. You may use more than 8 characters and include
spaces in the name if you want.
To delete a Plot

2. Highlight a Plot and click the Delete button. (Note: You cannot delete a Plot when it
is open. If only one Plot exists, that Plot will always be open, since HI_WAVE always
displays a Plot. Therefore, if only one Plot exists and you want to delete it, create a
new Plot by clicking the New button, at which point you can delete the previous Plot.)
1.5.1. Distortion waveform for buses
Fig. 1-20. Distortion waveform for buses.
The voltage waveform is a very clear way to view the bus voltage distortion since each
harmonic source spectrum is injected into the system in harmonic spectrum form. It is
easy to visualize a spectrum series in a two dimensional array:
( V1, V2,V3,V4,V5,V6,V7,V8,V9,V10 . . . Vn)
( f 1,f 2 ,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7,f8,f9,f10 . . . fn)
Graphically, the series can be displayed in spectrum form as in Fig. 1-20. It can also be
displayed in time domain by inverse Fourier Transformation:
n
ut = ∑ V sinbi × ω
i =1
i 1×t+ Bi g
where
i 1, 2, 3,...... n ;
n maximum harmonic order;
ut instantaneous voltage;
t instantaneous time;
Vi magnitude spectrum of harmonic voltage;
Bi phase spectrum of harmonic voltage;
ω1 2 × π × fundamental frequency .
04/23/2004
1.5.2. Distortion waveform for branches
Fig. 1-21. Distortion waveform for branches.
As with the distortion waveform for buses, the solution for each harmonic source spectrum
injected into the system is given in harmonic spectrum form, so that the branch current is
also in spectrum format in frequency domain. The sources can be seen as a spectrum series
in a two dimensional array:
( I1, I2 ,I3,I4,I5,I6,I7,I8,I9,I10......In )
( f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7,f8,f9,f10.......fn )
Using an inverse Fourier Transformation, the sources can be described mathematically in

time domain:
n
it = ∑ I sinbi × ω
i =1
i 1 × t + Bi g
where
i 1, 2, 3, ...... n ;
n maximum harmonic order;
it instantaneous voltage;
t instantaneous time;
| Ii | magnitude spectrum of harmonic current;
Bi phase spectrum of harmonic current;
ω1 2π × fundamental frequency.

1.5.3. Distortion Spectrum for buses and branches
Fig. 1-22. Distortion spectrum for buses and branches.
Note: The frequency at each order is determined by Order × Base Frequency =

Frequency, where Base Frequency is 60 Hz if the Engineering Standard in the
Application Options is set to ANSI, or 50 Hz if the Engineering Standard in the
Application Options is set to IEC.
In harmonic studies, it is convenient to represent harmonic sources in the frequency

spectrum as shown in Fig. 1-22. A bar chart is usually used to display these sources
because it provides a clear method on evaluating data.
1.1.1. Taking Components to the Component Editor

You may use the Go to Component Editor command to quickly take the components in
a case to the Component Editor (this command will only be active when a case or a
component is highlighted).
To take the components in a case to the Component Editor

1. With a component or a case highlighted, do one of the following:
Click the Go to Component Editor toolbar button .
Click the Window>Go to Component Editor command.
1.1.2. Finding all the Components that have Harmonic Source

Models Assigned to Them
You may use the Window>Go to Component Editor with Harmonic Sources command
to view all the components in the system that have Harmonic Source models assigned to
them.
To find all Components that have Harmonic Source Models Assigned to

Them
1. Click the Window>Go to Component Editor with Harmonic Sources command.
The Component Editor will open showing all the motors and non-motor loads that have
harmonic source models assigned to them.
04/23/2004
1.1.3. Taking Components to a One-Line Diagram

You may use the Go to One-Line Diagram command to quickly take the components in
a case to the associated One-Line Diagram (this command will only be active when a case
or a component is highlighted). To change which One-Line is associated with the Case,
use the Case>Associate One-Line Diagram command.
To take the components in a case to a One-Line Diagram

1. With a component or a case highlighted, either click the Go to One-Line Diagram
button or click the Window>Go to One-Line Diagram command.
1.1.4. Zooming In and Out

You can magnify an area of the plot using the same Zoom tools that you use on a One-
Line Diagram.
To magnify an area of the plot

1. Either click the Zoom Area toolbar button or click the View>Zoom Area
command. Next, while holding down the mouse button, draw a box around the area
you want to magnify.
To zoom out after magnifying an area of the plot

1. Either click the Zoom All toolbar button or click the View> Zoom All command.
To maximize the plot to the entire size of the screen

1. Click the Plot>Maximize command.
1.1.5. Adding Annotations to a plot

Annotations provide a way to put text next to each curve. You are not limited to just one
annotation per curve; you may put as many annotations as you want on the plot. You must
have at least one curve displayed, however, in order to create and display annotations,
since annotations are tied to axes.
Let’s say you want to put the words Waveform without Filter on the Plot, as shown:

Waveform without Filter
To begin, click the Plot>Edit Annotations command. The following dialog box will
appear:
Click here
to create a
new
annotation.
Next, click the New button to create a new annotation. (The New button will not be
available if no curves are displayed on the plot.) The following dialog box will appear:
Type the coordinates for the

annotation based on its axis. Type the text for the annotation here.
When an axis disappears because all curves of its type are removed, all annotations that
are associated with that axis will disappear, too. The annotation will also disappear from
the Edit Annotation dialog box when the axis is not visible, but the annotation still exists.
In fact, when the annotation’s axis reappears, the annotation will reappear, too. Once you
have created an annotation, it becomes linked to its axis and will always appear with the
axis unless you delete the annotation by clicking the Delete button in the Edit Annotation
dialog box. If you want to delete the annotation, be sure that the curve is displayed so the
annotation’s name will appear in the Edit Annotation dialog box; if its name does not
appear, you cannot highlight it and click the Delete button.
04/23/2004
Annotations are specific to a plot. Therefore, in our example, the Waveform Without
Filter annotation we created is only linked to the Bus Distortion Voltage Waveform (pu)
axis for that particular plot. If we create a new plot for this same case, then display the
Bus Distortion Voltage Waveform (pu) waveform, the same curve will appear, but the
annotation will not, since it is only linked to the Bus Distortion Voltage Waveform (pu)
axis in the other plot, not in all plots.
To hide all the annotations on a plot, use the Plot>Show Annotations command from the
Plot menu, which toggles them on or off.
To control the font size for the Annotations, use the Font>Graph Fonts command
(discussed in Section 1.1.7, “Changing Colors and Sizes”).
Tip: You may want to wait until you are ready to print to create Annotations. That
way, you can minimize having to move them around.
1.1.6. Exporting a plot as text or as a graphic

You can export the plot to a Windows Metafile (WMF) or a Bitmap (BMP), or as text.
To export a plot
1. Click the Plot>Export command.
2. Choose whether you want to export as a Windows Metafile (WMF), as a Bitmap
(BMP), or as text. Because the Windows Metafile is vector-based, as opposed to the
Bitmap, which is raster-based, the Windows Metafile will produce much crisper
curves when it is printed, particularly if you stretch it to a larger size. However, if
you want to edit the exported plot picture in a painting program, you will need to use
the Bitmap format. If you export as text, be sure that you have set the number of
decimals places you want using the Numeric Precision command from the Case
menu.
3. Choose a Destination. If you choose Clipboard, a picture of the plot will be placed on
the Windows Clipboard. You can then switch to another program to paste the plot
picture. (When you export to the Clipboard, you are not saving to a file, but merely
placing the plot picture in temporary memory.) If you choose File, select a location
and name for the file. The extension will automatically be set as WMF, BMP, or
DAT depending on your selection for the Export option.
4. Choose an Object Size. In most cases you needn’t modify these settings, and in fact
you may compromise the quality of the graphic by doing so. Also, since Windows
Metafiles are vector-based, they may be resized with no loss of sharpness anyway, so
there is no need to type a different size. For Bitmaps, though, sharpness will be lost if
they are resized, so if you know the size that the graphic must be, and you must use a
Bitmap, you can type a size in pixels. If you do so, though, be sure to maintain the
ratio of width to height (for example, if the default is 300 points width and 100 points
height, and you change the width to 900 points, be sure to change the height to 300
points to maintain the 3:1 width-to-height ratio).
5. Click the Export button.

