Reference ISIM PDF

Power*Tools
for Windows
™
I*SIM Reference Manual

Electrical Engineering Analysis Software
for Windows
Copyright © 1998, SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
SKM Power*Tools for Windows

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Contents
1 I*SIM STUDY 1-1
1.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................1-2
1.2. Prepare Static System Data..................................................................................1-4
1.3. Open the I*SIM Study Manager..........................................................................1-4
1.4. Create Dynamic Simulation Events.....................................................................1-6
1.4.1. Cases and Studies .............................................................................................1-7
1.4.2. Choose Components.........................................................................................1-9
1.5. Assign Models and Events to Components .......................................................1-11
1.5.1. About System Damping .................................................................................1-14
1.5.2. Source Models and Events .............................................................................1-15
Source Models......................................................................................................1-16
Source Events.......................................................................................................1-16
1.5.3. Motors ............................................................................................................1-17
Motor Models.......................................................................................................1-18
Synchronous Motor Events ..................................................................................1-18
Induction Motor Events........................................................................................1-18
1.5.4. Buses ..............................................................................................................1-19
Bus Models...........................................................................................................1-19
Bus Events............................................................................................................1-19
1.5.5. Branches .........................................................................................................1-20
Branch Events ......................................................................................................1-21
1.5.6. Relays .............................................................................................................1-21
Relay Models........................................................................................................1-22
Relay Events.........................................................................................................1-22
1.5.7. Choose Channels ............................................................................................1-24
Source Plot Channels ...........................................................................................1-24
Motor Plot Channels.............................................................................................1-25
Bus Plot Channels ................................................................................................1-25
Branch Plot Channels ...........................................................................................1-25
1.6. Run Dynamic Simulation to Produce Data.......................................................1-26
1.6.1. Points to consider when running the Simulation............................................1-27
1.6.2. Solution Parameter Event...............................................................................1-31
1.6.3. I*SIM Study Setup options ............................................................................1-35
Use Global /Case Study Setup..............................................................................1-35
Angle Reference Machine ....................................................................................1-36
Maximum Simulation Time..................................................................................1-36
Simulation Time Step ...........................................................................................1-36
Model Frequency Dependent Network ................................................................1-36
1.6.4. LF Setup Options ...........................................................................................1-37
Load Specification................................................................................................1-38
Directly Connected Loads ................................................................................1-38

I*SIM ii Reference Manual
From Demand Load Study............................................................................... 1-38

Solution Criteria................................................................................................... 1-38
Generation Acceleration Factor, Load Acceleration Factor ............................ 1-39
Bus Voltage Drop, Branch Voltage Drop........................................................ 1-39
1.6.5. Automatically-Generated Reports ................................................................. 1-39
Input Report......................................................................................................... 1-40
Demand Load Report........................................................................................... 1-40
Load Flow Report ................................................................................................ 1-41
Dynamic Report................................................................................................... 1-41
Log Report........................................................................................................... 1-42
1.7. Convergence Failure and Other Errors............................................................ 1-43
1.7.1. Initialization Error ......................................................................................... 1-43
1.7.2. Convergence Failure...................................................................................... 1-45
1.7.3. Other Common Causes of Errors................................................................... 1-46
1.8. Plot Simulation Curves ...................................................................................... 1-47
1.8.1. Working with Plots ........................................................................................ 1-49
1.8.2. Understanding Axes ...................................................................................... 1-54
1.1.1. Taking Components to the Component Editor .............................................. 1-57
1.1.2. Taking Components to a One-Line Diagram................................................. 1-57
1.1.3. Zooming In and Out....................................................................................... 1-58
1.1.4. Adding Annotations to a plot......................................................................... 1-58
1.1.5. Exporting a plot as text or as a graphic.......................................................... 1-60
1.1.6. Changing Colors and Sizes............................................................................ 1-61
1.1.7. Printing Plots ................................................................................................. 1-65
1.9. Examples.............................................................................................................. 1-67
1.9.1. Single Machine (“Isimprj1”) ......................................................................... 1-67
Calculations ......................................................................................................... 1-68
Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 1-70
1.9.2. Nine Bus (“Isimprj2”).................................................................................... 1-71
Case One.............................................................................................................. 1-74
Case Two ............................................................................................................. 1-76
1.9.3. Fast Transfer Switching (“Isimprj3”) ............................................................ 1-79
Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 1-81
1.9.4. Using Multiple Scenarios (“Isimprj4”).......................................................... 1-83
1.9.5. Generator Sizing ((“Isimprj5”) ...................................................................... 1-88
1.10. Works Cited ...................................................................................................... 1-91
2 USING I*SIM’S LIBRARY 2-1

2.1. General Library Usage......................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.1. Editing an Existing Model ............................................................................... 2-3
2.1.2. Adding a New Model....................................................................................... 2-4
2.1.3. Copying an Existing Model ............................................................................. 2-4
2.1.4. Metric Units ..................................................................................................... 2-5
2.2. General Information for Machines (Utilities, Generators, and Motors) ......... 2-5
2.2.1. Norton Equivalent............................................................................................ 2-5
2.2.2. Sub-Transient Saliency Effect ......................................................................... 2-7
2.2.3. Generalized Machine Block Diagram.............................................................. 2-7
2.2.4. Damping and Torque Equation........................................................................ 2-8
2.2.5. Inertia............................................................................................................... 2-9
2.2.6. Machine Saturation........................................................................................ 2-10
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Contents I*SIM iii
2.3. Source Machine Models......................................................................................2-10

2.3.1. Round Rotor Fossil Steam < 300 MVA .........................................................2-11
2.3.2. Round Rotor Fossil Steam > 300 MVA .........................................................2-14
2.3.3. Round Rotor Nuclear Unit .............................................................................2-14
2.3.4. Round Rotor Gas Turbine Unit ......................................................................2-14
2.3.5. Round Rotor General .....................................................................................2-14
2.3.6. Salient Pole Hydro Unit .................................................................................2-15
2.3.7. Salient Pole Condensers < 200 MVA.............................................................2-16
2.3.8. Salient Pole Condensers > 200 MVA.............................................................2-16
2.3.9. Salient Pole Synchronous...............................................................................2-16
2.3.10. Salient Pole General .....................................................................................2-16
2.3.11. Single Cage Induction Generator .................................................................2-16
2.3.12. Double Cage Induction Generator................................................................2-18
2.3.13. Diesel Generator...........................................................................................2-19
2.3.14. Classical .......................................................................................................2-21
2.3.15. Infinite Bus...................................................................................................2-21
2.4. Synchronous Motor Models ...............................................................................2-22
2.4.1. Round Rotor Sub-Transient Level Synchronous Motor.................................2-22
2.4.2. Salient Pole Sub-Transient Level Synchronous Motor ..................................2-25
2.5. Induction Motor Models.....................................................................................2-26
2.5.1. Single Cage Flux Level Induction Motor.......................................................2-27
Integration Time Step...........................................................................................2-29
VAR Estimate and Mismatch ...............................................................................2-29
Damping Factor for the Motor .............................................................................2-30
Induction Motor Saturation ..................................................................................2-30
Conversion Between the Single Cage Flux and the Single Cage Algebraic Motor
Models..................................................................................................................2-31
2.5.2. Double Cage Flux Level Induction Motor .....................................................2-32
Conversion Between the Double Cage Flux and the Double Cage Type I Algebraic
Motor Models.......................................................................................................2-32
Conversion Between the Double Cage Flux and the Double Cage Type II Algebraic
Motor Models.......................................................................................................2-34
2.6. Exciter Models .....................................................................................................2-35
2.6.1. 1981 IEEE Recommended Type DC2............................................................2-36
2.6.2. 1981 IEEE Recommended Type AC1............................................................2-39
2.6.3. 1981 Modified IEEE Recommended Type AC1............................................2-42
2.6.5. 1981 IEEE Recommended Type DC3............................................................2-48
2.6.8. 1981 IEEE Recommended Type ST1.............................................................2-55
2.6.9. 1981 IEEE Recommended Type ST2.............................................................2-57
2.6.10. 1981 IEEE Recommended Type ST3...........................................................2-59
2.6.11. 1979 IEEE Standard Type 1.........................................................................2-61
2.6.13. 1979 Modified IEEE Standard Type 2 .........................................................2-67
2.6.16. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Westinghouse Mag-A-Stat .............................2-74
2.6.17. 1968 IEEE Type 1 Westinghouse Rotating-Rectifier (3600 RPM) .............2-74
2.6.18. 1968 IEEE Type 1 Westinghouse Rotating-Rectifier (1800 RPM) .............2-74
2.6.19. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Westinghouse Rotorol ....................................2-74

I*SIM iv Reference Manual
2.6.20. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Westinghouse Silverstat................................. 2-74

2.6.21. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Westinghouse TRA........................................ 2-75
2.6.22. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Amplidyne NA101......................................... 2-75
2.6.23. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Amplidyne NA108......................................... 2-75
2.6.24. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Amplidyne NA143 (< 5 kW )........................ 2-75
2.6.25. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Amplidyne NA143 (>5 kW).......................... 2-75
2.6.26. 1968 Modified IEEE Standard Type 1 ........................................................ 2-75
2.6.27. 1968 Modified IEEE Standard Type 1S with Bus Fed ................................ 2-77
2.6.28. 1968 Modified IEEE Standard Type 1S with Solid Fed.............................. 2-78
2.6.29. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 2 ........................................................................ 2-79
2.6.33. 1968 Modified IEEE Standard Type 5 ........................................................ 2-89
2.6.35. Simplified .................................................................................................... 2-94
2.6.36. Simplified SCR Static with Bus Fed............................................................ 2-95
2.6.37. Simplified SCR Static with Solid Fed ......................................................... 2-96
2.7. Turbine Governor Models ................................................................................. 2-96
2.7.1. Standard Steam .............................................................................................. 2-96
2.7.2. Standard Hydro.............................................................................................. 2-97
2.7.3. Simplified Gas ............................................................................................... 2-99
2.7.4. Isochronous Diesel ...................................................................................... 2-101
2.7.5. Synchronous Diesel ..................................................................................... 2-103
2.7.6. General Purpose........................................................................................... 2-104
2.8. Relay Models ..................................................................................................... 2-105
2.8.1. Time Inverse Overcurrent............................................................................ 2-105
2.8.2. Under Frequency Load Shedding ................................................................ 2-106
2.8.3. Under Frequency and dF / dt Load Shedding .............................................. 2-107
2.8.4. Time Inverse Under Frequency Load Shedding .......................................... 2-107
2.8.5. Rate of Change of Power............................................................................. 2-108
2.9. Bus Load Models .............................................................................................. 2-109
2.9.1. Frequency Sensitive Bus Load .................................................................... 2-109
2.10. IEEE Bus Load ............................................................................................. 2-109
Single Valued Load Characteristic .................................................................... 2-110
Index I*SIM i
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1 I*SIM Study
The Industrial Simulation (I*SIM) Study module is a state-of-the-art computer simulation

which helps you analyze the effect of balanced network disturbances on a power system.
I*SIM can simulate all types of balanced network disturbances including utility isolation,
fast transfer, motor starting, fault study, loss of generation, relay operation, and much
more. As with all PTW Study modules, I*SIM uses the same database, so you can
examine all your existing Projects.
IN THIS CHAPTER
1.1. Introduction 1-2

1.2. Prepare Static System Data 1-4
1.3. Open the I*SIM Study Manager 1-4
1.4. Create Dynamic Simulation Events 1-6
1.5. Assign Models and Events to Components 1-11
1.6. Run Dynamic Simulation to Produce Data 1-26
1.7. Convergence Failure and Other Errors 1-43
1.8. Plot Simulation Curves 1-47
1.9. Examples 1-67
1.10. Works Cited 1-91
I*SIM 1-2 Reference Manual
1.1. Introduction
A common problem in the management of three-phase power systems is the instability
caused by balanced network disturbances. The Industrial Simulation (I*SIM) Study
module helps you overcome these problems by providing a clear picture of the impact
these disturbances will have on your power system.
I*SIM can simulate all types of balanced network disturbances including isolation from
the utility; fast transfer switching; motor starting, tripping, and reclosing; loss of
generation; loss of excitation; blocked governors; tie-line oscillations; load rejection; load
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I*SIM Study I*SIM 1-3
Flowchart of the steps in an I*SIM Study

Prepare Data
Enter static system data (cables, transformers, loads, motors, and

so on).
Return to the Connect at least once swing bus to every isolated portion of the
Component Editor to electrical system. In PTW, a swing bus is one of two things: 1) a
modify the static utility component; 2) a generator component whose Schedule type
portion of the system. (found on the first subview of the Component Editor) is set to "Volts
& Angle (SB)."
Check that you have entered data in the Rated MVA and Rated
Voltage boxes in the Component Editor for utility components,
particularly if you are using a Project from an older version of PTW
(older versions of PTW did not have these data fields).
Switch I*SIM back to

Create Dynamic Events
Event Mode to modify
Dynamic Events,
create new Cases, With the I*SIM Study Manager in Event Mode, create or select a
choose different Study.
Dynamic Models, or to Create or select a Case.
pick different channels
to create data for. Select components to be included in the Case. You must include
at least one swing bus (defined in "Prepare Data," above).
Assign I*SIM Library models to each component.
Define Dynamic events for each component (starting time, etc.).
Select channels to be saved during simulation (speed, torque, etc.).
Run Dynamic Simulation
Check Log Report
Open and examine the Log Report for any errors (if
Project didn't converge, check in the Log Report which
bus the convergence failure occurred at).
Troubleshoot Project
Errors No Errors
and re-run.
Plot Curves
Switch the I*SIM Study Manager to Plot Mode to display the curves.

1.2. Prepare Static System Data

Before you open the I*SIM Study Manager, you must be sure that the electrical system is
“complete.” By complete, we mean that all the necessary elements of your electrical
system are in place and that the appropriate Studies have been run. Take the following
steps to ensure the system is complete:
• Check that every isolated portion of the system has at least one swing bus
connected to it. In PTW, a swing bus is one of two things: 1) a utility
component; 2) a generator component whose Schedule type (found on the first
subview of the Component Editor) is set to “Volts & Angle (SB).” Typically
your Project will only contain one swing bus because the Project contains a
single, complete electrical system. However, if your Project contains isolated
portions that aren’t connected to one another, then every one of those portions
must contain a swing bus. (A swing bus schedules voltage magnitude and
voltage angle, while allowing real power and reactive power to vary. Swing
buses are useful for simulating transfer switching between different sources with
known bus voltages and angles: for example, transfer switching between two
different utility bus connections.)
• Run the Demand Load Study and the Load Flow Study (these Studies come with
the DAPPER Study Module). In addition to preparing the system, running these
Studies will help you verify that your steady state system has the correct data
entered.
• Check that sizes are entered in the Component Editor for all the cables,
transformers, motors, utilities, and generators.
If the electrical system is not complete, I*SIM will report an error and will not run.
Note: The System Base Frequency is determined by the Engineering Standard

chosen in the Application Options. If the Engineering Standard is ANSI, then the
System Base Frequency=60 hz. Conversely, if the Engineering Standard is IEC,
then the System Base Frequency=50 hz.
1.3. Open the I*SIM Study Manager

Note: Whenever you work in I*SIM, the electrical system in your Project does not
change. This is because, when you use I*SIM, you set up and analyze the dynamic
portion of your system, not the static portion. In terms of the software, this means
that I*SIM creates and keeps track of its own supplemental information, and will not
modify your Project at all.
Now that you have a complete electrical system (discussed in “Prepare Static System
Data,” above), you can open the I*SIM Study Manager to begin analysis.
To open the I*SIM Study Manager

1. To begin, do one of the following:
• From the Run menu, click Industrial Simulation (I*SIM).
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• On the Toolbar, click the I*SIM button.