1.1.7. Changing Colors and Sizes

HI_WAVE provides virtually limitless ways to change the plot window’s colors, styles,
and fonts. The most significant way to change how the Plot looks, though, is to change the
Viewing Style.
The Case>Viewing Style command determines how the plot curves will be drawn and
whether the background will be color or monochrome (that is, black-and-white). If you
will be printing to a black-and-white printer and the plot has less than four curves shown,
the Monochrome setting will work well; however, if the plot has four or more curves
shown, you should use the Monochrome with Symbols mode to help distinguish the
curves.
Which style you should use depends on the line style you prefer for the curves and
whether you prefer color or monochrome (that is, black-and-white):
• Color—This mode displays the curves and the plot window using user-definable
colors. For the Line and Spline curve styles, this viewing style uses more points
to draw the curve so it appears brighter. For the other line styles, however, this
viewing style inundates the curve with points, transforming the curve into an
excessively thick line.
• Color with Fewer Points—As with the Color Viewing Style, this Viewing Style
also displays the curves and the plot window using user-definable colors.
However, less points are used to draw the curves. For the Line and Spline styles,
the Color with Fewer Points Viewing Style uses less points to draw the curve and
the curve appears faint. For the other line styles, however, this viewing style
allows the individual points to be seen more clearly.
• Monochrome—This mode displays the curves and the plot window in black-and-
white.
• Monochrome with Symbols—This mode also displays the curves and the plot
window in black-and-white, but adds identifying symbols to the curves to help
distinguish them from one another (if only one curve is displayed, no symbols are
used, and the single curve will look like the Monochrome style).
To change the colors of the curves and their accompanying axes, and to change the curve
styles, click the Plot>Curve Colors and Styles command. Here are the available styles:
04/23/2004
Points+Line—When viewing in color, this style Bar—When viewing in color, this style looks
looks better with the Color with Fewer Points better with the Color with Fewer Points Viewing
Viewing Style instead of the Color Viewing Style instead of the Color Viewing Style. The
Style. Data Shadows command works with this style.
Area—When viewing in color, this style looks Stick—When viewing in color, this style
better with the Color with Fewer Points Viewing looks better with the Color with Fewer
Style instead of the Color Viewing Style. The Points Viewing Style instead of the Color
Mark Data Points command and the Data Viewing Style. The Mark Data Points
Shadows command work with this style.
command works with this style.
Points+Best Fit Line—When viewing in color, Points+Best Fit Curve—When viewing in

this style looks better with the Color with Fewer color, this style looks better with the Color with
Points Viewing Style instead of the Color Fewer Points Viewing Style instead of the Color
Viewing Style. Viewing Style.
Points+Spline—When viewing in color, this Spline—When viewing in color, this style looks
style looks better with the Color with Fewer better with the Color Viewing Style instead of
Points Viewing Style instead of the Color the Color with Fewer Points Viewing Style. The
Viewing Style. Mark Data Points command works with this
style.

The Plot>Mark Data Points command works for the Plot Styles that don’t show
individual data points (Line, Area, Stick, and Spline). It displays or hides the individual
data points of the curve. Be sure to use the Color with Fewer Data Points viewing style
instead of Color, or an excess of points will make the curve become a thick, unwieldy line.
The Plot>Data Shadows command displays or hides data shadows on the plot for the Bar
and Area styles. The shadows will not appear if you use black as the background color
because the shadows are also black.
The Plot>Curve Width command changes the line thickness for all the curves on the plot.
For control over each curve individually, use the Plot>Curve Colors and Styles
command.
The Plot>Legend command displays either all the legends, just the selected one, or none.
(The legend helps you identify each curve by using a color key, and tells you what Case
each curve came from and what motor it represents.)
The Plot>Grid Lines command displays vertical grid lines, horizontal grid lines, both
vertical and horizontal grid lines, or no grid lines on the plot.
The Plot>Grid in Front command places the grid lines in front of or behind the curves.
The Plot>Image Size command controls the size of the graph and also governs how big
the text will be (since the text uses whatever space is left from the graph). Generally, you
should keep the Image Size set to Large or Medium, particularly when printing; however,
the Small size works well if you only have one or two curves showing at a time, or if you
need to make the text easier to read.
The Plot>Grid Style command changes the style of the grid lines to thick, thin, dotted, or
dashed. If you have the Plot>Grid Lines command set to No Grid, this command is
irrelevant.
The Plot>Graph Colors command changes the colors of the graph itself, including the
foreground and background, along with the axes and annotations.
• Desktop Background—This changes the background color of the plot window.

This does not change the background color of the graph itself.
• Desktop Foreground—This changes the color for the title text, the legend text,
and the X axis (seconds) text.
• Shadow Color—This changes the color of the shadow that appears behind the
graph.
• Graph Background—This changes the background color of the graph itself.
This does not change the background color of the rest of the plot window.
• Graph Foreground—This changes the color of the gridlines, the annotation text,
and the tick marks on the X and Y axes. If you have the Grid Lines command set
to No Grid, you won’t be able to see this color on the gridlines.
The Plot>Save Settings as Default command sets the default appearance settings for the
plot to whatever setting you are presently using. When you reset the default values by
using this command, you do not affect the appearance of any existing plots, but any new
plots that you create will use your new default values. For example, let’s say you create a
new plot and set the background color to green, then click the Save Settings as Default
command. All the existing plots that were created when the background color was black
(the previous default color) will still have a black background. However, any new plots
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that you create will now have a green background, since green is now the default color.
This command sets a default color and style for each curve type, too. For example, let’s
say you create a new plot and set the Distortion Waveform curve to use the Bar line style
to use the color pink. All the existing plots which have the Distortion Waveform curve
displayed on them will maintain whatever style and color was chosen for the Distortion
Waveform curves, but on any new plot that you create the Distortion Waveform curve,
when you display it, will now use the Bar line style and will be colored pink.
The Plot>Graph Fonts command lets you set the fonts and font sizes for the Plot
Window. When setting the font sizes, you are not setting fixed point sizes, but rather
allotting percents of the available space; HI_WAVE will determine the best font sizes
using its automatic scaling capability. (It wouldn’t make sense to set fixed point sizes
since the graph and axes scale up or down based on the number of axes you have
displayed.)
The Image Size option is the primary controller of the font sizes, since it governs
how much space the graph uses (and thus how much space is left for the legend,
title, and axes). Generally, you should keep the Image Size set to Large or
Medium, particularly when printing; however, the Small size works well if you only
have one or two curves showing at a time, or if you need to make the text easier to
read. To set the font size percentages, follow these simple rules of thumb:
Global determines what percent of the remaining space (after the Image Size) you
want the Legend, Title, Axes, and Annotations to use.
Legend and Title determine how big you want the Legend and the Title to be.
Since the axes use whatever space is left, the larger you make the Legend and Title
the smaller the axes will be.
Annotations determines the font size of the Annotations. See Section 1.1.5,
“Adding Annotations to a plot” for more information on creating Annotations.
1.1.8. Printing Plots

You can print the active plot to a printer.
To print the active plot

1. Click the Document>Print command.
To print the active plot using a Form

1. Click the Document>Form Print command.
Tip: You can use Forms to print HI_WAVE plots alongside HI_WAVE Reports,
One-Line Diagrams, and other documents such as Datablock Reports. Forms give
you great power and flexibility for printing from PTW, especially when you want
high-quality formatting for presentations. For more information on Forms, see the
“Printing” chapter in the PTW User’s Guide.

1.6. Add Filters to Reduce Harmonics

Once you have run a HI_WAVE study to determine your system’s harmonics, you can
connect filters at various points in the system to try to reduce the harmonics. To connect
filters to the system, use the One-Line Diagram just as you connect any other components.
There are two types of filters that you can use in PTW:
• Single-Tuned Filter
• High-Pass Filter
When you add a filter to the system by connecting it on the One-Line Diagram, you should
create a new Case, then add the buses and branches to the Case, and re-run the Harmonic
Simulation for the new Case only. This way, you can compare the Case which shows the
system’s harmonics without the filter to the Case which shows the system’s harmonics
with the filter. See “Introduction to the HI_WAVE Study Manager “ on page 1-17 for a
discussion of how to use Cases effectively.
Note: Filters are designed to reduce harmonics, but sometimes they can actually
increase harmonics. This is why it’s imperative that you re-run the Harmonic
Simulation to check the filter’s effect on the system.
C C
L
R L
R
a. Single-Tuned b. High Pass

Fig. 1-23. Equivalent circuits for passive filters.
Single-tuned filters and high-pass filters use different circuits, as shown in Fig. 1-23, to
accomplish different goals. The picture in Fig. 1-24 shows how single-tuned filters tend to
eliminate all equivalent impedance at the designated harmonic order (in this case the fifth)
in a rather narrow frequency band. Conversely, high-pass filters reduce impedance at the
target harmonic order to a somewhat lesser degree, but are more effective in lowering
impedance for any harmonic order greater than the target order.
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Fig. 1-24. High-Pass filter response compared with Single-Tuned filter response.
1.6.1. Single-Tuned Filter
Single-tuned filters attempt to reduce the harmonics primarily at a particular harmonic

order. First enter the harmonic order to tune to (HI_WAVE allows decimal values such as
3.4). Next, enter the filter’s ohms, henries, and micro-farads. If you don’t know these
values, click the Filter Design button to use the calculator:
Capacitor Size⎯Use this formula to determine the capacitor size:

U2
Xc =
Qc
where
Xc capacitance in ohms;
U voltage in kVll at the filter location;
Qc three phase reactive power of the capacitor in MVAR.
kV and MVAR are the units in the above equation because, during the calculation, the U
and Qc must be reduced to their basic units. MVAR and kV are the units that satisfy this
calculation requirement, as shown:
( U in volts)2
Xc =
Q c in VARs
( U in kV × 103 )2
=
( Q c in MVAR) × 106
( U in kV)2 × 106
=
( Q c in MVAR) × 106
( U in kV)2
=
( Q c in MVAR)
Q Factor⎯The Q factor, which is frequency dependent, adjusts the filter resistance to

compensate for the skin effect factor at higher frequencies. (You can usually obtain a Q
factor graph from the filter’s manufacturer.) The optimal quality factor Q is defined as 2:
(1 + cos φsn )
Q=
( 2δ sin φsn )
where
φsn equivalent impedance phase angle, as seen from the filter bus;
δ overall de-tuning factor in percent.

The value of Q is typically between 20 and 150. The δ is calculated as shown:
∆f ∆L
Ln + ∆C C n
δ= +
fn 2
where
2
see J. Arillaga, D.A.Bradley and P.S.Bodger, Power System Harmonics, New York: John
Wily & Sons, 1985, p. 301.
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fn resonant frequency in Hz;
∆f/fn system frequency tolerance in percent expressed as a decimal fraction;
∆L/Ln inductor temperature coefficient in percent expressed as a decimal fraction;
∆C/Cn capacitor temperature coefficient in percent expressed as a decimal fraction.
1.6.2. High-Pass Filter
High-pass filters attempt to reduce the harmonics across a broader spectrum. First enter
the harmonic order to tune to (HI_WAVE allows decimal values such as 3.4). Next, enter
the filter’s ohms, henries, and micro-farads. If you don’t know these values, click the
Filter Design button to use the calculator:
Capacitor Size⎯Use this formula to determine the capacitor size:
U2
Xc =
Qc
where

Xc capacitance in ohms;
Qc three phase capacitance capacity in MVAR;
U voltage in kVll at the filter location.
The R and L can be found using these equations:
1
fn =
2π × C × R
L
m= 2
R ×C
where
fn resonant frequency;
m optimal factor with a normal range of 1 to 3.
M Factor⎯ To calculate the M factor (which normally ranges between 0.05 and 2.0). use:
L
M=
R 2C
1.7. Technical Information

This section describes the methodology and definitions used by HI_WAVE.
1.7.1. Harmonic Definition

The IEEE Std 519-1981 defines a harmonic as “a sinusoidal component of a periodic wave
having a frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency.” This means
that harmonics frequencies are defined as some whole number multiplied by the
fundamental frequency. In the Western Hemisphere, the fundamental frequency is 60 Hz.
Harmonic orders would be whole numbers such as 2, 3, ... n multiplied by the fundamental
frequency, 60 Hz, resulting in values such as 120, 180 or n x 60 Hz. In many other parts
of the world, the fundamental frequency is 50 Hz.
Harmonic orders may not be fractional values such as 1/2, 1/3 or 1/5. These frequency
values are not in the same category as those evaluated by HI_WAVE.
Harmonic studies always assume a steady state solution; transient harmonics are not
evaluated. In the real world, however, transient conditions are common. Load changes in
the power system can cause transient harmonic phenomena. You should use judgment in
evaluating all analysis and should consider whether or not transients could impact the final
results.
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The concepts of symmetrical components should help to explain harmonic analysis.

Three-phase power system components such as transformer, feeders, transmission lines,
etc. can be described using Eq. 1-2:
LMU a
OP LMZ aa Z ab Z ac OP LMI a
OP
MMU b PP = MMZ ba Z bb Z bc PP MMI b PP
MNU c PQ MNZ ca Z cb Z cc PQ MNI c PQ
Eq. 1-2
where
U voltage vector;
I current vector;
Z impedance matrix.
Now in this representation, the off-diagonal terms (Zab, Zac, Zba, Zbc, Zca, Zcb)
represent the mutual coupling between the phases. Symmetrical components can be
thought of as a transformation which de-couples the mutual coupling among the three-
phases. When the power system is balanced, this transformation works very well. Using
the symmetrical component view of the balanced power system produces:
LMU OP 0 LMZ 0 OP LMI OP

0
MMU PP 1 = MM Z1 P MMI PP
1
NU Q 2 N Z PQ
2 NI Q
2
where
Z1, Z2, Z0 positive, negative and zero-sequence impedances.
The sequence impedances account for the mutual impedances in Eq. 1-2. Using the
symmetrical component methods, the phase voltage and current can be transferred into
symmetrical voltage and current components.
To convert symmetrical component voltages to phase voltages, use:
LM U OP LM1
a 1 1 OP LMU OP 0
MMU PP = MM1
b a 2
a P MU P 1
N U Q N1
c a a PQ MN U PQ
2
2
To convert symmetrical component currents to phase currents, use:
LMI OP LM1
a 1 1 OP LMI OP 0
MMI PP = MM1
b a 2
a P MI P 1
NI Q N1
c a a PQ MNI PQ
2
2
By substitution, Eq. 1-2 now becomes:

LMU OP LM1
0 1 1 OP −1
LM Z aa Z ab Z ac OP LM1 1 1 OP LMI OP
0
MM U PP = MM1
1 a 2
aP MMZ ba Z bb Z bc PP MM1 a 2
a P MI P1
NU Q N1
2 a a PQ
2
NZ ca Z cb Z cc Q N1 a a PQ MNI PQ
2
2
Eq. 1-3
which reduces to:
LMZ 0 OP LMI OP 0
=M Z1 PP MM I PP 1
MN Z Q NI Q
2 2
• Positive-sequence impedance network models the power flow of harmonic orders

1, 4, 7, 10, and so on.
• Negative-sequence impedance network models the power flow of harmonic
orders 2, 5, 8, 11, and so on.
• Zero-sequence impedance network models the power flow of harmonic orders 3,
6, 9, and so on.
To obtain harmonic disturbance data, HI_WAVE injects currents into the frequency
dependent network to solve for harmonic currents at each frequency (the impedance
network is different for each frequency). In fact, the current injection method used to
obtain the network solution is the same as the method used to solve an ordinary load flow.
In HI_WAVE’s case, though, the number of load flow calculations required depends on
the number of harmonic orders the source contains.
1.7.2. Fundamentals of Harmonic Domain Analysis and Wave

Forms
The analysis of harmonics in the power system relies heavily on the techniques of Fourier
Series methods. The Fourier Series is a method to model a periodic non-sinusoidal wave
form. In simple terms, this method relies on the concept that any periodic wave pattern
may be represented by a series of sinusoidal waves which, when added together, will have
the same shape as the original periodic wave shape. The individual sinusoidal terms of the
series are always some integer number of the fundamental frequency.
The periodic current and voltage signals can be presented as a periodic function:
bg b
f t = f t + kT g
where
t time variable;
f function;
k 0,1, 2, 3...;
T period of the function.
The Fourier Series of f t can be expressed as bg
04/23/2004
N
b g ∑ a cosbnω tg + b sinbnω tg
f t = n 1 n 1
n =1
Eq. 1-4
where
n harmonic order;
N maximum harmonic order.
and where the fundamental frequency is:

2π
ω1 =
T
an and bn are defined as shown:
an = z bg
2 T
T 0
b g
f t cos nω1t dt
bn = z bg
2 T
T 0
b g
f t sin nω1t dt
The values an and bn are constants used to scale each harmonic series element.
To better understand these equations, consider the wave form for a common six pulse
converter used in many solid state drive units. Fig. 1-25 (found by clicking the “Typical
Data” button in the HI_WAVE Library) illustrates the typical wave shape.
Fig. 1-25. Typical six-pulse converter as seen from the ac side.