The I*SIM Study Manager will appear.
Tip: You can also use the Go to I*SIM command from the Window menu to take
components from a One-Line Diagram or the Component Editor to I*SIM. When
you’re on a One-Line Diagram, the selected (that is, highlighted) components will be
taken to I*SIM, whereas when you’re in the Component Editor, all the components
currently shown will be taken to I*SIM. You can then create a new Study and Case
or pick an existing Study and Case in which to place the components.
Aside from modifying static system data (such as changing bus voltages, modifying
transformer taps, and so on) in the Component Editor, you run the entire I*SIM Study
using the I*SIM Study Manager. To understand how the I*SIM Study Manager works,
keep in mind that it only has three main purposes:
1. To help you create dynamic events;
2. To simulate the progression of these events;
3. To graphically plot the effect of these events on components and buses throughout the
electrical system.
Therefore, the I*SIM Study Manager operates in three distinct modes, each of which
corresponds to these goals. To switch to a mode, click one of the three buttons at the
bottom of the I*SIM Study Manager:
1. To begin, use Event Mode to create the motor starting events;
2. Next, use Run Mode to perform the Simulation (this simulation occurs
internally, as I*SIM analyzes the system, calculates data, and generates plotting
points);

3. / Lastly, use Plot Mode to graphically plot the results of the

Simulation (the Plot button lets you create new Plots or select different Plots, while
the Graph button returns to the most recently shown Plot).
Note: When you open the I*SIM Study Manager, the Event button will be disabled
(that is, grayed out). This indicates that I*SIM is already in Event Mode. Similarly,
when you switch to Plot Mode, the Graph button will be disabled to indicate that
I*SIM is in Plot Mode.
The first step, then, is to create the dynamic simulation events, as discussed in the next
section.
1.4. Create Dynamic Simulation Events

The first thing you may have noticed is the three distinct panes, or “views,” in the I*SIM
Study Manager. Each view serves a purpose in the creation of the dynamic simulation
events.
Y
X
Parts of the I*SIM Study Manager while in Event mode:
X—The Study-Case View keeps track of the Cases you set up.
Y—The Event View keeps track of the events you set up for each component.
Z—The Data Channel View keeps track of the channels in each Case that you want to
generate data for.
Be sure you are in Event mode by clicking the Event button in the lower-left
corner.
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Tip: You can also find many of I*SIM’s commands by clicking the right mouse
button.
1.4.1. Cases and Studies

Let’s begin with the Study-Case View. When you first open I*SIM, you will not see a
series of folders, Cases, and components stacked neatly in a hierarchy as shown in picture
X, but a single folder called “Study1” underneath Industrial Simulation. You may
wonder, why is my Study-Case View so empty? Actually, it’s not completely empty—
I*SIM has a Case ready for you, hiding under Study1. To display the Case, click the box
next to folder Study1, like this:
Click the box next to Study1. . . to display the Case.
Although you can run I*SIM using just one Case, you will find it beneficial to create lots
of Cases, because, as we will demonstrate, Cases provide the real power of I*SIM.
Let’s say you have an electrical system on which you want to examine various
disturbances. For example, you’d like to see how Branch A will react to a blocked
governor on a generator followed by a loss of excitation, as opposed to how Branch A will
react to a 6-cycle fault on a bus. In single-simulation programs, you would first have to
run the simulation for the generator’s blocked generator and loss of excitation, then plot
the results. After that, you would have to re-run the simulation for the fault at the bus,
then plot the results. Even worse, there would be no easy way to compare the plots.
In I*SIM, you can actually run numerous simulations at once. In the above example, you
could create two Cases, one Case with the generator’s governor being blocked at 2
seconds followed by a loss of excitation at 3 seconds, and another Case with the bus fault
occurring at 0.1 seconds and being cleared at 0.2 seconds, then let I*SIM simulate them
simultaneously, and compare their curves. In fact, you could create ten, twenty or even
fifty Cases if you wanted. How is this simultaneous simulation possible? It’s possible
because each Case represents a distinct “what if” speculation about a series of dynamic
events.
Think of a Case as a hypothetical span of time, beginning at 0 seconds, in which you start
motors, perform load changes, create bus faults, and so on. Cases are not linked to one
another⎯each Case represents a distinct span of time. Therefore, a single component may
appear in a number of Cases, since each Case represents its own span of time, and assigns
its own set of dynamic events (such as starting time, load change, etc.) to that component.
In the above example, the blocked governor at 2 seconds is one event, the loss of
excitation at 3 seconds is another event, and the two events together make up a Case.
Don’t presume that a particular component has to appear in every case; in fact, each Case
can have an entirely different set of components. Also, you can assign numerous events to
a single component; you aren’t limited to just one event per component.

With regard to Studies, they merely provide a storage place for Cases; Studies have
nothing to do with the dynamic events. Within a Study you may have multiple Cases, or
you may create a new Study for every Case. Whether you place all your Cases in one
Study or every Case in a separate Study doesn’t affect the Cases at all.
To summarize, you can have multiple Cases within a Study, and you can have multiple
Studies within the I*SIM Study.
Tip: Studies provide an easy way to organize Cases based on different network
configurations. This will be discussed more thoroughly in Section 1.6, “Run
Dynamic Simulation to Produce Data.”
To create a new Case

1. With a folder highlighted, select New Case from the Case menu or click the New
Case button on the toolbar. A new Case will appear.
Once you select the New Case command. . . a new Case will appear.
To move a Case to a different Study

1. With a Case highlighted, select Cut from the Edit menu, then highlight a different
Study and select Paste from the Edit menu. You can also drag the Case to a different
Study. (When you move a Case, the channels won’t retain their data. See page 1-51
for more information on how to determine when channels have data.)
To copy a Case
1. With a Case highlighted, select Copy from the Edit menu, then highlight a different
Study and select Paste from the Edit menu. You may paste Cases to the same Study
or to a different Study. (When you copy a Case, the channels you picked won’t retain
their data. See page 1-51 for more information on how to determine when channels
have data.)
Tip: An easy way to compare Cases with only slight differences is to copy and
paste a Case, then make the changes. For example, let’s say you have a Case which
simulates a 6-cycle fault, and you want to analyze the same Case (same components,
same Library models, and so on) but for 9-cycles instead of 6. Instead of re-creating
the whole Case, you can simply copy and paste the Case, then modify the Apply
Fault and Clear Fault event times for the bus so it’s 9-cycles long instead of 6.
To rename a Case
1. Highlight a Case by single-clicking it with the left mouse button. With the Case
highlighted, select Rename from the Case menu.
2. When the cursor appears, type a new name.
3. Click the mouse button elsewhere to “lock in” the new name.
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To delete a Case
1. With a Case highlighted, hit the DEL key.
To create a new Study

1. With “Industrial Simulation” highlighted, select New Study from the Case menu. A
new Study will appear.
Once you select the New Study command. . . a new Study will appear.
To rename a Study
1. Highlight a Study by single-clicking it with the left mouse button. With the Study
highlighted, select Rename from the Case menu.
2. When the cursor appears, type a new name.
3. Click the mouse button elsewhere to “lock in” the new name.
To delete a Study
1. With a Study highlighted, hit the DEL key.
1.4.2. Choose Components

For a given Case, your first step is to add the sources (utilities and generators), motors
(induction motors and synchronous motors), buses, branches (cables, two-winding
transformers, pi impedances, and transformer lines), and relays that you want to analyze
for that Case.
To add components to a Case

1. With a Case highlighted, choose Select Components from the Case menu, or click
the Select Components button on the toolbar. The Select Components dialog
box will appear.
2. In the Select Components dialog box, choose the components for this Case. You must
select at least one source (utility or generator) for each Case. You select components
of different types by switching to the appropriate tab (for example, to add a
transmission line, switch to the Branch tab).

Click on the arrow button or double-click on the and the selected components are added to the
component’s name itself. . . Case.
Tip: You can also use the Go to I*SIM command from the Window menu to take
components from a One-Line Diagram or the Component Editor to I*SIM. When
you’re on a One-Line Diagram, the selected (that is, highlighted) components will be
taken to I*SIM, whereas when you’re in the Component Editor, all the components
currently shown will be taken to I*SIM. You can then create a new Study and Case
or pick an existing Study and Case in which to place the components.
When finished, click the OK button. Note that the components you selected now appear
under the Case, as shown in Fig. 1-2:
Fig. 1-2
Important: If you add any components that are Out of Service, data will not be
generated for them.
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You can tell which components are out of service in two ways: by the Status indicator,
which reads “In Service” or “Out of Service,” and by the color of the component icon,
which appears grey if Out of Service:
In Service component Out of Service Component
Icon
color
Status
indicator
To remove components from a Case

1. Removing components from a Case involves the same procedure as adding them.
With a Case highlighted, choose Select Components from the Case menu, or click
the Select Components button on the toolbar. The Select Components dialog
box will appear.
2. In the Select Components dialog box, choose the components on the right, then click
the left arrow button (or simply double-click the components themselves) to remove
them.
1.5. Assign Models and Events to

Components
Because I*SIM analyzes the dynamic portion of the electrical system, we need to supply
I*SIM with two types of information about each component:
• A Library model which supplies additional information about the component and its
reaction characteristics during a disturbance (the branch components—cables, pi
impedances two-winding transformers, and transmission lines—do not use Library
models);

• A Event or series of Events (such as load tripping and reduction, fault applying and
clearing, branch tripping and reclosing, and motor starting) that you want to simulate
occurring for that component.
Beginning the process of applying Models and Events is the same for all components:
To add Dynamic Events to a component
1. With a component highlighted, select Model Setup &
Dynamic Events from the Case menu, or click the Events button on the toolbar.
The dialog box for that component type will appear. Since each component has its
own Models and Dynamic Events, see the individual sections beginning with “Source
Models and Events” on page 1-15.
Note: There is a special type of event, called a “Solution Parameter” event, that you
can add to a Case. Typically you won’t need to use the Solution Parameter Event—
only when the Case has a problem converging. See “Solution Parameter Event” on
page 1-31 for more information on the Solution Parameter Event.
To quickly check the dynamic events assigned to a motor, simply select (that is, highlight)
a Case or a component. When a Case is highlighted, the events for all the components in
that Case appear; when a component is highlighted, only the events for that component
appear. When Industrial Simulation or a Study is highlighted, no events appear. Refer to
the following illustrations:
When Industrial no events will appear in the Event Window.

Simulation is highlighted,
When a Study is no events will appear in the Event Window.

highlighted,
Click a category button to
quickly sort by that
category. This is useful
to alternate between
seeing the events in time
order and seeing them by
owner (that is, by the
component the events
belong to).
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When a Case is the events for all the components in that Case will appear in the
highlighted, Event Window.
When a component is the events for only that component will appear in the Event
highlighted, Window.

Selecting Library models is also the same for all components.
To apply Library Models to a component

1. Click the Library button.
The Select a Model dialog box appears.
The categories under

"ISIM Library“ will change
depending on the type of
component you are
applying models to. This
picture shows the
categories for a source
(utility or generator)
Click the Apply button or double-click on the Choose the Close button to close the Model Description indicates the type of model.
name to apply a model to the component. Select a Model dialog box. Models may have different names, but as long
as they have the same model type then they
have the same characteristics.
When you select a category, its models appear in the right half of the Select a Model
dialog box. You may then apply a model to the component by clicking the Apply button.
Note: A single Library model may be applied to as many components as you want.
For example, even though the Library only contains a single Infinite Bus source
model, this single source model may be applied to numerous utilities and generators;
Library models merely provide a blueprint of the component’s data. If you want to
edit a Library model, you have to open the Library by selecting Library from the
Document menu. See Chapter 2, “Using I*SIM’s Library,” for more information
about editing the Library.
Keep in mind that Library models are in per unit values on the component’s rated kVA
base. Library models merely provide the characteristics of the component in per unit
values, which are converted to real values based on the rated kVA and rated voltage of the
component the model is applied to.
You can tell which components do not have models assigned to them because an
exclamation point appears over their icons:
1.5.1. About System Damping

If you plan to represent system damping in your system, be sure to do so for each part of
the system in the same degree of detail. If the damping of one device is included, the
damping of all sources in the entire system being studied must be included, since the net
damping is important in determining the behavior of a system after a disturbance. System
damping arises from many sources including prime movers, speed governor generator
damper windings, exciters, electrical loads, and circuit resistances. In traditional stability
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programs, net system damping has been assumed positive; stability studies have been
used to determine whether or not a particular disturbance would cause any generator angle
to swing so far beyond the maximum torque limit that it could not return1. However, the
traditional assumptions are not always true. High-response controllers in the system
introduce negative damping; hydraulic turbine speed governing systems also contribute
negative damping due to the large phase lag produced by water inertia. Clearly, net
system damping cannot be assumed positive.
1.5.2. Source Models and Events

The Source category comprises two types of components: utilities and generators. You
use the following dialog box to apply Models and Dynamic Events to sources (see “To add
Dynamic Events to a component” on page 1-12 for instructions on opening the Dynamic
Events dialog box):
Click the Library

button to apply
Library models.
Choose an Event Type,

enter an Event Time, and
click the Create Event
button to create a
dynamic event.
Each Case may contain up to 10 swing buses, 50 PQ machines, and 10 PV machines:
• Swing Bus. In PTW, a swing bus is one of two things: 1) a utility component; 2) a
generator component whose Schedule type (found on the first subview of the
Component Editor) is set to “Volts & Angle (SB).” A swing bus schedules voltage
magnitude and voltage angle, while allowing real power and reactive power to vary.
Swing buses are useful for simulating transfer switching between different sources
with known bus voltages and angles; for example, transfer switching between two
different utility bus connections.
• PQ Machines. In PTW, a PQ machine is one of two things: 1) a motor component
that has been added to the Case and has a Library model applied to it; 2) a generator
component whose Schedule type (found on the first subview of the Component
Editor) is set to “kW & kvar (PQ).” A PQ machine schedules real power and reactive
power, while allowing voltage magnitude and voltage angle to vary.
1
see C. Concordia, pp. 68-80.