Fig. 1-26. Sample frequency spectrum.
Fig. 1-26 graphically illustrates Eq. 1-4. This type of graph is known as a frequency
spectrum in which the voltage or current magnitude of the various harmonic orders is
illustrated by the vertical bars. The following paragraphs offer a more in-depth discussion
of wave forms which will aid in understanding some of the technical terminology
encountered in harmonic investigations.
In power systems some non-sinusoidal functions or wave forms have shapes in which the
first half of the period and the second half of the period share the same outline, except that
one is positive and the other negative.
ωt (degrees)
f(t)
f (t ) = − f (t + T 2 )
Fig. 1-27. Distorted wave form where the two halves of the cycle are identical but
have opposite signs.
In Fig. 1-27, the first and second halves of the wave form are shaped identically, but the
signs are different. This function can be represented as shown:
f ( t ) = −f ( t + T 2 )
It consists only of odd harmonics. For example:
n
f (t) = ∑ b sin(ω t + ϕ )
i =1
i i i
where
i 1, 3, 5, . . .n;
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ϕi harmonic angle.
ωt (degrees)
f(t)
-90 0 90 180 270

f(t) = f(-t)
Fig. 1-28. Distorted wave form that is symmetrical to the vertical axis.
In Fig. 1-28, the vertical axis can be selected so that the wave form is symmetrical to the
vertical axis:
f (t ) = f (−t )
It consists only of even symmetrical functions. For example:
n
f ( t ) = co + ∑ a cos ω t
i =1
i i
where
c0 dc magnitude;
i 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .n.
ωt (degrees)
f(t)
-180 -90 0 90 180

f(t) = -f(-t) t
Fig. 1-29. Distorted wave form that is symmetrical to the point of origin.

In Fig. 1-29, the wave form is symmetrical to the point of origin. It can be represented as
shown:
f ( t ) = −f ( − t )
It consists only of even symmetrical functions with odd harmonics. For example:
n
f (t) = ∑ a cos ω t
i =1
i i
where
i 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .2K+1.
n−1
K 0, 1, . . . 2
;
ωt
Y(ωt) 0 where Y(ωt) = sin(ωt)
-π 2 0 2 π
- π π
ωt
Y(ωt) 0 where Y(ωt) = sin(ωt) + 1 sin(3ωt)
3
-π 2 0 2 π
- π π
ωt
Y(ωt) 0 where Y(ωt) = sin(ωt) + 1
3
sin(3ωt)
1
+ 5 sin(5ωt)
-π 2 0 2 π
- π π
ωt where
Y(ωt) 0
Y(ωt) = sin(ωt) + 1 sin(3ωt)
3
+ 1 sin(5ωt) + 1 sin(7 ωt)

5 7
-π 2 0 2 π
- π π
Fig. 1-30. Wave forms which are symmetrical around the vertical axis.
Fig. 1-30 illustrates wave forms that are symmetrical around the vertical axis.
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ωt
Y(ωt) 0 where Y( ωt) = cos( ωt)
π 0 π π 3π
- 2 2
2
ωt 1
Y(ωt) 0 where Y(ωt) = cos(ωt) + 3 cos(3ωt)
π 0 π π 3π
- 2 2
2
ωt
Y(ωt) 0 where Y(ωt) = cos(ωt) + 1 cos(3ωt)
3
1
+ 5 cos(5ωt)
π 0 π π 3π
- 2 2
2
ωt
Y(ωt) 0 where
1
Y(ωt) = cos(ωt) + 3 cos(3ωt)
1
+ 5 cos(5ωt) + 1 cos(7 ωt)
π 0 π π 3π 7
- 2 2
2
Fig. 1-31. Wave forms which are symmetrical around the point of origin.
Fig. 1-31 illustrates wave forms that are symmetrical around the point of origin.
Analyzing power system harmonics includes specifying current and voltage sources by
using the frequency spectrum. Analyzing these sources’ effects produces wave forms
which are also analyzed and evaluated using the frequency spectrum. The Fourier Series
is an important tool in this analysis, but additional tools are required for complete analysis.
The full scope of details regarding Fourier Analysis is left to the many text books on the
subject.

1.8. Examples
In the following sections, a few simple projects demonstrate how HI_WAVE works.
1.8.1. Frequency Scan example
∆
Bus 1 13800 V / 600 V Bus 2
3000 kVA
%Z = 10
Zu X/R = 15 M 3000 MVA
Utility
1000 MVA, X/R = 30
(a). Typical power supply configuration.
Bus 1 Bus 2
Utility
M 3000 MVA
Capacitor
-j0.33 ohms
(b). Typical power supply configuration with

capacitive compensation.
Fig. 1-32. Typical power supply system.
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Bus 1 Z t1 Bus 2
Z u1 Z m1
(a) Aerial Mode
Bus 1 Z t0 Bus 2
Z u0 Z m0
(b) Ground Mode
Fig. 1-33. Equivalent circuits for the sample power supply system.
To better understand the purpose of the frequency scan, we will analyze the power system
in Fig. 1-32 (Fig. 1-33 shows the equivalent circuits and displays the separate modeling of
the aerial and ground modes). The Ground Mode plots orders that are multiples of 3 (3, 6,
9, etc.) while the Aerial Mode plots orders that are not multiples of 3 (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.).
curve 2
curve 1
Fig. 1-34. Frequency scan plots at Bus 2 of the sample power supply system.

Curve 1 in Fig. 1-34 illustrates a frequency scan of the system shown in Fig. 1-32 (a),
which plots the system equivalent bus impedance without a power factor capacitor; curve
2 illustrates the equivalent bus impedance after implementing the power factor capacitor
shown in Fig. 1-32 (b). The downward spikes in curve 1 show that the equivalent bus
impedance at the triplet harmonics is smaller than at the other harmonic orders because of
the Delta-Wye transformer connection. Whenever capacitors are added to a power system,
the potential for resonance can be anticipated.
The peak in curve 2 illustrates a resonant point at the fourth harmonic which was
introduced into the system by adding the capacitor. If this system contained a 5th order
harmonic source, then corrective actions might be required.
1.8.2. Transformer Phase Shift and Filters

This project has three parts. In the first part, we will show the harmonics for a system
without transformer phase shift. In the second part, we will show the harmonics for the
same system, except this time we will include the transformer phase shift. In the third
part, we will add filters to the system to show how the filters reduce the system’s
harmonics.
Case 1: Transformer with Capacitor, Modeled without Phase Shifting

UTIL Available 3P 30.0 MVA
Available SLG 10.0 MVA
B1 13800 V
Size 5000.0 kVA
Pri Delta
Sec Wye-Ground
TMAIN PriTap 0.00 %
SecTap 0.00 %
%Z 7.0
X/R 6.9282
B2 4160 V
400 kvar
CAP 4160 L-L Volts
Wye-Ground
Size 750.0 kVA Size 750.0 kVA

T1 T2
Pri Delta Pri Delta
Sec Wye-Ground Sec Delta
PriTap 0.00 % PriTap 0.00 %
SecTap 0.00 % SecTap 0.00 %
%Z 4.9999 %Z 4.9999
X/R 4.8989 X/R 4.8989
B3 480 V B4 480 V
RatedSize 500.00 kVA

M1 Load Factor 1.00 L1 RatedSize 500.00 kVA
X"d 0.1700 pu
Fig. 1-35. One-line diagram of the system used in Case 1 and Case 2.
The primary of the 5000 kVA transformer is connected to the utility. The secondary of the
transformer is connected to bus B2 which is, in turn, connected to the primaries of two 750
kVA transformers. These transformers are identical except for their connections: one of
them is ∆/Υ connected while the other is ∆/∆ connected. The secondaries of these
transformers are connected to 500 kVA loads, both of which have the SKM Six Pulse
harmonic source applied to them, as shown in Fig. 1-36.
04/23/2004
Fig. 1-36. The SKM Six Pulse harmonic source model is applied to the loads.
As shown in Fig. 1-37, we create a Case which includes buses B1 and B2 and transformers
TMAIN, T1, and T2, then run HI_WAVE for this first Case without modeling the
transformer phase shift.
Fig. 1-37. We run HI_WAVE for Case 1... without phase shift in the setup.
After running HI_WAVE for Case 1, we view the Scan Magnitude for bus B2 and find
that at the 7th harmonic order, there is a high resonance point. Based on this data, an
engineer would expect to find severe distortion in the system because the SKM Six Pulse
harmonic source model generates considerable 5th-, 7th-, and 11th-order harmonics. The
5th-order resonance magnitude is small in comparison with the predominant 7th.
Fig. 1-38. The Scan Magnitude at bus B2 shows a sizeable increase at the 7th
harmonic order.

≥ Bus: B2 (4160V) ≥
≥ 1 ≥ 4107.254≥ -2.30≥ ≥ ≥
≥ 5 ≥ 724.555≥ -103.78≥ 17.641≥> 3.000≥
≥ 7 ≥ 2308.751≥ 110.66≥ 56.212≥> 3.000≥
≥ 11 ≥ 124.284≥ 166.83≥ 3.026≥> 3.000≥
≥ 13 ≥ 40.556≥ -54.05≥ 0.987≥ 3.000≥
≥ 17 ≥ 22.794≥ -155.46≥ 0.555≥ 3.000≥
≥ 19 ≥ 11.125≥ -30.07≥ 0.271≥ 3.000≥
≥ Voltage: 4160.0 V_RMS: 4768.92 V_THD(%): 59.00 >≥
≥ IEEE-519 LIMIT (THD%): 5.0 ≥
≥ Device Name: TMAIN ≥
≥ From: B1 (13800V) ≥
≥ To: B2 (4160V) ≥
≥ Connected to a utility as a PCC. (Isc/Ilf = 0.000) ≥
≥ 1 ≥ 37.047≥ 13.65≥ ≥ ≥
≥ 5 ≥ 30.927≥ -12.76≥ 83.479≥> 4.000≥
≥ 7 ≥ 70.395≥ -158.61≥ 190.016≥> 4.000≥
≥ 11 ≥ 2.412≥ -102.70≥ 6.510≥> 2.000≥
≥ 13 ≥ 0.666≥ 36.35≥ 1.797≥ 2.000≥
≥ 17 ≥ 0.286≥ -65.15≥ 0.773≥ 1.500≥
≥ 19 ≥ 0.125≥ 60.20≥ 0.337≥ 1.500≥
≥ Voltage: 13800.0 I_RMS: 0.76 I_THD(%): 207.66>≥
≥ I_K: 36.88 IEEE-519 LIMIT (THD%): 5.0 ≥
The Report confirms the Scan Magnitude’s results: the voltage distortion at bus B2
violates IEEE Std. 519 limits at the 5th, 7th, and 11th harmonic orders. Similarly, the
current distortion in transformer TMAIN violates the IEEE Std. 519 limits at the 5th, 7th,
and 11th harmonic orders.
We can also see bad distortion at bus B1, as shown in Fig. 1-39.
04/23/2004
Fig. 1-39. The Distortion Waveform at bus B1.
Fig. 1-40. The Distortion Waveform and Distortion Spectrum at transformer TMAIN.
As Fig. 1-40 indicates, and the report verifies,
ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
T O T A L C U R R E N T D I S T O R T I O N ≥
ÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ—ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕµ
≥ Load Name ≥ Voltage ≥ Voltage ≥ I_RMS(A) ≥ IT ≥ K ≥ I_THD(%) ≥ IEEE-519 ≥
≥ ≥ (From) ≥ (To) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥
ƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ≈ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ¥
≥TMAIN ≥ 13800≥ 4160≥ 85.39≥ 46684.58≥ 36.88≥ 207.66>≥ 5.0≥
there is heavy current distortion in transformer TMAIN. The tremendous magnitude of

current distortion is attributable to two factors: the large resonant point at the 7th harmonic
order (indicated in both the Distortion Waveform and Distortion Spectrum in Fig. 1-40),
and the total harmonic current flowing from the SKM Six Pulse harmonic sources through
the capacitor and into the secondary of the transformer.
The severity of this distortion can be explained by the current distortion in transformers T1
and T2, as shown in Fig. 1-41.

Fig. 1-41. The Distortion Waveform at transformers T1 and T2.
Fig. 1-41 indicates not only that the current waveforms in transformers T1 and T2 are
identical in magnitude, but that they overlap at every point. The current distortion from
both branches, therefore, is summed together as it reaches bus B2, creating the tremendous
amount of distortion seen in Fig. 1-40.
In the real world, of course, transformer connections shift waveforms relative to one
another, substantially mitigating the effects of distortion. In the next Case, we will use the
same system but include transformer phase shifting to show the effect of phase shifting on
the distortion.
Case 2: Transformer with Capacitor, Modeled with Phase Shifting

In this Case, we will use the same system shown in Fig. 1-35, except this time we will take
into account the transformer phase shift.
To create the new Case, highlight the existing Case— —and click
the Edit>Copy command. Next, highlight the Study folder— —and click the
Edit>Paste command. The Case will appear below the existing Case. Rename the Case
to “Case 2--with phase shift.”
To run HI_WAVE for this Case, highlight the Case and click the Run button. Be sure to
highlight Case 2, not Case 1. Also, turn on the phase shift option, as shown in Fig. 1-42.
(Notice that Case 2 doesn't have data yet, so its components don't have green squares next
to them).
04/23/2004
Fig. 1-42. We run HI_WAVE for Case 2... with phase shift in the setup.
After we have run the Study we can view the results. The Frequency Scan (that is, the
Scan Magnitude and Scan Angle) results are identical to those in Case 1, because the
transformer phase shift doesn't affect system impedance. However, the transformer phase
shift does affect the magnitude of the harmonic current and voltage.
≥ From: B1 (13800V) ≥
≥ To: B2 (4160V) ≥
≥ 1 ≥ 37.047≥ 13.65≥ ≥ ≥
≥ 5 ≥ 0.001≥ 77.25≥ 0.003≥ 4.000≥
≥ 7 ≥ 0.003≥ 111.38≥ 0.007≥ 4.000≥
≥ 11 ≥ 2.412≥ -102.70≥ 6.510≥> 2.000≥
≥ 13 ≥ 0.666≥ 36.35≥ 1.797≥ 2.000≥
≥ 17 ≥ 0.000≥ 24.87≥ 0.000≥ 1.500≥
≥ 19 ≥ 0.000≥ -29.83≥ 0.000≥ 1.500≥
≥ Voltage: 13800.0 I_RMS: 0.33 I_THD(%): 6.75 >≥
≥ I_K: 1.56 IEEE-519 LIMIT (THD%): 5.0 ≥
In contrast to the Report from Case 1 (shown on page 1-68), this report shows that there
is just one violation of current distortion in transformer TMAIN at the 11th harmonic
order. In Fig. 1-43, we can see the difference in voltage distortion waveforms for bus B1
from both Case 1 and Case 2.

Fig. 1-43. Comparing the waveforms for bus B1 from Cases 1 and 2.
As Fig. 1-43 indicates, simply modeling the effects of the transformer phase shift has
reduced the total voltage distortion from about 56% to about 3%, well below the IEEE Std.
519 limit for total voltage distortion. Also in Fig. 1-43 note that the voltage spectrum at
the 5th and 7th orders we see from Case 1 (the lighter bars) have been completely
eliminated in Case 2 due to the transformer phase shift, hence we don't see any lighter bars
at these levels.
Similarly, in Fig. 1-44, when we compare the waveforms for transformer TMAIN from
Case 1 and Case 2, we find that the current distortion is also substantially reduced.
Fig. 1-44. Comparing the waveforms for transformer TMAIN from Cases 1 and 2.
These remarkable results can be explained by looking at the current distortion coming
from the SKM Six Pulse harmonic sources through transformers, as shown in Fig. 1-45.
04/23/2004
Fig. 1-45. The Distortion Waveforms for transformers T1 and T2.
Fig. 1-45 illustrates the principle reason for the dramatic difference between Cases 1 and
2. The distortion waveforms in Case 2, instead of being perfectly superimposed as they
were in Fig. 1-41, are shifted relative to each other as a function of the frequency.
Therefore, rather than being added together at bus B2, they actually cancel each other out
at particular frequencies. In this case, the waveforms combine to form an almost perfect
since wave, which is best illustrated by the smooth current waveform in transformer
TMAIN shown in Fig. 1-44.
It is therefore very important to factor in transformer phase shift. Based on Case 1, the
engineer might have applied a large 5th- or 7th-order filter, which—as Case 2 has
shown—would have proven useless in a real world system. The only distortion that
actually remains is at the 11th harmonic order, and some minor system manipulation is
required to correct it. Case 3 illustrates the results of tuning the capacitor bank at bus B2
into a fairly small single-tuned 11th-order filter.
Case 3: Transformers with Filter

To eliminate the 11th harmonic order distortion found in Case 2, we will turn the capacitor
at bus B2 into a single-tuned filter.