• PV Machines. In PTW, a PV machine is a generator component whose Schedule type

(found on the first subview of the Component Editor) is set to “kW & Volts (PV).” A
PV machine schedules voltage magnitude and real power while allowing voltage
angle and reactive power to vary. The PV machine is useful for maintaining voltage
control throughout the power system. PV machines require the specification of a
reactive power participation factor when multiple generators at a bus participate in
controlling the bus voltage.
Source Models
You apply Machine, Exciter, and Turbine models to the utility or generator by clicking the
Library button. (See “To apply Library Models to a component” on page 1-14 for
instructions on using the Library button.) Some machine models have strict requirements,
as shown here:
• The Salient Pole Hydro Unit machine model should be matched with a Standard
Hydro Turbine Governor model and any exciter.
• The Single Cage Induction Generator & Double Cage Induction Generator
machine models should have any turbine governor but no exciter model.
• The Classical Machine & Infinite Machine models should have neither a turbine
governor nor an exciter model with them, since the classical machine model assumes
a constant excitation behind the generator terminal impedance, and no active governor
controls.
When you are performing a preliminary study without specific model information, we
suggest you select a Round Rotor Fossil Steam machine model with a Standard Steam
governor and an IEEE Type 1 exciter model to form a generation unit. These models will
provide useful results for a preliminary study without introducing unnecessary
complications in model compatibility.
Source Events
Source components allow you to simulate a loss of excitation, a blocked governor, or a
tripped governor. When creating events for a source component, keep these guidelines in
mind:
• Each event must have a unique time; you cannot apply two events with the same time.
• You may only create one instance of each event type.
• Any source which is Out of Service (either the source itself is set to Out of Service in
the Component Editor, or an upstream bus or branch is Out of Service) will be
considered off-line, even if you assign events to the source.
• You cannot create a Blocked Governor or a Loss of Excitation event at a later time
than a Trip Generator event. This is because a tripped generator no longer
contributes power, so the other two events become irrelevant.
• The Blocked Governor event simulates a governor being completely blocked so no
current flows.
• The Loss of Excitation event simulates a complete loss of excitation voltage.
• Any source which does not have a Library Model assigned to it will not have data
generated for it, regardless of whether you have created Dynamic Events for it.
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1.5.3. Motors
Induction Motors and Synchronous Motors use slightly different Model Setup & Dynamic
Events dialog boxes, as shown in the following pictures (see “To add Dynamic Events to a
component” on page 1-12 for instructions on opening the Dynamic Events dialog box):
Click the Library button to apply

Induction Motor Library models.
Note that Induction Motors do
not use Exciter models.
Choose whether the

Induction Motor will
initially be on-line or off-
line, then choose an
Event Type, enter an
Event Time, and click the
Create Event button to
create a dynamic event.
Click the Library button to

apply Synchronous Motor
Library models.
Synchronous Motors
have just one event: the
trip motor event. Enter
an Event Time and click
the Create Event button
to create a motor trip
event.
Each Case may contain up to 50 PQ Machines. In PTW, a PQ machine is one of two

things: 1) a motor component that has been added to the Case and has a Library model
applied to it; 2) a generator component whose Schedule type (fofund on the first subview
of the Component Editor) is set to “kW & kvar (PQ).” A PQ machine schedules real
power and reactive power, while allowing voltage magnitude and voltage angle to vary.
Note: Any induction motor not added to a Case, or one which is in the Case but
does not have a Model assigned to it, will be treated as a constant kVA load. You
should always try to assign Models to induction motors, because the Case may have
trouble converging if there are too many induction motors being treated as constant
kVA loads at a bus. See “Convergence Failure” on page 1-45 for more information
about fixing convergence problems such as this.

Motor Models
You apply Motor models and, for Synchronous Motors, Exciter models by clicking the
Library button. See “To apply Library Models to a component” on page 1-14 for
instructions on using the Library button.
Synchronous Motor Events

Synchronous Motors have just one event: the trip motor event. Enter an Event Time and
click the Create Event button to create a motor trip event. Keep in mind that a synchronous
motor which is Out of Service (either the synchronous motor itself is set to Out of Service
in the Component Editor, or an upstream bus or branch is Out of Service) will be
considered off-line, and the trip motor event will be irrelevant.
Induction Motor Events

When you assign an induction motor’s dynamic events, keep these guidelines in mind:
• Each event must have a unique time; you cannot apply two events to an induction
motor with the same time.
• Any induction motor which is Out of Service (either the induction motor itself is
set to Out of Service in the Component Editor, or an upstream bus or branch is
Out of Service) will be considered off-line, even if you assign events to the
induction motor.
• Any induction motor in the Case which does not have an event assigned to it will
still have a default initial status of On-Line (unless you change it to Off-Line)
and thus will have an effect on I*SIM’s results.
• If the induction motor has its initial status set to On-Line, it can’t be started
unless it is tripped first (since a running motor cannot be started).
• If the induction motor has its initial status set to Off-Line, it can’t be tripped or
have a load changed unless it is started first (since an idle motor cannot be
tripped).
• You can start, trip, and restart an induction motor repeatedly as long as the times
don’t conflict. When tripped, the motor will still be spinning and its internal
electromagnetic transient will still be integrating. If you restart the motor while it
is still slowing down, it will speed up and the speed and internal electromagnetic
flux of the motor immediately prior to restarting will be used as the starting point
for the continuing integration.
• The “Initial Status” of On-Line or Off-Line refers to the moment before the
Simulation begins, whereas an event occurring at 0 seconds refers to the moment
at which the Simulation begins. In other words, an induction motor which is set
with an Initial Status of On-Line and has an event which trips the motor at 0
seconds will still have an effect that wouldn’t have occurred had that motor not
been in the Case at all.
• If an induction motor actually represents multiple motors (that is, if the Number
of Motors box on the Induction Motor subview has a number greater than one),
I*SIM will consider the motor accordingly. For example, if a motor actually
represents 3 motors, I*SIM will triple its starting requirements.
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1.5.4. Buses
You use the following dialog box to apply Models and Dynamic Events to buses (see “To
add Dynamic Events to a component” on page 1-12 for instructions on opening the
Dynamic Events dialog box):
Click the Library

button to apply Bus
Library models.
The Load Change Choose an Event

data boxes are used Type, enter an Event
for the Load Change Time, and click the
event. Create Event button
to create a dynamic
event.
The Apply Fault

data boxes are
used for the
Apply Fault event.
Bus Models
You apply Bus models to the bus by clicking the Library button. (See “To apply Library
Models to a component” on page 1-14 for instructions on using the Library button.) When
choosing a bus model, you should be aware of the following:
• The Frequency Sensitive Bus Load model affects only the constant PQ and
constant current load of that bus.
• The IEEE Bus Load model affects only the constant PQ load of that bus.
Bus Events
Bus components allow you to simulate a three-phase fault, the cessation (clearing) of the
three-phase fault, and a load change. When creating events for a bus, keep these
guidelines in mind:
• Each event must have a unique time; you cannot apply two events with the same
time.
• Any bus which is Out of Service (either the bus itself is set to Out of Service in
the Component Editor, or an upstream bus or branch is Out of Service) will be
considered off-line, even if you assign events to the bus.
• To create a Clear Fault event, you must create an Apply Fault event with an
earlier time (because you cannot clear a fault that never occurred).
• You may create multiple Apply Fault events, but you must clear each preceding
fault using a Clear Fault event.
• When using the Apply Fault event, you can either specify a fault impedance in R
(resistance) and X (reactance), or leave both set to zero to simulate a bolted fault.

Enter the R and X in per unit impedances on 100 MVA base and the bus’s
voltage base.
• When using the Load Change event, be sure to enter the new load value, not the
change in load. For example, if it’s changing from 100 to 150, enter 150, not 50.
You may create multiple Load Change events. (You may notice that values
already appear in the Load Change boxes. These are values from the last time the
Load Flow Study was run, and appear to help you remember what the initial load
values are. If you find them helpful, just be sure to run the Load Flow Study
immediately before starting I*SIM so these values will be current. In any case,
be sure to delete these values and enter your own when creating a Load Change
event.)
• Load Change events have a direct effect on system damping (see “About System
Damping” on page 1-14 for more information about system damping). The more
the load changes with frequency, the more stable the system becomes. Varying
the reactive portion of the load directly affects the voltage; the change in voltage
then affects the amount of change of active power. Therefore, the change has an
indirect impact on system stability. As the reactive portion of the load changes
negatively with regard to frequency, the system becomes increasingly stable.
Important: While DAPPER’s Load Flow Study treats both non-motor loads and
motors as loads, I*SIM’s Load Flow Study (which gets run when you run the
Dynamic Simulation) treats non-motor loads as loads and motors as machines.
Depending on which was run more recently, the values which appear in the Load
Change boxes will or will not include motors as loads. The distinction does not
render your Load Change value incorrect, but it may seem confusing if you pay
attention to the values that initially appear in the boxes.
1.5.5. Branches
The Branch category comprises four types of components: cables, two-winding
transformers, pi impedances, and transmission lines. You use the following dialog box to
apply Models and Dynamic Events to branches (see “To add Dynamic Events to a
component” on page 1-12 for instructions on opening the Dynamic Events dialog box):
Type a time that you want the

tripping or reclosing event to
occur.
Set the data for the tripping or

reclosing event:
Choose whether the - Transformers use Impedance
branch will initially be and Transformer Tap;
on-line or off-line. - Cables use Impedance;
- Pi impedances/ Trans. lines use
Impedance and Shunt Admittance.
Choose whether to trip or

reclose the branch.
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Branch Events
Branch components allow you to simulate a tripping or reclosing of the branch. In doing
so, you may modify characteristics of the branch. These characteristics are different
depending on the branch: for a two-winding transformer, you may change its impedance
and its tap setting; for a cable, you may change its impedance; and for a pi impedance or a
transmission line, you may change its impedance and its shunt admittance. When creating
events for a branch component, you should keep these guidelines in mind:
time.
• The “Initial Status” of On-Line or Off-Line refers to the moment before the
Simulation begins, whereas an event occurring at 0 seconds refers to the moment
at which the Simulation begins. In other words, a branch which is set with an
Initial Status of On-Line and has an event which trips it at 0 seconds will still
have an effect that wouldn’t have occurred had that branch not been in the Case
at all.
• Any branch in the Case which does not have an event assigned to it will still have
a default initial status of On-Line (unless you change it to Off-Line) and thus
will affect I*SIM’s results.
• If the branch has its initial status set to On-Line, it can’t be reclosed unless it is
tripped first (since a closed branch cannot be reclosed).
• If the branch has its initial status set to Off-Line, it can’t be tripped unless it is
reclosed first (since an open branch cannot be tripped).
• As long as its times don’t conflict, you can trip, reclose, and re-trip a branch
repeatedly.
• Any branch which is Out of Service (either the branch itself is set to Out of
Service in the Component Editor, or an upstream bus or branch is Out of Service)
will be considered off-line, even if you assign events to the branch. The Out of
Service setting supersedes the Reclose Branch event, so this event will not put
the branch back In Service (I*SIM does not modify the static portion of your
system anyway, which means it does not change any of the settings in the
Component Editor).
• A two-winding transformer is assumed to be delta-wye connected, regardless of
its connection in the Component Editor. It is also assumed to be radial to the
system and its impedance is on the machine base.
1.5.6. Relays
You use the following dialog box to apply Models and Dynamic Events to relays (see “To
add Dynamic Events to a component” on page 1-12 for instructions on opening the
Dynamic Events dialog box):

Click the Library button

to apply Relay Library
models.
Relay Models
You apply a Relay model to the relay by clicking the Library button. See “To apply
Library Models to a component” on page 1-14 for instructions on using the Library button.
Relay Events
Relay components allow you to simulate a fraction of the bus load being shed, and to trip
up to three different branches anywhere in the system. When creating events for a relay,
keep these guidelines in mind:
time.
• Any relay which is Out of Service (either the relay itself is set to Out of Service
in the Component Editor, or an upstream bus or branch is Out of Service) will be
considered off-line, even if you assign events to the relay.
• To trip a branch, you must use the Time Inverse Overcurrent or the Rate of
Change of Power model, and the relay must be connected in a branch which has
buses at both ends, as shown in Fig. 1-3. Note that you don’t specify any time or
current information for the relay’s tripping operation because a relay operates
based on the trip curve of the Library model that you have applied to the relay. If
you want to edit the relay’s Library model, you must open the I*SIM Library (see
Chapter 2 for instructions on editing the I*SIM Library).
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Fig. 1-3. When using a relay to trip a branch or to shed the load at a bus, if the Model
type is “Time Inverse Overcurrent” or “Rate of Change of Power,” be sure the relay
is connected in a branch which has buses at both ends.
• To shed a percent of load on a bus, you can use any of the models. However,
depending on which model you use, you will have to connect the relay in a
specific way:
If you use either the Time Inverse Overcurrent or the Rate of Change of
Power model, the relay must be connected in a branch which has buses at both
ends, as shown in Fig. 1-3. With these models, you can trip any bus in the
system.
If you use the Under Frequency Load Shedding model, the Time Inverse
Under Frequency Load Shedding model, or the Under Frequency and dF/dt
Load Shedding model, the relay must be connected to the same bus where the
loads are and must have its bottom node open, as shown in Fig. 1-4.
Regardless of the Model type, you don’t specify any time or current information
for the relay’s shedding operation because a relay operates based on the trip curve
of the Library model that you have applied to the relay. Similarly, you do not
specify a percent of bus load to shed because the value (85% by default) comes
from the Library model. Only the non-motor loads are subject to the load
shedding; to shed an induction motor or synchronous motor load, apply a Trip
Motor event directly to the motor instead. If you want to edit the relay’s Library
model, you must open the I*SIM Library (see Chapter 2 for instructions on
editing the I*SIM Library).
Fig. 1-4. When using any of the three Load Shedding model types,
be sure the relay’s bottom node is left unconnected.