UTIL Available 3P 30.0 MVA

Available SLG 10.0 MVA
B1 13800 V
Size 5000.0 kVA
Pri Delta
Sec Wye-Ground
TMAIN PriTap 0.00 %
SecTap 0.00 %
%Z 7.0
X/R 6.9282
B2 4160 V
400 kvar
4160 L-L Volts
FILTER Wye-Ground
50 Q-Factor
10.4 H.O. tuned to
Size 750.0 kVA Size 750.0 kVA

T1 T2
Pri Delta Pri Delta
Sec Wye-Ground Sec Delta
PriTap 0.00 % PriTap 0.00 %
SecTap 0.00 % SecTap 0.00 %
%Z 4.9999 %Z 4.9999
X/R 4.8989 X/R 4.8989
B3 480 V B4 480 V
RatedSize 500.00 kVA

M1 Load Factor 1.00 L1 RatedSize 500.00 kVA
X"d 0.1700 pu
Fig. 1-46. One-line diagram of the system used in Case 3 (the Capacitor Bank has
been turned into a Single-Tuned Filter).
To turn a capacitor into a filter, go to the Component Editor and change the type from
Capacitor Bank to Single-Tuned Filter as shown in Fig. 1-47:
Fig. 1-47. Turn the Capacitor Bank into a Single-Tuned Filter.
Notice in Fig. 1-48 that we didn't tune the filter precisely to the 11th harmonic order, but
rather to the 10.4th order; tuning filters slightly "ahead" of the peak impedance in this
manner reduces impedance over the entire resonance peak.
04/23/2004
Fig. 1-48. Data entry for the Single-Tuned Filter (we renamed it to Filter).
Now switch back to HI_WAVE. To create the new Case, highlight the existing Case—
—and click the Edit>Copy command. Next, highlight the Study
folder— —and click the Edit>Paste command. The Case will appear below the
existing Case. Rename the Case to “Case 3--filters added.”
To run HI_WAVE for this Case, highlight the Case as shown in Fig. 1-49 and click the
Run button. Be sure to highlight Case 3. Notice that Case 2 doesn't have data yet, so its
components don't have green squares next to them.
Fig. 1-49. We run HI_WAVE for Case 3.
After we have run the Study we can view the results. The scan results at bus B2 illustrate
that by changing the capacitor to be a single-tuned filter, all of the resonance at the 11th
order has been eliminated, and no new impedance peaks have been generated. The large
peak at the 5th order is of no concern due to the effects of the phase shifting, as discussed
in Case 2.

≥ Bus: B1 (13800V) ≥
≥ 1 ≥ 13684.995≥ -1.63≥ ≥ ≥
≥ 5 ≥ 0.000≥ 0.00≥ 0.000≥ 3.000≥
≥ 7 ≥ 0.000≥ 0.00≥ 0.000≥ 3.000≥
≥ 11 ≥ 18.720≥ -23.02≥ 0.137≥ 3.000≥
≥ 13 ≥ 31.169≥ 123.68≥ 0.228≥ 3.000≥
≥ 17 ≥ 0.000≥ 0.00≥ 0.000≥ 3.000≥
≥ 19 ≥ 0.000≥ 0.00≥ 0.000≥ 3.000≥
≥ Voltage: 13800.0 V_RMS: 13685.04 V_THD(%): 0.27 ≥
≥ IEEE-519 LIMIT (THD%): 5.0 ≥
≥ From: B1 (13800V) ≥
≥ To: B2 (4160V) ≥
≥ 1 ≥ 37.041≥ 13.40≥ ≥ ≥
≥ 5 ≥ 0.002≥ 75.42≥ 0.004≥ 4.000≥
≥ 7 ≥ 0.000≥ -54.58≥ 0.001≥ 4.000≥
≥ 11 ≥ 0.155≥ 67.33≥ 0.419≥ 2.000≥
≥ 13 ≥ 0.219≥ -146.03≥ 0.590≥ 2.000≥
≥ 17 ≥ 0.000≥ -156.09≥ 0.000≥ 1.500≥
≥ 19 ≥ 0.000≥ 149.43≥ 0.000≥ 1.500≥
≥ Voltage: 13800.0 I_RMS: 0.33 I_THD(%): 0.72 ≥
≥ I_K: 1.01 IEEE-519 LIMIT (THD%): 5.0 ≥
The distortion report indicates that the harmonic current at the 11th order, which violates
the IEEE Std. 519 in Case 2, has been reduced below the 2% IEEE limit.
04/23/2004
Fig. 1-50. Comparing the waveforms for buses B1 and B2.
The voltage waveforms shown in Fig. 1-50 clearly show that distortion has been reduced
nearly to zero with the application of the filter, both at the utility and at the main bus in the
system.
Fig. 1-51. Comparing current distortion waveforms in transformer TMAIN from Case
2 and Case 3.
When we compare in Fig. 1-51 the total current distortion for transformer TMAIN
between Case 2 and Case 3, we see that the filter reduced the distortion.

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04/23/2004
2 Using HI_WAVE’s
Library
PTW allows you to edit existing component models in, and add new component models
to, the HI_WAVE Library.
IN THIS CHAPTER
2.1. General Library Usage...................................................................................... 2-2

2.2. Harmonic Source Models ................................................................................. 2-4
2.1. General Library Usage

To make changes to a model category, you need to open that category. The Select a
Device dialog box provides a way to peer into the Library to select model characteristics.
However, it does not constitute an open Library.
To open a HI_WAVE Library

1. Either click the Library toolbar button or click the Library>Document
command.
2. In the Select Document Type dialog box, select PTW Library and choose the OK
button.
3. Select ptw.lib and click the Open button.
This opens the HI_WAVE Library. While it looks and functions like the Select a Model
dialog box, it is actually the open version of the Library. You can tell the difference by
looking at the title bar. The open Library displays the Library’s path:
The uneditable Select Model dialog box. The open and editable HI_WAVE Library.
Once the Library is open, you may open the category type which you want to modify.
2.1.1. Editing an Existing Model

When you see the list of models, you may select a model for editing.
To edit an existing model

1. Do one of the following:
• Select the model by clicking on it, then click the Device>Edit command.
• Double-click on the model name.
Once you have selected a model for editing, a tab page containing the model’s data will
appear. All Library models use the same spreadsheet format, as shown in this sample:
04/23/2004
Typical Library model
Note: When entering fractions, if you want to enter a fraction with a leading integer
(for example, 1 1/3) you can enter it directly. However, if there is no leading integer
(for example, 2/3), be sure to precede the fraction by a zero and a space (as in 0 2/3).
2.1.2. Adding a New Model

You may also add a new model to the category.
To add a new model

1. Choose New from the Device menu. A new model with a generic name appears at the
bottom of the model list.
Follow the directions listed in Section 2.1.1, “Editing an Existing Model.”
2.1.3. Copying an Existing Model

You may also copy an existing model and then rename it or edit it.
To copy an existing model

1. Select an existing model’s name (do not double-click on it, or the model’s data tab
pages will open).
2. Click the Device>Copy menu.
3. Click the Device>Paste command. The copied model will appear at the bottom of the
model list.
Follow the directions listed in Section 2.1.1, “Editing an Existing Model.”
Tip: If you want to copy a model from one HI_WAVE Library to another, you may do
so using the Copy and Paste commands. Just copy the model from the source
Library, switch to the destination Library, then paste it. (Be sure both Libraries
are open.)

2.1.4. Metric Units

HI_WAVE supports Metric units for modeling of motor input data. To use Metric units,
merely change the Project Options to Metric.
To switch the Project options to Metric

1. Click the Project>Options command.
2. Choose the Application subview.
3. Set the Engineering Standard to IEC and the Length/Distance Units to Metric.
2.2. Harmonic Source Models

Harmonic sources in the power system are very difficult to model because of the changing
level of harmonics they contribute. In many cases, the magnitude and phase angle of the
harmonic varies with the load being served. Actual measurements of a variable speed
drive (a six pulse converter), with a theoretical value of 0.20 for the 5th harmonic ranged
from 0.29 to 0.39 in real time measurement. Although IEEE recommended limits are
often used to specify equipment, you should recognize that the actual load performance of
the equipment may vary over a wide range; actual values to be used for analysis, therefore,
are left to your discretion. Whenever possible, actual device data provided by the
equipment manufacturer should be used, as they provide more accurate results.
Harmonic sources in modern power systems are traced directly to various types of
electronic switching systems. These include switching power supplies, variable speed
motor control systems, uninterruptible power supplies, and many other types of equipment
which attempt to control voltage and current by rapid switching of the power system.
2.2.1. Creating Custom Harmonic Sources