1.5.7. Choose Channels

Once you have created these events, you must choose the channels for the curves you
want to view. Channel is just a fancy name for the curve’s storage space. In technical
terms, the channel is the place in your computer’s memory where I*SIM stores all the
graph points that make up the curve; however, you only need to understand that one
channel equals one curve. When you switch the I*SIM Study Manager to Plot mode, you
will display the channel in the form of a curve. The terms “channel” and “curve” refer to
the same eventual product: a curve. “Channel,” however, refers to the storage place for all
the data points that make up the curve, while “curve” refers to the actual graphic display of
those points on the plot. Therefore, when you run the Dynamic Simulation, you choose
the channels you want to generate data for, whereas when you operate I*SIM in Plot
Mode, you choose the curves you want to display or hide.
In summary, when we say you must choose the channels, we merely mean you must
choose, for each component in the Case, what types of data, such as mechanical power and
excitation voltage, that you want to view curves for when it comes time to plot them.
Keep in mind that the more channels you choose, the larger the resultant file will be and
the longer the Dynamic Simulation will take to run.
Tip: If you are generating data for just a few components, feel free to choose all
the channels. If you are generating data for a large number of components, for
efficiency you may want to just choose the channels you’re interested in, since each
channel takes time to generate and takes up space in your computer’s memory and
on the disk.
To choose the channels you want to generate, place checks in the appropriate boxes in the
Channel Window:
Place checks
for the
channels you
want to
generate for
each motor.
These are the categories in which you may generate data. Each category is called a
“channel,” and each channel will produce one curve on the plot.
Source Plot Channels
• Speed Deviation (pu): the per unit speed deviation of a particular machine at a
particular bus. The base speed is the rated RPM.
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• Rotor Angle in Degrees: the rotor angle of a particular machine at a particular

bus. The units are in degrees.
• Terminal Voltage (pu): the per unit terminal voltage of a particular machine at a
particular bus. The per unit terminal voltage is the per unit machine terminal
voltage behind the machine transient reactance X”. The base is the machine base
voltage.
• Excitation Voltage (pu): the per unit excitation voltage of a particular machine at
a particular bus. The base excitation voltage is defined as the synchronous
machine field voltage required to produce rated voltage on the air gap line of the
synchronous machine with the field winding at either of the settings described in
A or B: A.) 75° C for field windings designed to operate at rating, with a
temperature rise of 60° C or less. B.) 100° C field windings designed to operate
at rating, with a temperature rise greater than 60° C.
• Mechanical Power in pu on machine base: the per unit mechanical power of a
particular machine at a particular bus. The base is on the machine kVA or MVA.
• Electrical Real Power (pu/100 MVA): the per unit electrical real power looking
from a particular machine at a particular bus back to the system. The base is on
100 MVA system base.
• Electrical Reactive Power (pu/100 MVA): the per unit electrical reactive power
looking from a particular machine at a particular bus back to the system. The
base is on 100 MVA system base.
Motor Plot Channels
These are the same as the source plot channels.
Bus Plot Channels
• Bus Voltage and Angle (pu/deg): the per unit bus voltage and the bus voltage
angle in degrees.
• Bus Frequency Deviation (pu): the per unit bus frequency deviation. The base is
on the system base frequency. (The System Base Frequency is determined by the
Engineering Standard chosen in the Application Options. If the Engineering
Standard is ANSI, then the System Base Frequency=60 hz. Conversely, if the
Engineering Standard is IEC, then the System Base Frequency=50 hz.60 Hz or 50
Hz.)
Branch Plot Channels

• Power Flow (FROM-TO) watts/VARs: the real part and the reactive part of the
branch power flow between two particular buses. The unit for real power flow is
in watts, and the unit for the reactive power flow is in VARs.
• Current Flow (FROM-TO) pu: the per unit current flow between two particular
buses.
• Apparent Resistance and Reactance (FROM-TO) pu: the per unit apparent
resistance and reactance on impedance base.
Tip: To quickly check an entire row, simply double-click to the left of the row.
You may also single-click to select the row, then use the Check Selected Row
command from the Case menu. (You can also click the right-mouse button to find
this command.) To uncheck an entire row, single-click to select the row, then use
the Uncheck Selected Row command from the Case menu.
1.6. Run Dynamic Simulation to Produce Data

The final step is to run the Dynamic Simulation to produce data for the channels. This
process takes place internally; that is, it takes place “behind the scenes.”
When you run the Dynamic Simulation, I*SIM actually performs a steady state load flow
(similar to DAPPER’s Load Flow) and a pre-disturbance load flow to prepare the data,
then performs the Dynamic Simulation.
Steady State Load Flow. I*SIM uses a current injection method to solve the load flow,
based on solving the set of equations: [I] = [E][Y]. The set of nodal voltages [E] is
evaluated based on a set of nodal currents [I] and the bus admittance matrix [Y] through
sparse matrix techniques employing triangularized decomposition methods. This
computational method achieves the highest accuracy in the shortest times known. It is
also extremely robust in representing all types of loads for both radial and networked
configurations as found in most industrial and commercial applications.
The load flow convergence is determined by the worst real or reactive bus power
mismatch. In order to maximize the accuracy for both large and small systems, the
solution convergence criteria is scaled to 1/20,000th of the largest scheduled load or
generator. For example, a utility system with the largest load or generator of 500 MVA
would have a convergence criteria of .03 MVA, whereas an industrial system having a
largest load or generator of 1000 kVA would have a convergence criteria of .05 kVA.
Pre-disturbance Load Flow. Pre-disturbance load flows used in studying the dynamic
behavior of a system require much more detail than steady state load flows. In steady state
load flows, generating units are represented as constant PQ sources. In fact, any P and Q
amounts can be specified, as long as the load flow solution converges. Other than the
somewhat artificial Qmax and Qmin, no constraints are imposed on the generating units.
In steady state conditions, it is assumed that all controllers have calmed and that no limits
of any kind are being challenged. As such, power plants and loads are usually represented
rather simply when performing a load flow. Clearly this representation cannot be used in
studying the dynamic behavior of the system. Therefore, I*SIM combines the steady state
load representations with the dynamic models, such as induction motors, synchronous
motors, and other user defined dynamic load models from the I*SIM library, and changes
load representations into different combinations of load mixtures. Also, instead of
constant PQ sources and swing buses, internal representations are rendered as a Norton
current source. The associated Norton equivalent impedance is given by:
04/23/2004
1
R a + jωL′′
where
Ra machine armature resistance;
L” machine sub-transient reactance.
Other data used by the pre-disturbance load flow include the individual machine VAR
participation information within a plant; the machine base MVA (kVA), armature
resistance, and sub-transient reactance L”; and step-up transformer resistance, reactance,
and off-nominal turns ratio. (L” is often referred to as X”. Their values are the same only
at nominal frequency. More appropriately, L” = 1/2 (L”d + L”q).)
Dynamic Simulation. The solution method used in the Dynamic Simulation is quite
different from the steady state load flow solution method; the solution method is based on
performing iterative Gaussian Elimination of the network by repeatedly performing
forward and backward substitutions on the factorized network impedance matrix. The
convergence criteria is based on network voltage error and can achieve a far tighter
tolerance than those attainable in the steady state load flow.
1.6.1. Points to consider when running the Simulation

As long as you know what occurs when you click the Run button, you won’t be surprised
by the results. Consider these points:
• When you click the Run button, I*SIM calculates data based on what Case or
Study is selected (that is, highlighted). See the following illustrations. If you
have Industrial Simulation highlighted, data will be generated for all the Cases
in all the Studies. If you have a Study highlighted, data will be generated for all
the Cases in that Folder. If you have either a Case or a component highlighted,
data will be generated for only that Case.
Runs all Cases in all Runs all Cases in the Runs only the Runs only the
Studies. “Isolation” folder. “6Cycles” case in the “6Cycles” case in the
“Isolation” folder. “Isolation” folder.
• To analyze Cases that use the same electrical system topology (same bus
voltages, same transformer tap settings, etc.): set up all the Cases first, then run
the Dynamic Simulation to generate data for all the Cases by highlighting
Industrial Simulation.
• To analyze Cases that use different electrical system topologies: set up the Cases,
then flip back and forth between the Component Editor/One-Line Diagram and
I*SIM, alternately changing the topology then running the Dynamic Simulation
for each specific Case by highlighting it.

Tip: Since Cases with different requirements for the static portion of the system
(for example, different transformer sizes or components in/out of service) must be
run separately, a good idea is to put all the Cases that are based on the same
electrical system configuration in their own Study. This way, you can quickly
switch to the Component Editor or One-Line Diagram, make the changes you need,
then switch back to I*SIM and run the Dynamic Simulation for the whole Study.
• If the Dynamic Simulation encounters a problem when running, it may not

generate data for some or all of the channels. You can tell what channels have
data created for them because their backgrounds will appear dark green. This
behavior is discussed more thoroughly in “Working with Plots” on page 1-49.
Has data Doesn’t have data:
• Even though a channel has data generated for it, the data may not be current. For
example, if you switch to the Component Editor, change the rated size for a
utility, then return to I*SIM, the channel data will be outdated. Any change in the
static portion of the electrical system (that is, anything you control outside of
I*SIM) will make all data in the dynamic portion of the electrical system (that is,
anything you control within I*SIM) obsolete and you will have to re-generate it
by re-running the Dynamic Simulation. This occurs because channels are
generated based on the state of the electrical system at the moment the Run
button is clicked. If that state changes at all, the channels will be based on the
previous network configuration. You can use this to your benefit, though, to
compare results between different network configurations.
• “Running the Dynamic Simulation” means letting I*SIM create the channel data;
it is a separate step from plotting the starting curves, which you control using the
I*SIM Study Manager in Plot Mode.
• If you have any components that are Out of Service, data will not be generated
for them, even if they have Dynamic Events assigned to them.
• If a motor actually represents multiple motors (that is, if the Number of Motors
box in the Component Editor has a number greater than one), I*SIM will consider
the motor accordingly. For example, if a motor actually represents 3 motors,
I*SIM will triple its starting requirements.
To run the Dynamic Simulation
1. To begin, do one of the following:
• From the Case menu, click Run Study.
• On the Toolbar, click the Run Study button .

• In the lower-left corner of the I*SIM Study Manager, click the Run button
.
2. The following dialog box will appear:
04/23/2004
Click here to
modify the Load
Flow portion of the
Simulation (see
Type report names here "LF Setup Options"
(see "Automatically- on page 1-25 for
Generated Reports" on page more information).
1-32 for more information on
reading and interpreting
Reports).
Change I*SIM's
Configurations here (see
"I*SIM Study Setup
options" on page 1-27
for more information).
3. Type names for the Reports. If you select the Overwrite Existing Report check box,
the Reports will replace any that already exist with that name. If you clear the
Overwrite Existing Report check box, you will get a warning that those Reports
already exist.
4. Click the Run button to begin the Dynamic Simulation. You will see the Run Study
dialog box as it displays the progress of the Study:

Since I*SIM will not generate data if it does not reach convergence, you should watch
carefully the messages which appear as I*SIM runs. If you see the message “ISIM study
did not converge, study terminated” (as shown in Fig. 1-5), you should begin
troubleshooting. See “Convergence Failure” on page 1-45 for help with troubleshooting
convergence failures.
Fig. 1-5. Message which appears when I*SIM does not converge.
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1.6.2. Solution Parameter Event

As discussed in “Source Models and Events” beginning on page 1-15, each component has
a distinct set of events that you may apply to it. I*SIM also has another kind of event,
called a “Solution Parameter Event,” that works differently from all the other events. The
Solution Parameter Event is unique in that you don’t apply it to a particular component,
but rather to a Case. As with other events, you specify a time for the Solution Parameter
Event to occur; however, since you apply it to the Case instead of a specific component,
the Solution Parameter Event affects how the Dynamic Simulation runs for the Case,
which ends up affecting all the components within the Case, not just a specific component.
Important: Don’t try to incorporate the Solution Parameter Event into every Case
you create. It is not meant to be used in standard practice. Rather, the Solution
Parameter Event helps to achieve convergence when I*SIM doesn’t converge.
The Solution Parameter Event works by changing the parameters (such as Acceleration
Factor or Maximum Number of Iterations) for how the Dynamic Simulation runs. Most of
the time, the default parameters that are built into I*SIM will work just fine and I*SIM
will converge; however, in those occasional instances when I*SIM doesn’t converge, you
will have to figure out what has gone awry and change it. If you’re lucky, the Dynamic
Simulation just needs a little adjustment, a nudge in the right direction—what a sailor
might call a “minor rudder correction”—which is what the Solution Parameter Event does.
(If the Solution Parameter Event doesn’t help, you probably have an error in your system
topology or a Library Model and will have to browse the Component Editor or I*SIM
Library to fix the problems. See “Convergence Failure and Other Errors” on page 1-43 for
help troubleshooting convergence failure.)
To create a Solution Parameter Event
1. With a Case highlighted, select Change Solution
Parameters
from the Case menu. The following dialog box will appear:
2. Using the guidelines below, enter values, then enter an Event Time at which you want
the change in Solution Parameters to occur.

3. Click the Create Event button to create the parameter change event, then click the
Close button.
When creating events for a Solution Parameter Event, keep these guidelines in mind:
• Acceleration Factor—The acceleration factor affects the convergence property.

A typical value for the acceleration factor is 0.7. If I*SIM is not converging, try
a smaller acceleration factor. A smaller acceleration factor decelerates the
solution process, and provides a possible means of correcting an iteration solution
which is diverging. Usually, the acceleration factor should not be less than 0.1,
since the computation time increases significantly as the acceleration factor
decreases. A larger acceleration factor provides less information regarding the
solution convergence.
• Maximum Number Iterations—Typically, 25 iterations are appropriate. If the
Network Not Converged message still appears in the Log Report, increase the
maximum number of iterations. Generally, the number of iterations would be
less than 100, since the computation time increases as the number of iterations
increases. If I*SIM is not converging, try a larger limit on the number of
iterations.
• Convergence Tolerance—The convergence tolerance in a simulation is the per
unit voltage change. A typical convergence tolerance value is 0.00001. A
tolerance value which is dramatically lower is unnecessary and wastes
computation time. If I*SIM is not converging, try a larger convergence tolerance.
• Time Step/ Plotted Points—I*SIM allows you to choose the number of time steps
per plotted point. I*SIM allows a maximum of 1000 plotted values per plot, and
automatically adjusts this entry if more than 1000 plotted values will be
generated. We recommend that you select enough plotted points to make an
engineering judgment without specifying excessive plotted points.
The following example shows a Case which will not converge until a Solution Parameter
Event is added:
Voltage: 1 UTIL-0001
Angle: 1
"Enter MVA/kVA/Amps"
Three Phase Cont: 100 MVA BUS-0001 Nom Sys Voltage: 600
Three Phase X/R: 15 Cable Key: Al Non-Magnetic THHN 600
Line to Ground Cont: 10 MVA
CBL-0001 Cable Size: 8
Line to Ground X/R: 10 MVA
Length: 11 ft.
Base/Rated MVA: 10
Base/Rated Voltage: 600 BUS-0002 Nom Sys Voltage: 600
PD-0001
Number of Motors: 1
MTRI-0001 "Running"
Rated Voltage: 600
Rated Size: 250 hp
Power Factor: 0.8 Lag
Efficiency: 0.8
Pole Pairs: 2
All six components are added to a Case in I*SIM:
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Here are the Library Models that have been assigned to the components:
Component Library Model

UTIL-001 Machine Model—Round Rotor Steam Unit (Round Rotor Fossil
Steam < 300 MVA).
Exciter Model—1981 IEEE DC 2 (1981 IEEE Recommended Type
DC2).
Turbine Governor Model—Standard Steam Turbine (Standard
Steam).
MTRI-0001 Bus Load Model—Single Cage Flux (Single Cage Flux Level
Induction Motor).
BUS-0002 Bus Load Model—BusLoad1 (Frequency Sensitive Bus Load).
PD-0001 Relay Model—Under Freq. Load Shedding (Under Frequency Load
Shedding).
A Loss of Excitation event has been assigned to the Utility and a Branch Trip event has
been assigned to the Cable:
Utility event.

Cable event.
Notice when we run the Dynamic Simulation for this Case, the Case doesn’t converge:
To fix the problem, we add a Solution Parameter Event to the Case. This Event cuts the
Acceleration Factor in half (default is 1) and doubles the Number of Iterations (default is
25):
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We're cutting the

Be sure to click Acceleration Factor in
the Create half and doubling the
Event button! Maximum Number of
Iterations.
Now we re-run the Case and it converges, therefore demonstrating that a Solution
Parameter Event does indeed help the Case to converge.
1.6.3. I*SIM Study Setup options

Use the Study Setup options to control various options.
Use Global /Case Study Setup

Typically, you should use the “Use Global Study Setup” option because it is easier and
will run the Dynamic Simulation with the same settings for all the Cases.
If you ever want to run multiple cases with different Study Setup settings, you can use the
“Use Case Study Setup” option. When using this option, be sure that all the Cases have
the Setup options that you want. Follow these steps to assign Study Setup options to each
Case:
To assign Case Study Setup options
1. With a Case highlighted, select Case Study Setup from the
Case menu. The following dialog box will appear:

2. The data boxes themselves are the same as those for the Global Study Setup.
Angle Reference Machine

Choose a source (utility or generator) whose machine rotor angle you want used as a
reference; a common choice is a swing bus (see page 1-4 for the definition of a swing
bus). If the Angle Reference Machine is not “None,” any rotor angle plotted will show the
difference between its own angle and that of the reference machine’s. If you’re using the
Global Study Setup, be sure to choose a source that is common to all Cases. If you’re
using the Case Study Setup, be sure to choose a source that is in the Case.
Maximum Simulation Time

The simulation run time for a complete dynamic simulation usually will not exceed 30
seconds for studies in the electro-mechanical frequency spectrum. The run time must be
specified in seconds.
Simulation Time Step

The size of the simulation time step is usually determined by the integration method being
used. For the I*SIM integration method, a time step of no greater than 1/4 of the smallest
closed loop time constant in the system should be used. Since all of the time constants in
the model library represent the open loop time constant, and since the closed loop time
constant is very hard to determine because it depends upon the type and location of the
disturbance being applied, the recommended time step is 1/2 cycle or less for general
analysis in the electro-mechanical frequency spectrum. In studies with induction motors,
the recommended time step is 1/16 cycle or less. I*SIM allows the time step to be
specified as 1/64, 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and 1, to allow for varying system conditions.
Model Frequency Dependent Network

Modeling the frequency dependent network causes I*SIM to include the effect in which
the network impedance changes as the frequency changes (X = jωL). Including this model
will increase the accuracy for some cases, such as starting induction motors, in which the
frequency may deviate significantly from the nominal frequency. However, including this
model will increase the total run time.
The constant impedance portion of the load adjusts to the local frequency if the network
frequency dependent effect has been included, but is not affected by the load models.
In traditional stability programs X (reactance) and L (inductance) or C (capacitance) may

have been used indiscriminately. It has been assumed that the network frequency is very
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1
close to nominal and that ω ≈ ω0 = 1. Since X = ωL or ωc , then X ≈ L or 1/C. This is
normally the case in very large systems where the frequency cannot possibly deviate
significantly from nominal. However, if the system to be simulated does suffer from large
frequency fluctuations and does not require motor starting or islanding studies, then it is
imperative to include the network frequency dependence model in the study. In fact, if the
flux induction motor is to be used, then it is virtually mandatory that this model be
included in the representation.
1.6.4. LF Setup Options

Use the LF Study Setup dialog box to choose how you want the Load Flow portion of the
Dynamic Simulation to create data.
Essentially, these are the same setup options as those for DAPPER’s Load Flow Study.
Note that I*SIM uses the Ra and X” in the Source Model Library as the utility impedance.
Important: When I*SIM runs the Load Flow Study, it treats some components
differently depending on how you have set up their models and events (see “Assign
Models and Events to Components” on page 1-11 for model or event setup):
• An induction motor which has a model applied to it will be reported as a
PQ generator, not as a motor.
• An induction motor whose Initial Status is set to off-line will not be
reported at all.
• A branch whose Initial Status is set to off-line will be treated as an
unconnected component.
It is recommended that you run the Study using the Exact (Iterative) Solution method first.
This is because the solution method usually converges on most power systems. In the
unlikely event that the steady-state load flow solution does not converge, you should re-
run the Study using the Approximate Solution method. If it does not converge, a message
in the Study Message dialog box will notify you of the problem. When the Approximate

Solution method is selected, PTW temporarily converts all loads to constant impedance
type characteristics, making these system losses smaller than if constant kVA type loads
were modeled. An output report is then written, and data is sent to the database. Although
it is an approximate solution (since the load characteristic is approximated), this solution
method may help to identify the reasons for the non-convergence.
If you have a non-convergent solution, examine the Log Report’s bus voltage mismatch
values and bus mismatch location, as there may be a data input problem that has caused
the non-convergence. Check specifically for excessive voltage drop and multiple PV
generators separated by small impedance values. If the voltage drops are within a
reasonable range, try adjusting the Solution Criteria. See “Solution Criteria,” following.
Load Specification
These options control how the Study handles load data.
Directly Connected Loads

When either of these two options is selected, the load flow solution calculates the load at
each bus, then solves the steady state load flow equation
LM b
P − jQ g OP
= [Y][V] . Neither of
N [V]* Q
these options uses results from the Demand Load Study, so I*SIM runs the Load Flow
Study but not the Demand Load Study.
When the Connected Load option button is selected, the I*SIM Dynamic Simulation
calculates the loads without considering any load or demand factors. If motor loads are
identified, and if multiple motors are modeled in a single motor load object, the total
motor connected load is the number of motors multiplied by the motor’s rated size.
Otherwise, the load rated size is the connected load value. Motors expressed in
horsepower are converted to kVA units by dividing by the efficiency, power factor, etc.
When the 1st Level Demand or Energy Factor option button is selected, the I*SIM Starting
Simulation calculates the loads using the first level demand factors and energy audit load
factors, as appropriate. If a non-motor load is identified with both an energy audit load
factor and a demand load category, then the Study will use both the energy audit load
factor and the first level demand load factor multiplied by the load’s rated size. For motor
loads, the load is calculated as the number of motors multiplied by the motor rated size
multiplied by the motor load factor. Load diversity resulting from identifying multiple
levels of demand load factors is not taken into consideration.
From Demand Load Study

These options use the calculated demand load values from the Demand Load Study, so
I*SIM runs both the Load Flow Study and the Demand Load Study. Upon creating a new
Project, the Demand Load Study includes the results from all non-motor loads by default,
unless you selected either the Include Only Demand Loads or Include Only Energy Audit
Loads option button before running the Demand Load Study. Demand loads with multiple
levels of demand factors, such as receptacle loads where the first 10 kVA of load have a
100% demand factor and the remaining receptacle load has a 50% demand factor result in
a non-coincident demand (diversity) load that is unique. This diversity load is calculated
at each branch within the load flow solution.
Solution Criteria
These options control the solution data.
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Generation Acceleration Factor, Load Acceleration Factor

The two Acceleration Factor text boxes allow you to control how the I*SIM Dynamic
Simulation converges upon the solution. Generally, the Acceleration Factors do not need
to be changed from their default values. However, if a non-convergent solution occurs,
even after an Approximate Solution method has been run, try changing the Generation
Acceleration Factor and/or the Load Acceleration Factor from their default of 1.0 to a
factor between 0.1 and 1.0. The smaller the factor, the smaller the step change used in the
iteration solution.
Bus Voltage Drop, Branch Voltage Drop

These provide a quick method to flag excessive voltage drops in the output report. In the
report, PTW flags with a dollar sign ($) any bus or branch voltage drop value that exceeds
the limits set in these text boxes. Upon creating a new Project, the default values are a 5%
bus voltage drop, and a 3% branch voltage drop. However, you can change these
percentages by typing a percent value in the appropriate text box.
Important: The I*SIM Dynamic Simulation only takes into account the primary
tap setting for transformers; it does not consider the phase shift or the secondary tap
settings (these are all set on the first subview for transformers). If you want to
model a transformer with a secondary tap setting, add a minus sign to the setting and
enter the value in the primary tap box. For example, to model a secondary tap
setting of 3, enter a -3 into the primary tap box; similarly, to model a secondary tap
setting of -2, enter a 2 into the primary tap box.
1.6.5. Automatically-Generated Reports

I*SIM generates a number of reports when it runs:
• Input Report—Contains static system data (that is, the data you enter in the
Component Editor and the One-Line Diagram).
• Demand Load Report—Contains results of the Demand Load Study that I*SIM
runs (I*SIM only runs the Demand Load Study only runs the Demand Load
Study if you select either of the two “From Demand Load Study” options in the
Load Flow setup).
• Load Flow Report—Contains results of the Load Flow Study that I*SIM runs.
• Dynamic Report—Contains dynamic system data (that is, the data you enter in
I*SIM).
• Log Report—Contains messages about the running of the Dynamic Simulation,
including any error messages about convergence failures.
Each of these Reports will be discussed in detail.
Tip: If you are trying to fix a convergence error, skip to “Convergence Failure” on
page 1-45.
To Open a Report
1. Do one of the following:
• From the Document menu, choose Report.

• Click the Report button on the toolbar.

2. In the Open Report dialog box, choose the name of the I*SIM report you created.
Input Report
The Input Report contains a detailed breakdown of each component’s structural, or static,
data, such as the components it connects to, its voltage, and its size (in essence, the Input
Report contains all the data that you have input using the Component Editor and One-Line
Diagram).
The following example shows part of a typical Input Report:
FEEDER INPUT DATA

FEEDER FROM FEEDER TO QTY VOLTS LENGTH FEEDER DESCRIPTION
NAME NAME /PH L-L SIZE TYPE DUCT INSUL
003-HV SWGR 004-TX B PRI 1 13800 200.0 FT 6 C N XLP
+/- Impedance: 0.5100 + J 0.0636 OHMS/M Length 0.0536 + J 0.0067 PU
Z0 Impedance: 0.8108 + J 0.1618 OHMS/M Length 0.0851 + J 0.0170 PU
TRANSFORMER INPUT DATA

PRIMARY RECORD VOLTS * SECONDARY RECORD VOLTS FULL-LOAD NOMINAL NO NAME
L-L NO NAME L-L KVA KVA
===========================================================================
002-TX A PRI D 69000.0 003-HV SWGR YG 12900.0 25000.0 20000.0
Pos. Seq. Z%: 0.140 + J 0.410 0.007 + j 0.020 PU
Zero Seq. Z%: 0.140 + J 0.410 0.007 + j 0.020 PU
Taps Pri. -4.99 % Sec. 0.000 % Phase Shift (Pri. Leading Sec.): 30.00 Deg.
Demand Load Report

The Demand Load Report lists the results of the running of the Demand Load Study,
which calculates the connected, demand, and design load values for each bus, including
the effects of load diversity.
Note: I*SIM only runs the Demand Load Study if you have selected one of the
three “From Demand Load Study” options in the Load Flow Setup. We do not
recommend that you use any of these three options, but instead use either of the two
“Directly Connected Loads” options. However, if you do one of the “From Demand
Load Study” options, the Study will use the setup options from the DAPPER
Demand Load Study setup.
The following example shows part of a typical Demand Load Report:
LOAD SUMMARY
LOAD SCHEDULE FOR 001-UTILITY CO 69000. VOLTS LINE TO LINE
SOURCE OF PWR SOURCE BUS
ITEM DESCRIPTION * CONNECTED LOAD * DEMAND LOAD * DESIGN LOAD * %
KVA AMPS KVA AMPS KVA AMPS P F
END USE LOADS
BRANCH LOADS
002-TX A PRI 23003.5 192.5 14123.3 118.2 15401.5 128.9 95.09
TOTALS 23003.5 192.5 14123.3 118.2 15401.5 128.9 95.09
END USE LOADS
KVA TYPE MTR 64.1 77.1 64.1 77.1 64.1 77.1 80.00
LARGEST KVA MTR 29.1 35.1 29.1 35.1 36.4 43.8 80.00
BRANCH LOADS
018-RA 124.5 149.7 124.5 149.7 130.6 157.1 88.76
TOTALS 217.0 261.1 217.0 261.1 230.4 277.1 85.23
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Load Flow Report

The Load Flow Report lists the results of the running of the Load Flow Study, which
calculates the voltage drop through each branch impedance component, and the associated
voltages at each bus or node in the electrical system.
If you expect to see data for certain components but don’t, here are some possible reasons
why:
• An induction motor which has a model applied to it will be reported as a PQ

generator, not as a motor.
• An induction motor whose Initial Status is set to off-line will not be reported at
all.
• A branch whose Initial Status is set to off-line will be treated as an unconnected
component.
The following example shows part of a typical Load Flow Report:
BALANCED VOLTAGE DROP AND LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

VOLTAGE EFFECT ON LOADS MODELED
VOLTAGE DROP CRITERIA: BRANCH = 3.00 % BUS = 5.00
==== BUS: 028-BUS 28 DESIGN VOLTS: 480 BUS VOLTS: 439 %VD: 8.59$
======================= PU BUS VOLTAGE: 0.914 ANGLE: -2.8 DEGREES
**** PQ TYPE MACHINE:IND-028 -800.0 KW -600.0 KVAR
LOAD FROM: 027-TX B PRI FEEDER AMPS:1315.7 VOLTAGE DROP: 9. %VD: 1.81
PROJECTED POWER FLOW: 800.0 KW 600.0 KVAR 1000.0 KVA PF: 0.80 LAGGING
LOSSES THRU FEEDER: 13.3 KW 15.3 KVAR 20.3 KVA
Dynamic Report
The Dynamic Report lists the components’ dynamic data (that is, the data you enter in
I*SIM, as opposed to static data, which you enter in the Component Editor) including the
models you have applied and the Dynamic Events—such as Load Change, Apply Fault,
and so on—within all the Cases that you have run the Dynamic Simulation for. See
“Assign Models and Events to Components” on page 1-11 for a review of creating
Dynamic Events.
Note: The Dynamic Report does not contain the actual results of the dynamic
simulation; you view the results by plotting the curves, as discussed in “Plot
Simulation Curves” on page 1-47.
The following example shows part of a typical Dynamic Report:

System Frequency: 60
<< Fault - Bus 24 >>
Time Step: 0.0010
Angle Reference Bus: EDISON-001
Frequency Dependent Network Modeled: YES
Component Name: IND-025

Bus Connected: 025-BUS 25
Library Model Name: Double Cage Flux
Machine Modal Data:
3.64900E-001 Tí Transient time constant
4.80000E-003 Tî Sub-transient time constant
1.00000E+000 H Inertia constant
3.82900E+000 X Steady-state armature reactance
The first part of the report lists 2.75000E-001 Xí Transient motor reactance
data for the model you have 1.75000E-001 Xî Sub-transient motor reactance
applied to the component.
1.12000E-001 Xl Leakage reactance
1.00000E+000 E1 First sample voltage
3.00000E-002 Se(E1) Saturation factor at E1
1.20000E+000 E2 Second sample voltage
1.20000E-001 Se(E2) Saturation factor at E2
2.00000E+000 D Load damping factor
-1.00000E+000 Tnominal Nominal Torque
Component Name: 024-MV SWG