You may create your own harmonic source models in the Library. Enter all data in per unit
values. If you only have data in absolute terms, you must convert them to per unit by
dividing them by the harmonic source’s base kVA rating.
Wave Form Representation. Select either Sine or Cosine. This choice refers to a
multiplication factor used by manufacturers to model harmonic source data. The data that
you enter to model a source will typically have been measured directly from the source
using a harmonic meter (analyzer). These meters use FFT models to convert the harmonic
waveform into magnitude and phase angle quantities; the FFT models are based on either
the sine or the cosine of the waveform, depending on the meter manufacturer. Most
manufacturers use sine data, but others—Dranetz for example—use cosine data. The
selection in HI_WAVE’s choice field must correspond to the FFT method that was used to
generate the measured data.
Choosing the right Wave Form Representation is crucial for accurate modeling of the
harmonic source because HI_WAVE converts all sources into sine data for internal
calculations. A cosine source, therefore, specified as a sine source will not be converted,
and conversely a sine source specified as a cosine source will be converted. In both cases
the source will be modeled incorrectly. Depending on the magnitude of harmonics
generated by the source, the difference between the options can be significant.
To illustrate this point, refer to Fig. 2-1, in which the familiar IEEE six pulse has been
modeled using both of these options.
04/23/2004
(a) (b)
Fig. 2-1. IEEE Six Pulse modeled in HI_WAVE using sine and cosine data.
Fig. 2-1(a) models the IEEE Six Pulse selecting the Sine Wave option, generating the
familiar stair-step waveform of a typical converter. Fig. 2-1(b) models the same source
selecting the Cosine Wave option, producing a completely different (and unrecognizable)
waveform. Because of the Cosine Wave selection, HI_WAVE converted the source data
into sine form before display, when in fact the data were already in sine form. The
difference between the cosine and sine options will not always be this great—dependent
primarily upon the source magnitude—but this example graphically illustrates how
important this selection can be. If there is any doubt about a particular source, you should
model the source selecting both options as shown in this example, and compare the output
to published manufacturer’s data.
Power Factor. Enter the power factor for the harmonic source.
Spreadsheet. For each harmonic order, enter a magnitude and an angle. If you don't
know the phase angle, enter zero, although you will achieve more accurate results if you
enter it (some types of monitoring equipment furnish this information).
2.2.2. Build-In Typical Data Models

The Harmonic Source Library provides these typical harmonic spectrums for commonly
used generic sources:
• 6-Pulse Static Converter—Includes significant 5th, 7th and 11th harmonics. It

can be used to simulate medium to large sized switching power supplies,
uninterruptible power supplies, and variable frequency speed drives.
• 12-Pulse Static Converter—Includes significant 11th and 13th order harmonics
(on the order of 15%-20% of the fundamental). It can be used to simulate large
sized uninterruptible power supplies and variable frequency speed drives.
• Converter-Fed DC Drive (6-pulse)—Includes significant 5th, 7th and 11th
harmonics, and can be used to simulate medium sized converters used for dc
drive control.
• Inverter-Fed ac Drive—Includes significant 5th, 7th and 11th harmonics.
• Transformer Overexcited—Includes significant 3rd and 5th harmonics, and can
be connected to the source location to simulate the harmonics introduced by the
non-linearity associated with the transformer magnetizing current.

• Arc Furnace—Includes harmonics over the first 10 harmonic orders and can
simulates harmonics introduced by non-linear arc voltage/current characteristics
and arc ignition delays.
2.2.3. Six Pulse Converter
Va V1 V V id
2 3
ia
Vb
Vd
ib
Vc
ic
V V V
4 5 6
Fig. 2-2. Three phase six pulse converter.
Fig. 2-2 illustrates a typical circuit for a variable dc power supply. This six pulse
converter converts a three-phase ac power source into a direct current source.
This type of circuit can be used in uninterruptible power supply systems to float a power
supply onto a battery system. Using suitable controls, the dc voltage can be controlled by
controlling the thyristor firing angle which creates a direct current source. The circuit
rapidly interrupts and distorts the incoming ac sine wave, introducing harmonics into the
system. Six pulse converters are a major source of 5th, 7th and 11th order harmonics to
the power system.
Harmonic Order 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
6 pulse .175 .11 .045 .029 .015 .01 .009 .008
12 pulse .026 .016 .045 .029 .002 .001 .009 .008
18 pulse .026 .016 .007 .004 .015 .01 .001 .001
24 pulse .026 .016 .007 .004 .002 .001 .009 .008
Table 2-1. Harmonic Contributions for Typical Converters. 1
The values in Table 2-1 are taken from the IEEE Std 519, and the table represents an
alternative method of displaying these data. These frequency spectrum methods do not
show the phase angle of each harmonic. These angles are not always the same.
HI_WAVE permits the user to model any harmonic frequency spectrum expressed in per
unit magnitude, and at any phase angle expressed in degrees. The values in Table 2-1 can
vary dramatically among manufacturers and also as a function of several loading
parameters such as the power factor, the thyristor firing angle, the commutative reactance,
and the overlapping angle. The relationship between all of these loading parameters can
be expressed by:
1
IEEE Std 519-1981, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic
Control in Electric Power Systems.
04/23/2004
kVA × cos ϕ = 14 Vd 0 I s 2 [cos 2α − cos(α + µ )]
Vd 0 = 165
. Em
3Em
Is2 =
2 Xc
where
Vd0 ideal no-load direct voltage;
Is2 equivalent dc current;
Em magnitude of the voltage source;
Xc commutative reactance;
Cos ϕ power factor of the motor load;
kVA kVA rating of the motor load;
α firing angle;
µ overlapping angle.
If these parameters are known the user can enter them into HI_WAVE to generate a
project-specific harmonic source spectrum. Otherwise, the user can select a standard IEEE
model from the Harmonic Source Library.
If the user defines a project-specific six pulse converter for the power system, HI_WAVE
offers four different modeling methods to choose from, one of which must be specified in
the static converter window. These four modeling methods are all based on the firing
angle, the commutation angle and the various system-related parameters defined above,
and each has its own advantages and disadvantages:
1. Classical Method: The classical method is the most commonly used method.
The advantage of the classical method is that it can model the commutation
reactance and the phase angle of each harmonic spectrum, but its drawback is
that it cannot accurately model the ripples of the waveform.
The harmonic spectrum is calculated based on Eq. 0-1:
Eq. 0-1
Ih a 2 + b2 − 2ab cos( 2α + µ )
=
I1 h cos α − cos(α + µ )
where
a sin c h
( h −1) µ
2
h −1

b sin c h
( h +1) µ
2
h +1
2. Dobinson Method: The Dobinson method introduces the ripple ratio which
allows ripples in the direct current to be modeled. This makes the Dobinson
method particularly accurate when modeling 5th and 7th harmonics. The
Dobinson method, however, does not model the commutation period or the
phase spectrum. The ripple ratio is defined as:
∆i
r=
Id
where
∆i alternating ripple of the direct current;
Id mean direct current.
The magnitude spectrum is defined as:
Ih
= +
LM
1 6.46r 713
−
. r k
−1 for h = 6k − 1
OPb g
I1 h h −1 N h Q
and:
Ih
= +
LM
1 6.46r 713
−
. r k
−1 for h = 6k + 1
OPb g
I1 h h +1 N h Q
where
Ih harmonic magnitude spectrum;
I1 fundamental current;
h harmonic order;
k constant ranging from 1 to 5 (for practical purposes).
3. Graham-Schonholzer (G-S) Method2: The G-S method models the direct

current ripple and the commutation current, and is more effective at higher
harmonic orders. The spectrum is defined as:
2
A. David Graham and Emil T. Schonholzer, "Line Harmonics of Converters with DC-
Motor Loads" IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 1A-19, no. 1, pp. 84-93,
January/February 1983.
04/23/2004
I h 2 2 sin
=
LM b g sinc h + r G cosb g OP
hπ
3
hµ
2 c h
hπ
6
π MN 1 − sinc + h PQ µ
2
h µ π
Ic 2 3 2
where
Gh
R|sin bh + 1gc − h sin bh − 1gc − h 2 sin hc

π µ π µ π
− µ
h sinc π
+ µ
h U|V
=S
6 2 6 2 6 2 3 2
Gh + −
|T h + 1 h + 1 h |W
rc ∆i
Ic
Ic
R| 2 sinc − h − b − µg sinc
π µ π π
+ µ
h U|V
Id − ∆i S| b g 1 − sinc + h
6 2 3 3 2
|W
T π π µ
3 3 2
4. The Rice FFT Method: This method samples the direct current waveform
according to the commutation and firing angles, which produces an accurate
description of the entire curve in time domain. This method can be used to
produce the magnitude and phase angle spectrum. The more sample points
used, the more accurate the modeling of small commutation angles and dc
ripples. Fig. 2-3 illustrates sample waveform segments.