SWITCHING EVENTS - Sorted by time in seconds
The second part of the report lists PLOT EVERY 1 TIME STEP
the Dynamic Events that you 0.1000 024-MV SWG Fault the Bus
have created for each 0.2000 024-MV SWG Clear the Fault
component.
MAXIMUM STUDY TIME: 2.5000
PLOT CHANNEL SCHEDULE

MACHINE: ROTOR SPD: IN PU Dev. AT BUS: 020-DS SWG3
The third part of the report lists MACHINE: REL. ANGLE: IN Rel Degree AT BUS: 020-DS SWG3
the channels (that is, the curves) MACHINE: E FIELD: IN Per Unit AT BUS: 020-DS SWG3
that you placed checks next to. BUS: 003-HV SWGR VOLTAGE (PU) AND ANGLE (Degrees)
BRANCH: 002-TX A PRI TO 003-HV SWGR P + jQ (PU)
Log Report
The Log Report contains information about the running of the Dynamic Simulation itself.
You will probably spend more time reviewing the Log Report than any of the other
Reports, particularly if the Dynamic Simulation fails to converge.
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Iter |deltaV|/tol Bus |deltaV|

1 12016.350 023-MTR 23 0.1202
2 3563.198 023-MTR 23 0.0356
3 1095.051 023-MTR 23 0.0110
4 341.007 023-MTR 23 0.0034
5 106.572 023-MTR 23 0.0011
6 33.321 023-MTR 23 0.0003
7 10.413 023-MTR 23 0.0001
8 3.259 023-MTR 23 0.0000
The first part of the Log Report 9 1.013 023-MTR 23 0.0000
contains the pre-disturbance load 10 0.314 023-MTR 23 0.0000
flow condition.
Converged in 10 iterations
maximum mismatch: -2.32 kw .08 kvar 2.32 kva-bus 013-DS SWG2

Total absolute mismatch: 7.45 KVA for the whole system
bus 028-MTR 28 A unit 1--slip= .22565e-01 var mismatch= .22938e-03pu
bus 025-MTR 25 unit 1--slip= .21446e-01 var mismatch= -.41787e-02pu
bus 020-DS SWG3 unit 1--slip= .33526e-02 var mismatch= .77621e-02pu
Time Iter |deltaV|/Tol Bus deltaV
-0.002 1 0.009 023-MTR 23 0.0000
DEMONSTRATION STUDY FOR POWER*TOOLS FOR WINDOWS
Initial condition load flow solution converged in 1 iterations
…ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÀÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ Machine initial conditionsÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕª

∫ Bus Component ∫ Vterm EFD Pelec Qelec Mbase P.F. Angle∫
ÃÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕπ
∫ 001-UTILITY CO U1 1.0020 1.0069 15026.1 4665.0 100000.0 .96 1.∫
The second part of the Log
Report contains the machine ∫ 003-HV SWGR M10 1.0170 1.6505 -3090.9 -324.0 3076.3 -.99 -49.∫
initial conditions. ∫ 008-DS SWG1 G1 .9741 1.8383 508.7 274.7 750.0 .88 23.∫
∫ 020-DS SWG3 M3 .9496 .0000 -2061.2 -509.9 2966.6 -.97 ∫
∫ 020-DS SWG3 G2 .9496 2.1212 1076.0 863.7 1500.0 .78 21.∫
∫ 025-MTR 25 M25 1.0165 .0000 -1637.8 -1297.7 1956.5 -.78 ∫
∫ 028-MTR 28 A M 28 # 1&2 .9588 .0000 -390.3 -182.5 500.0 -.91 ∫
»ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕº
Error messages will appear here,
if any exist. Pay keen attention to
this portion of the Report.
-0.002 1 0.002 013-DS SWG2 0.0000
No significant state variable movement detected.
The last part of the Log Report
lists the convergence behavior. /* SWITCHING INTERFACE FILE FOR ISIM
Use the Bus which is circled /* SET DEFAULT # POINTS TO PLOT
as a troubleshooting starting point /* 0.1000 002-TX A PRI BRANCH OUT OF SERVICE 003-HV SWGR
if the Case doesn't converge. /* 0.2000 002-TX A PRI BRANCH IN SERVICE 003-HV SWGR
1.7. Convergence Failure and Other Errors

When you run I*SIM, chances are good that, from time to time, your Case will fail to
converge or some other error will prevent I*SIM from generating valid data. This section
provides some ways to correct these errors.
1.7.1. Initialization Error

I*SIM alerts you to an initialization error with this message:

This problem usually occurs because an Exciter or Governor has reached its limit.
To begin troubleshooting, check the Log Report for any error messages. If the Exciter or
Governor reached its limit, you will see a message like this:
standard governor at bus GEN-0001 machine *** initialized out of limits, vr val= 1.0037
When the Dynamic Simulation starts, I*SIM analyzes the pre-disturbance load flow.
From there, I*SIM works backward from output to input to determine the necessary
controller output and steady state status. If the pre-disturbance load flow is unreasonable
or if data errors exist in the dynamic models, then it is likely that some controller limits
will be immediately challenged or that some controllers will start to move before any
disturbance has been applied. Since this cannot occur in the real world, I*SIM responds
with the error message in the Log Report.
To fix this problem you need to determine whether it was a faulty Library Model or a
badly configured electrical system, then fix the problem and re-run the Dynamic
Simulation. Look first for typographical errors (such as entering “200” instead of “2000”),
but also look for components whose sizes don’t match one another. Here’s an example of
a situation in which, even though all the components have reasonable sizes, a governor
reaches its limit and causes an initialization error:
We have applied a Standard Steam Turbine governor model to a swing bus-type generator.
This governor allows a maximum of 0.5 Volt on the machine’s per unit base. Therefore,
since our generator has a rated size of 4000 kVA, the governor will allow a maximum of
2000 kVA output. However, an induction motor in the system has a rated size of 2500
kVA, so when we run I*SIM, the generator’s governor immediately reaches its maximum
limit and I*SIM reports an initialization error. To correct this situation, one of these
components needs to be modified. Taken separately, none is “bad” in terms of real-world
data—a 4000 kVA generator is reasonable, just as is a 2500 kVA induction motor or a
Standard Steam Turbine governor. However, the combination of the three causes an
unrealistic situation, and one of them has to change. Either the generator size should be
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increased, the motor size should be increased, or the governor’s Vmax per unit value is
too small.
This governor allows a maximum

of 2000 kVA for this generator
because the Library values are
per unit on the base of the
machine's rated size.
Since the motor requires 2500

kVA, the generator's governor
immediately reaches its maximum
limit and I*SIM reports an error.
1.7.2. Convergence Failure

I*SIM alerts you to convergence failure with this error message:

An excessive amount of constant kVA load at the bus frequently causes this problem. To
determine which bus the problem occurred at, look for a line similar to this at the end of
the Log Report and find the bus name:

-0.002 1 0.004 027-DSB 3 0.0000
Using either the Component Editor or the One-Line Diagram, first check how many
induction motors you have connected to the Bus (in this case, Bus “027-DSB 3”). If any
of these induction motors do not have Library Models applied to them, you should apply
models to them because I*SIM treats Induction Motors without Library Models as
constant kVA loads. I*SIM will calculate them more accurately if they have Models.
If the Induction Motors already have models assigned to them, try adding a Solution
Parameter Event to the Case. Frequently a Solution Parameter Event will help the Case to
converge. See “Solution Parameter Event” on page 1-31 for more information about
adding a Solution Parameter Event to a Case.
1.7.3. Other Common Causes of Errors

Here are some other possible causes of errors:
Problem: Unreasonable excitation (Efd) demand resulting from an unreasonable

combination of initial condition voltage. The generator’s minimum and maximum kVAR
limits force the Exciter Model to reach its limit. This condition could also be the result of
exciter saturation or of inappropriate voltage regulator data.
Solution: Modify the generator minimum and maximum kVAR in the Component Editor.
Problem: Unreasonable mechanical power, Pmech, demand resulting from unreasonable

generator power.
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Solution: Check the initial condition P (labeled kW onscreen in the Component Editor for
the generator) relative to the machine rated size (kVA) of the corresponding unit. You
may also have to check the Governor Model in the Library, as the problem could also
result from bad governor limit data.
Problem: Excessive “var mismatch” in the Log Report. Var mismatch itself is not a
problem, just an excess of it. Some var mismatch will almost always occur because of the
difference between the steady state’s calculation methods and I*SIM’s. Since the steady
state load flow does not know the machine’s internal characteristics (because it doesn’t use
the Dynamic Model), it makes assumptions that closely, but not precisely, estimate the var
consumed by the motor. When the Dynamic Simulation runs it does know the machine’s
internal characteristics because it uses the Dynamic Model, so it can more precisely
determine the var consumed. As a result, you will usually find in the Log Report a slight
mismatch between the actual var consumed and the estimated var consumed. The model
then creates a shunt at its terminal in order to compensate for this mismatch. In
compensating for the mismatch, I*SIM does not need to carry induction machine internal
resistances and reactance into the load flow calculations. Unfortunately, if the Dynamic
Model has inaccurate data, a very large internally held shunt capacitor could be created; if
this shunt is large enough, a self-excitation phenomena could occur. Such occurrences are
rare, but not impossible.
Solution: Check the Induction Motor Model for inaccurate data.
Problem: Too much constant PQ load in the system prevents convergence.

Solution: Create a Solution Parameter Event (see “Solution Parameter Event” on page 1-
31). If you wonder why too much constant PQ load can cause non-convergence, this
explanation should help. The more independent a load is on the voltage, the more power
the load will draw from the system during a fault, the weaker the ties holding the
generators become, and the less stable the system becomes. This instability is not merely
due to the constant PQ load affecting the convergence property in dynamic solution.
Actually, the constant PQ load causes the system to appear less stable than it really is.
Problem: Conditions in the simulation may be changing too rapidly, preventing

convergence. This often occurs during faults, switching, and rapid controller actions.
31).
Problem: Too large of an acceleration factor.

31).
1.8. Plot Simulation Curves

Once you have run the Dynamic Simulation, you can switch to Plot View to view the
curves.
The first time you switch to Plot View, you need to type a name for the plot file. To do so,
from the Case menu, select the Plot command (you can also click the Plot button
in the lower-left corner). The following dialog box will appear:

Type a name for the plot and click the OK button.
I*SIM will now be running in Plot Mode. Note that while views 1 and 3 look the same as
those while in Event Mode, they are in fact slightly different in their operation. Also, note
that view 2 looks entirely different.
Y
X
Parts of I*SIM while in Plot mode:
X—The Study-Case View shows the Cases and Studies.
Y—The Plot Graph View shows the active plot.
Z—The Plot Variable View shows the channels (that is, the curves) you may display or
hide on the plot for the currently selected Case.
Note: The I*SIM Study Manager runs in three modes: Event, Run, and Plot. While
in the Event mode, you prepare the Cases that you want to plot. While in Run mode,
I*SIM generates data for the Cases. While in Plot mode, you plot the Cases.
Anytime you want to modify Cases or create new Cases, you need to switch to Event
mode.
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Feel free to flip back and forth between Event mode and Plot mode. The Plot file will not
disappear. Use the button whenever you want to make a new Plot or to pick a
different one, and use the button whenever you want to quickly flip back and
forth.
1.8.1. Working with Plots

The grid you see in the upper-right area of the I*SIM Study Manager shows the contents
of the active plot (the plot is the file you named in the previous section). You may create
as many plots as you want, but only one plot will be displayed at a time.
Important: A plot is not linked to any particular Case, but is merely a place to
display motor starting curves. This means that you may display curves from
multiple Cases in a single plot.
Think of the plot as a bulletin board to which you add or remove curves. For example,
you can add the Rotor Angle and Excitation Voltage curves for Motor1 from Case One
and Case Two. You can also remove curves if you wish. Keep in mind, though, that once
you add a curve to a plot, it will remain there until you remove it; it will still be displayed
even if you switch to another Case which doesn’t have any curves displayed.
To add curves to a plot, place checks in the gray check box squares. When you place a
check in a channel’s square, a curve will appear for that channel.

Place checks for the

curves you want to add to
the plot. When you add a
check to a channel. . .
that channel's curve and

the curve's axis appear
on the plot.
You may display up to six curves at a time on a plot, but you may find the plot more
legible if you display no more than four at a time.
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You may have noticed that gray squares appear for some of the plot channels but not all of
them, which can seem confusing. Why, when I*SIM is in Event Mode, do squares appear
for all of the channels, but when I*SIM is in Plot Mode, squares appear for only some of
the channels? The answer is that squares will only appear for those channels which have
data. If a channel has no data generated for it, no plot can be displayed for that channel,
and thus a square will not appear.

The following example illustrates this behavior:
Fig. 1-6 shows the Channel Window while I*SIM is in Event Mode. Note that we have
placed checks for three channels: Speed Deviation, Terminal Voltage, and Mechanical
Power. However, only the first two, Speed Deviation and Terminal Voltage, display a
shaded background, which means only these two channels currently contain data from a
previous run of the Dynamic Simulation. The third channel, Mechanical Power, does not
contain any data.
Fig. 1-6
Therefore, when we switch I*SIM to Plot Mode, as shown in Fig. 1-7, squares only appear
for the channels which have data: Speed Deviation and Terminal Voltage. Although the
Mechanical Power channel displays a check mark while I*SIM is in Event Mode, until the
Dynamic Simulation is run again the Mechanical Power channel will not be available to
display a plot for that channel when I*SIM is in Plot Mode because the channel does not
contain any data. (If a component is Out of Service, no data will be generated for any of
its channels, even if all are selected.)
Fig. 1-7
In order to generate data for the Mechanical Power channel, you would need to re-run the
Dynamic Simulation, as discussed in Section 1.6, “Run Dynamic Simulation to Produce
Data.”
You can tell which Case a plot came from by placing the mouse pointer over it so a hand
appears, then clicking the mouse button. The channel that the curve came from will
then be highlighted. Refer to the following illustration:
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When you click

the mouse
pointer on a
curve. . .
the channel for

that curve will be
highlighted. (The
Case that the
curve came from
will also be
highlighted in the
Study-Case
View.)

To create a new Plot
1. From the Case menu, choose the Plot command or click the button.
2. Type a name for the new Plot and click the New button.
To open an existing Plot
2. Select an existing Plot and click the Open button.
To rename an existing Plot
2. Highlight a Plot and click the Rename button. (Note: You cannot rename a Plot when
it is open. If only one Plot exists, that Plot will always be open, since I*SIM always
displays a Plot. Therefore, if only one Plot exists and you want to rename it, create a
new Plot by clicking the New button, at which point you can rename the previous
Plot.)
3. Type a new name for the Plot. You may use more than 8 characters and include
spaces in the name if you want.
Tip: Use the Plot command from the Case menu or the Plot button in
the lower-left corner whenever you want to create a new Plot, and use the View Plot
toolbar button or the button in the lower-left corner when you are just
flipping back and forth between Event mode and Plot mode.
To delete a Plot
2. Highlight a Plot and click the Delete button. (Note: You cannot delete a Plot when it
is open. If only one Plot exists, that Plot will always be open, since I*SIM always
displays a Plot. Therefore, if only one Plot exists and you want to delete it, create a
new Plot by clicking the New button, at which point you can delete the previous Plot.)
1.8.2. Understanding Axes

Each curve type on an I*SIM plot has its own associated Y axis. When you display a
curve, if a curve of that type has not already been placed on the plot, then that curve type’s
Y axis, including the units that it displays with, will appear to the left. Similarly, when
you remove a curve from the plot, if that is the only curve of that type on the plot, then its
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Y axis, including the units that it displays with, will disappear. (There is no individual X
axis for each curve; all curves use “Time in Seconds.”) There are 14 axis types which
correspond to the 14 channels (Speed Deviation, Rotor Angle, and so on; note that Sources
and Motors use the same seven types of axes).
If you have five curves displayed, and each is a different curve type, you will see five axes
to the left. Conversely, if you have five curves displayed, and they are all of the same
type, you will see one axis to the left. Curves of the same type use the same axis.
This means that, while curves may lie next to one another, if they are of a different type
then they are not plotted on the same axis. In the following picture, for example,
the Excitation Voltage curve seems to slope all the way up to the Terminal Voltage curve.
However, the Excitation Voltage uses a smaller scale axis, which means that its curve
actually lies far below the Terminal Voltage curve. The default behavior of an axis is to
show only the range for the displayed curve or curves that use that axis. This explains
why the Excitation Voltage axis ranges from 5000 V to 8000 V while the Terminal
Voltage axis ranges from 13800 V to 13890 V. You can change this default behavior
using the Axis Range command from the Plot menu. Using the above picture as an
example, if we change the range for both axes so they span from 4000 V to 15000 V, we
get a picture that shows their true axial relation to one another:

The Axis Range dialog box looks like this:
To toggle the axes between their standard values and per unit values, or to change the units
used (for example, to use kV instead of V), use the Axis Units command from the Plot
menu. Its dialog box looks like this:
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To show just one axis instead of all, click the Y Axis command on the Plot menu, then
choose Show One. With this option turned on, you can show the axis for whichever curve
you want by pointing at a curve with the mouse pointer and, when a hand appears,
clicking the mouse button.
You can use the indicator in the upper-left corner to show you the exact coordinates of the
mouse pointer on the plot. If you want the view the coordinates for a point on a particular
curve, point to the curve with the mouse pointer and, when a hand appears, look at the
indicator to see that point’s coordinates using that curve’s Y axis (the X axis is always
displayed in seconds). When you are not pointing at a curve, the indicator will show the
coordinates using the axis closest to the curve by default (if you are using the Show One
option for the Y Axis command, the indicator will show the coordinates using the axis that
would be closest to the curve). To change how many decimal places are shown in the
indicator’s coordinates, use the Numeric Precision command on the Case menu.
1.1.1. Taking Components to the Component Editor

You may use the Go to Component Editor command to quickly take the components in
a case to the Component Editor (this command will only be active when a case or a
component is highlighted).
To take the components in a case to the Component Editor

1. With a component or a case highlighted, do one of the following:
• On the toolbar, click the Go to Component Editor button .

• From the Window menu, choose the Go to Component Editor command.
1.1.2. Taking Components to a One-Line Diagram

You may use the Go to One-Line Diagram command to quickly take the components in
a case to the associated One-Line Diagram (this command will only be active when a case
or a component is highlighted). To change which One-Line is associated with the Case,
use the Associate One-Line Diagram command from the Case menu.
To take the components in a case to a One-Line Diagram

1. With a component or a case highlighted, do one of the following:

• On the toolbar, click the Go to One-Line Diagram button .

• From the Window menu, choose the Go to One-Line Diagram command.
1.1.3. Zooming In and Out

You can magnify an area of the plot using the same Zoom tools that you use on a One-
Line Diagram.
To magnify an area of the plot
1. Either click the Zoom Area button on the toolbar or select Zoom Area from the
View menu. Next, while holding down the mouse button, draw a box around the area
you want to magnify.
To zoom out after magnifying an area of the plot

• On the toolbar, click the Zoom All button .

• From the View menu, choose the Zoom All command.
To maximize the plot to the entire size of the screen

1. From the Plot menu, choose the Maximize command.
1.1.4. Adding Annotations to a plot

Annotations provide a way to put text next to each curve. You are not limited to just one
annotation per curve; you may put as many annotations as you want on the plot. You must
have at least one curve displayed, however, in order to create and display annotations,
since annotations are tied to axes.
To determine an annotation’s Y coordinates, you use the axis that the annotation is
associated with (there is no individual X axis for each annotation—they share the “Time in
Seconds” X axis, as curves do). Annotations are associated with the same axes that curves
are. For example, Excitation Voltage curves share the same Excitation Voltage axis. In
the same way, all annotations associated with the Excitation Voltage axis use the
Excitation Voltage axis for their Y coordinates. You choose which axis you want to
associate an annotation with when you create the annotation. Therefore, the number of
axes available to associate stems from the number of curves presently displayed.
Let’s say you want to put the words Excitation Voltage downslope on the Plot, as shown:
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Excitation Voltage downslope
To begin, choose the Edit Annotations command from the Plot menu. The following
dialog box will appear:
Click here
to create a
new
annotation.
Next, click the New button to create a new annotation. (The New button will not be
available if no curves are displayed on the plot.) The following dialog box will appear:

Choose an axis to associate with the

annotation. You can choose from the axes
that are presently displayed on the plot. In
this example, two axes will appear in this list
box: Motor Torque and Load Torque.
Type the coordinates for the
annotation based on its axis. Type the text for the annotation here.
Be sure to enter the Y coordinate based on the correct axis. Note that we associated this
annotation with the Excitation Voltage axis, which means that the Y coordinate must be
entered based on the Excitation Voltage axis, not the Terminal Voltage axis. If we based
our Y coordinate on the Terminal Voltage axis and erroneously entered 13865 instead of
7000, the annotation would not appear because it would be offscreen, far above the
location we wanted it.
When an axis disappears because all curves of its type are removed, all annotations that
are associated with that axis will disappear, too. The annotation will also disappear from
the Edit Annotation dialog box when the axis is not visible, but the annotation still exists.
In fact, when the annotation’s axis reappears, the annotation will reappear, too. Once you
have created an annotation, it becomes linked to its axis and will always appear with the
axis unless you delete the annotation by clicking the Delete button in the Edit Annotation
dialog box. If you want to delete the annotation, be sure that the curve is displayed so the
annotation’s name will appear in the Edit Annotation dialog box; if its name does not
appear, you cannot highlight it and click the Delete button.
Annotations are specific to a plot. Therefore, in our example, the Excitation Voltage
annotation we created is only linked to the Excitation Voltage axis for that particular plot.
If we create a new plot for this same case, then display the Excitation Voltage and
Terminal Voltage curves, the same two curves will appear, but the annotation will not,
since it is only linked to the Excitation Voltage axis in the other plot, not in all plots.
To hide all the annotations on a plot, use the Show Annotations command from the Plot
menu, which toggles them on or off.
To control the font size for the Annotations, use the Graph Fonts command from the Plot
menu (discussed in Section 1.1.6, “Changing Colors and Sizes”).
Tip: You may want to wait until you are ready to print to create Annotations. That
way, you can minimize having to move them around.
1.1.5. Exporting a plot as text or as a graphic

You can export the plot to a Windows Metafile (WMF) or a Bitmap (BMP), or as text.
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To export a plot
1. From the Plot menu, choose the Export command.
2. Choose whether you want to export as a Windows Metafile (WMF), as a Bitmap
(BMP), or as text. Because the Windows Metafile is vector-based, as opposed to the
Bitmap, which is raster-based, the Windows Metafile will produce much crisper
curves when it is printed, particularly if you stretch it to a larger size. However, if
you want to edit the exported plot picture in a painting program, you will need to use
the Bitmap format. If you export as text, be sure that you have set the number of
decimals places you want using the Numeric Precision command from the Case
menu.
3. Choose a Destination. If you choose Clipboard, a picture of the plot will be placed on
the Windows Clipboard. You can then switch to another program to paste the plot
picture. (When you export to the Clipboard, you are not saving to a file, but merely
placing the plot picture in temporary memory.) If you choose File, select a location
and name for the file. The extension will automatically be set as WMF, BMP, or
DAT depending on your selection for the Export option.
4. Choose an Object Size. In most cases you needn’t modify these settings, and in fact
you may compromise the quality of the graphic by doing so. Also, since Windows
Metafiles are vector-based, they may be resized with no loss of sharpness anyway, so
there is no need to type a different size. For Bitmaps, though, sharpness will be lost if
they are resized, so if you know the size that the graphic must be, and you must use a
Bitmap, you can type a size in pixels. If you do so, though, be sure to maintain the
ratio of width to height (for example, if the default is 300 points width and 100 points
height, and you change the width to 900 points, be sure to change the height to 300
points to maintain the 3:1 width-to-height ratio).
5. Click the Export button.
1.1.6. Changing Colors and Sizes

I*SIM provides virtually limitless ways to change the plot window’s colors, styles, and
fonts. The most significant way to change how the Plot looks, though, is to change the
Viewing Style.
Located on the Case menu, the Viewing Style command determines how the plot curves
will be drawn and whether the background will be color or monochrome (that is, black-
and-white). If you will be printing to a black-and-white printer and the plot has less than
four curves shown, the Monochrome setting will work well; however, if the plot has four
or more curves shown, you should use the Monochrome with Symbols mode to help
distinguish the curves.
Which style you should use depends on the line style you prefer for the curves and
whether you prefer color or monochrome (that is, black-and-white):
• Color—This mode displays the curves and the plot window using user-definable
colors. For the Line and Spline curve styles, this viewing style uses more points
to draw the curve so it appears brighter. For the other line styles, however, this
viewing style inundates the curve with points, transforming the curve into an
excessively thick line.
• Color with Fewer Points—As with the Color Viewing Style, this Viewing Style
also displays the curves and the plot window using user-definable colors.

However, less points are used to draw the curves. For the Line and Spline styles,
the Color with Fewer Points Viewing Style uses less points to draw the curve and
the curve appears faint. For the other line styles, however, this viewing style
allows the individual points to be seen more clearly.
• Monochrome—This mode displays the curves and the plot window in black-and-
white.
• Monochrome with Symbols—This mode also displays the curves and the plot
window in black-and-white, but adds identifying symbols to the curves to help
distinguish them from one another (if only one curve is displayed, no symbols are
used, and the single curve will look like the Monochrome style).
To change the colors of the curves and their accompanying axes, and to change the curve
styles, use the Curve Colors and Styles command from the Plot menu. Here are the
available styles:
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Points+Line—When viewing in color, this style Bar—When viewing in color, this style looks
looks better with the Color with Fewer Points better with the Color with Fewer Points Viewing
Viewing Style instead of the Color Viewing Style instead of the Color Viewing Style. The
Style. Data Shadows command works with this style.
Area—When viewing in color, this style looks Stick—When viewing in color, this style
better with the Color with Fewer Points Viewing looks better with the Color with Fewer
Style instead of the Color Viewing Style. The Points Viewing Style instead of the Color
Mark Data Points command and the Data Viewing Style. The Mark Data Points
Shadows command work with this style.
command works with this style.
Points+Best Fit Line—When viewing in color, Points+Best Fit Curve—When viewing in

this style looks better with the Color with Fewer color, this style looks better with the Color with
Points Viewing Style instead of the Color Fewer Points Viewing Style instead of the Color
Viewing Style. Viewing Style.

Points+Spline—When viewing in color, this Spline—When viewing in color, this style looks
style looks better with the Color with Fewer better with the Color Viewing Style instead of
Points Viewing Style instead of the Color the Color with Fewer Points Viewing Style. The
Viewing Style. Mark Data Points command works with this
style.
The Mark Data Points command on the Plot menu works for the Plot Styles that don’t
show individual data points (Line, Area, Stick, and Spline). It displays or hides the
individual data points of the curve. Be sure to use the Color with Fewer Data Points
viewing style instead of Color, or an excess of points will make the curve become a thick,
unwieldy line.
The Data Shadows command on the Plot menu displays or hides data shadows on the plot
for the Bar and Area styles. The shadows will not appear if you use black as the
background color because the shadows are also black.
The Curve Width command on the Plot menu changes the line thickness for all the
curves on the plot. For control over each curve individually, use the Curve Colors and
Styles command.
The Legend command on the Plot menu displays either all the legends, just the selected
one, or none. (The legend helps you identify each curve by using a color key, and tells
you what Case each curve came from and what motor it represents.)
The Grid Lines command on the Plot menu displays vertical grid lines, horizontal grid
lines, both vertical and horizontal grid lines, or no grid lines on the plot.
The Grid in Front command on the Plot menu places the grid lines in front of or behind
the curves.
The Image Size command on the Plot menu controls the size of the graph and also
governs how big the text will be (since the text uses whatever space is left from the graph).
Generally, you should keep the Image Size set to Large or Medium, particularly when
printing; however, the Small size works well if you only have one or two curves showing
at a time, or if you need to make the text easier to read.
The Grid Style command on the Plot menu changes the style of the grid lines to thick,
thin, dotted, or dashed. If you have the Grid Lines command set to No Grid, this
command is irrelevant.
The Graph Colors command on the Plot menu changes the colors of the graph itself,
including the foreground and background, along with the axes and annotations.
• Desktop Background—This changes the background color of the plot window.

This does not change the background color of the graph itself.
• Desktop Foreground—This changes the color for the title text, the legend text,
and the X axis (seconds) text.
04/23/2004
• Shadow Color—This changes the color of the shadow that appears behind the
graph.
• Graph Background—This changes the background color of the graph itself.
This does not change the background color of the rest of the plot window.
• Graph Foreground—This changes the color of the gridlines, the annotation text,
and the tick marks on the X and Y axes. If you have the Grid Lines command set
to No Grid, you won’t be able to see this color on the gridlines.
The Save Settings as Default command on the Plot menu sets the default appearance
settings for the plot to whatever setting you are presently using. When you reset the
default values by using this command, you do not affect the appearance of any existing
plots, but any new plots that you create will use your new default values. For example,
let’s say you create a new plot and set the background color to green, then click the Save
Settings as Default command. All the existing plots that were created when the
background color was black (the previous default color) will still have a black
background. However, any new plots that you create will now have a green background,
since green is now the default color. This command sets a default color and style for each
curve type, too. For example, let’s say you create a new plot and set the Motor Torque
curve to use the Bar line style to use the color pink. All the existing plots which have the
Motor Torque curve displayed on them will maintain whatever style and color was chosen
for the Motor Torque curves, but on any new plot that you create the Motor Torque curve,
when you display it, will now use the Bar line style and will be colored pink.
The Graph Fonts command on the Plot menu lets you set the fonts and font sizes for the
Plot Window. When setting the font sizes, you are not setting fixed point sizes, but rather
allotting percents of the available space; I*SIM will determine the best font sizes using its
automatic scaling capability. (It wouldn’t make sense to set fixed point sizes since the
graph and axes scale up or down based on the number of axes you have displayed.)
The Image Size option is the primary controller of the font sizes, since it governs how
much space the graph uses (and thus how much space is left for the legend, title, and
axes). Generally, you should keep the Image Size set to Large or Medium, particularly
when printing; however, the Small size works well if you only have one or two curves
showing at a time, or if you need to make the text easier to read. To set the font size
percentages, follow these simple rules of thumb:
Global determines what percent of the remaining space (after the Image Size) you want
the Legend, Title, Axes, and Annotations to use.
Legend and Title determine how big you want the Legend and the Title to be. Since the
axes use whatever space is left, the larger you make the Legend and Title the smaller the
axes will be.
Annotations determines the font size of the Annotations. See Section 1.1.4, “Adding
Annotations to a plot” for more information on creating Annotations.
1.1.7. Printing Plots

You can print the active plot to a printer.
To print the active plot

1. From the Document menu, choose Print.

To print the active plot using a Form

1. From the Document menu, choose Form Print.
Tip: You can use Forms to print I*SIM plots alongside I*SIM Reports, One-Line
Diagrams, and other documents such as Datablock Reports. Forms give you great
power and flexibility for printing from PTW, especially when you want high-quality
formatting for presentations. For more information on Forms, see the “Printing”
chapter in the PTW User’s Guide.
04/23/2004
1.9. Examples
All of the following examples can be found in the “Projects” folder with PTW (if you
cannot find them, try re-running the PTW installation; be sure to check the “Sample
Projects” option). The name of the sample Project appears in parentheses after the Section
title.
1.9.1. Single Machine (“Isimprj1”)

UTIL-0001
001-MACHINE
CBL-0001
002-LOAD
LOAD-0001
In this one-line diagram a single machine is connected to a load through a cable. The
machine at bus 1 is represented by a classical machine model with H = 5, D = 2 and a
machine base of 100 MVA. The load at bus 2 has a constant P = 20 MW and a constant Q
= 15 MVAR, initially. The cable has an impedance of Z = 0.01 + j 0.03 on a 100 MVA
base. A constant power load of 10 MW is added to bus 2 at time = 0.1 seconds.
Here is how the General Study Criteria has been set:
(“Connected Load” is selected for the Load Specification under LF Setup.)


UTIL-001 Machine Model—Classical Machine (Classical).
Exciter Model—none.
Turbine Governor Model—none.
001-MACHINE Bus Load Model—none.
002-LOAD Bus Load Model—none.
A Load Change event has been assigned to the 002-LOAD bus:
Calculations
The following figure shows the basic relationship between the mechanical torque Tm,
electrical torque Te , frequency deviation ∆ω, and inertia H in per unit form for a classical
machine.
T
e
T
m Sha f t
Lo a d
This relationship can be mathematically expressed as:
Tm − Te = 2H
b g
d ∆ω
dt
d 2δ
= 2H
dt 2
where
δ electrical angle;
Tm mechanical torque;
Te electrical torque;
∆ω frequency deviation;
H inertia.
04/23/2004
H is defined as:
0.231 × WR 2 × rpm 2 × 10 −6 KW - sec
H= in
base kVA kVA
The acceleration torque Ta is defined as:

Ta = Tm - Te
therefore:
d 2δ
Ta = Tm − Te = 2H 2 = 2H
b g
d ∆ω
dt dt
Since torque and power share the same value in per unit form, and since in steady state:
Tm0 = Te0
and
Pm0 = Pe0
therefore:
b g b g
Tm − Te = Pm − Pe = Pm 0 + ∆Pm − Pe 0 + ∆Pe = ∆Pm − ∆Pe
∆Pm − ∆Pe = 2H
b g
d ∆δ
dt
The above equation can be expressed in s domain as:
bg bg
∆Pm s − ∆Pe s = 2Hs × ∆ω s bg
The following figure shows a block diagram for a classical machine model in which the
mechanical power and electrical power are taken as the input.
∆Pm (s ) +
1
− 2 Hs
∆Pe (s ) ∆ ω (s )
Applying the relationship between ∆Pe and ∆Pl :
∆Pe = ∆Pl + P∆ ω
The following figure shows a block diagram for a classical machine model in which the
mechanical power and load power are taken as the input.

∆ Pm (s )
∆ PL (s ) − + 1 ∆ ω (s )
− 2Hs
Since a classical machine lacks an active governor control:
∆Pm = 0
Therefore, the per unit frequency deviation ∆ω(s) or ∆f(s) can be expressed as:
1
− ∆PL 2 Hs − ∆PL 1
∆ω ( s ) = =
Ds 1 1 Ds 1 + s 2 H
+
D 2 Hs D
therefore:
− ∆Pl F D I
bg
∆ω t = ∆f t =bg D
−
1 − e 2H GH
t
JK
Apply a step change of ∆Pl =10 MW:
−10
2 F I
bg
∆ω t = ∆f t =bg
100
2
− t
GH JK
1 − e 2×5 = −5% 1 − e −0.2 t e j
When t is large enough:
bg e j
∆f t = −5% 1 − e −∞ = −5%
Conclusions
The I*SIM simulation results are shown following. The resulting frequency deviation
of -5% per unit perfectly matches the result derived from the last equation.
04/23/2004
10% KW LoadChange
Classical Machine - 10% kW Load Change - UTIL-00 Classical Machine - 10% kW Load Change - CBL-000
30.0 0.00
P Branch Power Flow (Real) (MW)

-0.01
27.5
Speed (pu)
-0.02
25.0
-0.03
22.5
-0.04
20.0 -0.05
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0

Time (Seconds)
1.9.2. Nine Bus (“Isimprj2”)

The IEEE Nine Bus project is taken from P. M. Anderson’s Power System Control And
Stability.2 It is provided with the I*SIM sample projects in order to demonstrate that the
I*SIM simulation results are the same as those found by Anderson in his sample project.
Both projects include a steady state load flow study and two dynamic simulations. The
first study simulates a three phase fault, and the second study simulates a step load change.
The results of the I*SIM study and Anderson’s study are compared in the conclusion of
this section.
A one-line diagram for the IEEE Nine Bus sample project is shown following. All of the
data are on a system base of 100 MVA.
Load C
18 kV 230 kV 230 kV 13.8 kV
0.0085 + j0.072 0.0119 + j0.1008

2 3
B/2 = j0.0745 B/2 = j0.1045
2 18/230 230/13.8 3
8
j0.0625 j0.0586
7 9
0.032 + j0.161 0.039 + j0.170
B/2 = j0.153 B/2 = j0.179
5 6
0.010 + j0.085 0.017 + j0.092

Load A B/2 = j0.088 B/2 = j0.079 Load B
230 kV
4
16.5/230
j0.0576
16.5 kV 1
2
P.M. Anderson and A.A. Fouad, p. 38..

Machines 1, 2 and 3 are classical machines. Anderson lists their data on a 100 MVA base,
as shown here:
Classical machine 1: Mbase1 = 247.5 MVA H 1 = 23.64 X’d 1 = 0.0608

In I*SIM calculations, machine data must be entered on the machine base. Therefore, a
base conversion is needed as shown:
S base
H1 = H1 ×
M base S base M base
M base
X1 M base = X1 S base ×
S base
H 1= 23.65 × 100/247.5 = 9.55 X’d 1 = 0.0608 × 247.5/100 = 0.1504

H 2 = 6.40 × 100/192.0 = 3.33 X’d 2 = 0.1198 × 192.0/100 = 0.232
H 3 = 3.01 × 100/128.0 = 2.35 X’d 3 = 0.1813 × 128.0/100 = 0.232
The results are per unit values on the machine base.
There are three constant PQ loads in this case. One hundred percent constant PQ loads
result in poor convergence properties and require small acceleration factors. Therefore,
the conversion process is given to convert the constant PQ loads to constant impedance
loads.
Given a constant PQ load = P + jQ and a bus voltage E, the current I can be calculated as
P − jQ
I=
E
The impedance is
E
Z=
I
where
I current;
E voltage;
Z impedance.
The constant impedance load to be entered in the load flow should be the PQ value at a
voltage V of 1 per unit and 0 degrees. Therefore:
2
v 1 E
P + jQ constant impedance load = = =
Z Z P − jQ constant PQ load
Apply this equation to Loads A, B, and C. The equivalent constant impedance loads are:
Load Constant PQ load Constant impedance load
04/23/2004
Load A: 125 MW, 50 MVAR 125.84 MW, 50.33 MVAR

Load B: 90 MW, 30 MVAR 96.9 MW, 33.91 MVAR
Load C: 100 MW, 35 MVAR 87.68 MW, 29.22 MVAR
A load flow study is conducted to ensure that the I*SIM dynamic simulation starts with
the same steady state operating point as Anderson’s case. Figures Fig. 1-8 and Fig. 1-9
show the bus voltages resulting from the load flow from Anderson’s study and from the
I*SIM study respectively. The results match to the third decimal point.
100.0 MW
Load C
230 kV (35.0) MVAR 230 kV 13.8 kV
18 kV
G
2 G
3
163.0 MW
85.0 MW
(6.7) MVAR
2 8 3 (-10.9) MVAR
1.025 1.016 1.025
per unit per unit per unit
9.3 0.7 4.7
7 9
1.026 1.032
per unit per unit
3.7 2.0
0.996 1.013
5 per unit 6 per unit
125.0 MW -4.0 90.0 MW 3.7
(50.0) MVAR (30.0) MVAR
Load A Load B
230 kV
1.026
4 per unit
-2.2
16.5 kV 1 1.040
per unit
0.0
G
1
71.6 MW
(27) MVAR
Fig. 1-8. Anderson’s case study: Nine bus system load flow diagram showing pre-
fault conditions; all flows are in MW and MVAR. All per unit values are on a 100 MVA
base.

100.0 MW Load C
18 kV (35.0) MVAR 13.8 kV
G
2 G3
163.0 MW
85.0 MW
(6.7) MVAR
2 8 3 (-10.9) MVAR
1.025 1.016 1.025
per unit per unit 4.67 per unit
9.28 0.73
7 9
1.026 1.0325
3.73 per unit 1.97 per unit
0.996 6 1.013
5 per unit per unit
-3.97 90.0 MW 3.68
125.0 MW
(30.0) MVAR
(50.0) MVAR
Load A Load B
230 kV
1 1.040
per unit
0.0
G
1
71.4 MW
(27) MVAR
Fig. 1-9. I*SIM’s study: Nine bus system load flow diagram showing pre-fault
conditions: all flows are in MW and MVAR.
Case One
In this dynamic simulation, a three phase fault is applied on bus 7 and the fault is cleared 5
cycles later, then the pi impedance, which represents branches 5 through 7, is opened:
Fig. 1-10. The Apply Fault, Clear Fault, and Trip Branch events for Case 1.
The following graphs compare the results from Anderson’s study with the I*SIM results to
show how closely I*SIM’s results match Anderson’s results.
Fig. 1-11 is the simulation result from Anderson’s study. This figure plots the relative
angles of the machines at buses 2 and 3, using the angle of the machine at bus 1 as the
reference angle.
04/23/2004
Fig. 1-12 is the simulation result from the I*SIM study. This figure plots the relative
angles of the machines at buses 2 and 3, using the angle of the machine at bus 1 as the
reference angle.
The relative machine angles, or δ differences, are shown in Fig. 1-11 and Fig. 1-12. The
results demonstrate that the system is stable. Anderson’s results predict that the maximum
o o
relative angle “is about 85 ” and I*SIM predicts that the maximum relative angle is 84.78 .
Both I*SIM and Anderson predict that the maximum relative angle will occur at 0.43
seconds. For a complete discussion on this case, refer to Anderson’s study3.
90.000
Degrees
0.000
0.000 Time in Seconds 2.000
Fig. 1-11. Anderson’s study: Plot of δ differences versus time.
3
P.M. Anderson and A.A. Fouad, pp. 18-45.

Relative Angle - Fault Bus7

udy1 - Fault Bus7 - GEN @Bus2 - Rotor Angle
udy1 - Fault Bus7 - GEN @Bus3 - Rotor Angle
80
70
Rotor Angle (Degrees)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Time (Seconds)
Fig. 1-12. I*SIM’s study: Plot of δ differences versus time.
Case Two
In this dynamic simulation, a 10% load change is applied at bus 8:
Fig. 1-13. The Load Change event for Case 2.
Figures Fig. 1-14 and Fig. 1-15 show the absolute machine angles from Anderson’s study
and from I*SIM, respectively.
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24.000
(20.000)
13.000
2.000
Angle in Degrees
(-90.000)
-97.000
0.000 2.500
Time in Seconds
Fig. 1-14. Anderson’s study: Unregulated response of the nine bus system to a
sudden load application at bus 8; angles relative to δ.
Absolute Angle +10%Load Change

Study1 - +10% kW @Bus8 - GEN @Bus3 - Rotor Angle Study1 - +10% kW @Bus8 - UTIL @ Bus1 - Rotor Ang
Study1 - +10% kW @Bus8 - GEN @Bus2 - Rotor Angle

25
0
Rotor Angle (Degrees)
-25
-50
-75
-0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Time (Seconds)
Fig. 1-15. I*SIM’s study: Unregulated response of the nine bus system to a sudden
load application at bus 8; angles relative to δ.
Figures Fig. 1-16 and Fig. 1-17 show the per unit speed deviation of the three machines
from Anderson’s study and from I*SIM, respectively.

0.0 0.1 1.0 2.0 2.5
-.003
Fig. 1-16. Anderson’s case study: Speed deviation following application of a 10 per
unit resistive load at bus 8.
Speed +10%Load Change

Study1 - +10% kW @Bus8 - GEN @Bus3 - Speed Study1 - +10% kW @Bus8 - UTIL @ Bus1 - Speed
Study1 - +10% kW @Bus8 - GEN @Bus2 - Speed
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
Speed (pu)[e-2]
-0.15
-0.20
-0.25
-0.30
-0.35
-0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Time (Seconds)
Fig. 1-17. I*SIM’s study: Speed deviation following application of a 10 per unit
resistive load at bus 8.
The original figure shown in Anderson’s Power System Control and Stability was simply a
speed deviation graph. Fig. 1-16 is represented as a per unit speed deviation graph in order
to facilitate the comparison with I*SIM’s results, which are shown in per unit form.
04/23/2004
1.9.3. Fast Transfer Switching (“Isimprj3”)

This project demonstrates how to perform a fast transfer switching study. In it, the
engineer examines the branch power flow, the mechanical power, and the electrical power
of the motor in the local power plant, and the bus frequency deviation at the utility
connection.
Fig. 1-18 shows the one line diagram for a typical industrial power plant, which will be
used for fast transfer switching study. Normally, the plant is