SHADED
BOX = ∆ Er
dc Voltage
E r0
Er Ed
Ed
∆ω t
ωt
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
∆ Er
Id i (ω t) Half Cycle ac Current
mH
Id
Ir
I r0
Ic
Ic
∆ωt
ωt
ω t* 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Segment width* 30 µ 60 µ µ 60 µ µ 30 µ
Segment number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
* Shown in degrees, 120

radians in calculations
Fig. 2-3. Illustration of calculation method to setup current waveform for FFT
3
analysis.
As Fig. 2-3 shows, the waveform of a converter can be considered symmetrical to the
origin. Therefore, only half of the cycle needs to be sampled. The FFT method divides
the waveform into seven segments: segments 1 and 7 are the non-conducting segments in
which the dc current is zero (0); segments 2, 4 and 6 are the commutation segments;
segments 3 and 5 are the ripple segments. Each segment is sampled individually as
shown:
In Segment 2:
b g LM cos α − cosbα + ωt g O
N cos α − cosbα + µ g PQ
i ωt = Ic
Segment 3 can be further divided into two parts. The first part is the commutation current
Ic, and the second part is the ripple current Ir. The entire segment, therefore, is defined as:
3
David E. Rice, "A Detailed Analysis of Six-Pulse Converter Harmonic Currents" in Conf.
Rec. 1992 IEEE 39th Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, pp. 153-163.
Refer to this article for an in depth discussion of the Rice-FFT method.
04/23/2004
b g
i ωt = Ic + Ir
The ripple current is defined as:
I r = Ir 0 +
z
∆ Er
mH
where
∆ Erz
mH
FG ∆ωt IJ FG e
H 2πf K H
r ( ωt ) + er (ωt − ∆t )
2
IJ FG 1000IJ
K H mH K
er(ωt) 2 ELL sin b π
3 + α + ωt − E dg
Ed average dc voltage.
The commutation current can then be found from the average dc current Id and the
average ripple current Ir:
I c = Id - I r
In Segment 4 the dc ripple voltage (er) changes, and the segment can be calculated using:
b g
er ωt =
2 ELL sin b π
3 g
+ α + ωt + sin α + ωt b g −E d
2
In Segment 5, the dc ripple is defined as:
b
er (ωt ) = 2 ELL sin α + ωt − Ed g
In Segment 6, the current is calculated as:
b g LMN
i ωt = Ic 1 −
b
1 − cos ωt − 23π
1 − cos µ
g OP
Q
Having constructed the current waveform in time domain, the FFT can be used to obtain
the harmonic spectrum in frequency domain.
For a further discussion of static converter harmonic spectra, refer to E. W. Kimbark’s

Direct Current Transmission.4
4
Kimbark, E.W., Direct Current Transmission, New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1971. pp.
485-493. Refer also to Chapter 8, "Harmonics and Filters."

2.2.4. Twelve Pulse Converter
Fig. 2-4. Twelve pulse converter.
Various schemes have been devised to reduce the 5th and 7th order harmonics produced
by six pulse converters and improve the quality of output. Fig. 2-4 illustrates a typical
twelve pulse system which combines two six pulse systems producing a better quality dc
and theoretically canceling the 5th and 7th order harmonic contribution to the ac system.
In real practice, however, 5th and 7th order harmonics are still likely to exist, only in
smaller magnitudes.
When applying twelve pulse static converters to a bus in the power system, the user may
choose one of four modeling methods: classical, Dobinson, Graham-Schonholzer and
Rice-FFT. HI_WAVE calculates twelve pulse converters by treating them as two six
pulse converters linked together and phase shifting the harmonic current spectra by a
phase of:
Harmonic Order × 30° + 30° for the negative sequence spectrum.
Harmonic Order × 30° - 30° for the positive sequence spectrum.
Twelve pulse converters can also be constructed using two identical six pulse converters
on a single bus; one converter must be linked to a ∆/Υ transformer, and the other to a ∆/∆
transformer.
04/23/2004
Index
HI WAVE
HI_WAVE Report, 1-28

B
I
Branch Voltage Drop, 1-27
Bus Voltage Drop, 1-27 Impedance Data
cable, 1-9
pi equivalent, 1-9
C transmission line, 1-7
Cable Impedance Data, 1-9 two-winding transformer, 1-10
Case, 1-17 utility, 1-6
adding components to, 1-20 Including Triplet Harmonics Path, 1-24
copying to a different Folder, 1-18 Input Report, 1-28
deleting, 1-19 Introduction, 1-2
removing components from, 1-21
renaming, 1-19 L
LF Setup Options, 1-26
D Library
Distortion Setup, 1-25 adding models to, 2-3
Dynamic Simulation, 1-21 copying and pasting models, 2-3
editing models in, 2-2
opening for editing, 2-2
E Load Acceleration Factor, 1-27
Examples, 1-64 Load Flow Report, 1-28
Load Specification, 1-24, 1-26
F
M
Filters, 1-52
Flowchart, 1-3 Max Harmonic Order, 1-24
Fourier Series, 1-58 Metric units, 2-4
Fourier Transformation, 1-43 Model Transformer Tap and Phase Shift, 1-24
Frequency Scan Setup, 1-25
Fundamental Frequency, 1-23 O
Fundamental Solution, 1-25
Out of Service component, 1-21
G
P
Generation Acceleration Factor, 1-27
Go to Component Editor, 1-44 Pi Equivalent Impedance Data, 1-9
Go to Component Editor with Harmonic Sources, 1-44 Plot
Go to One-Line Diagram, 1-45 annotations, 1-45
colors, sizes, and fonts, 1-48
creating new, 1-41
H deleting, 1-41
Harmonic Source Library Models, 1-4 exporting, 1-47
Harmonic Source Models, 2-4 opening, 1-41
Harmonics printing, 1-51
definition, 1-56 renaming, 1-41

HI_WAVE ii Reference Manual
zooming, 1-45 deleting, 1-19

Plotting Waveforms, 1-37 renaming, 1-19
Preparing data before opening, 1-4 Study Manager, 1-16
R T
Report Technical Information, 1-56
HI_WAVE Report, 1-28 Transformer Phase Shift, 1-11
Input Report, 1-28 Transmission Line Impedance Data, 1-7
Load Flow Report, 1-28 Twelve Pulse Converter, 2-12
Report Option, 1-25 Two-Winding Transformer Impedance Data, 1-10
Report, opening, 1-27
U
S
Utility Impedance Data, 1-6
Setup Options, 1-23
Six Pulse Converter, 2-6
skin effect, 1-54
W
Solution Criteria, 1-27 Waveforms, plotting, 1-37
Study, 1-17
creating a new, 1-19
4/23/2004

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Power*Tools

HI_WAVE Reference Manual

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

©2000 SKM Systems Analysis, Inc. All rights reserved.

Microsoft is a registered trademark and Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

1 HI_WAVE STUDY 1-1

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

1.5.1. Distortion waveform for buses ...................................................................... 1-42

2 USING HI_WAVE’S LIBRARY 2-1

1.1. Introduction....................................................................................................... 1-2

Flowchart of the steps in a HI_WAVE Study

Enter static system data (cables, transformers, loads, motors, and

Run Harmonic Simulation to Produce Data

Run the Simulation to generate harmonic waveforms for the

Plot Harmonic Waveforms

View harmonic waveforms for components.

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1.2. Prepare Static System Data

• Assign a harmonic source model to at least one induction motor, synchronous

1.2.1. Choose Harmonic Source Library Models

To open the Select a Device dialog box

Note: A single Library harmonic source model may be applied to as many

How HI_WAVE Calculates Load Impedance Data

n is a non-triplet order—1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.

R is resistance, which never changes.

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1.2.2. Enter Utility Impedance Data

Utilities have their zero-sequence impedance data calculated by

Select the User-Defined option

Fig. 1-2. The Harmonic Impedance subview for Utilities.

1.2.3. Enter Transmission Line Impedance Data

1. By entering positive- and zero-sequence resistance and reactance values;

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n is a non-triplet order 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.

HI_WAVE calculates the zero-sequence impedance data by

n is a triplet order 3, 6, 9, etc.

HI_WAVE calculates the shunt admittance for transmission lines by

G+jB ( order n ) = G + jB/n

1.2.4. Enter Pi Equivalent Impedance Data

1.2.5. Enter Cable Impedance Data

Cables have their zero-sequence impedance data calculated by

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1.2.6. Enter Two-Winding Transformer Impedance Data

Two-winding transformers have their zero-sequence impedance data calculated by

How Delta Connections Trap 3rd-Order Harmonics

Two-Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuits

Fig. 1-5. Equivalent circuit modeling for transformer connections.

How Transformer Phase Shift Reduces Certain Harmonic Orders

HI_WAVE calculates the two-winding transformer phase shift by

(for positive-sequence) Phase Shift = Phase Shift × (order-1)

(for negative-sequence) Phase Shift = Phase Shift × (order+1)

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

φ p = order × φ basic − φ basic

φbasic 30° for a ∆/Υ or Υ/∆ connected transformer.

The negative modal phase shift can be described as:

φ n = order × φ basic + φ basic

1000 kVAR 1000 kVAR

Fig. 1-6. Sample system to illustrate phase shifting.

5 × 30° + 30° = 180°

I5 Utility = I5∆ / Υ + I5Υ / Υ = 0

I5 Utility = I5∆ / Υ + I5Υ / Υ = 2 × I5∆ / Υ

a. Harmonic current spectrum. b. Harmonic current waveform.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows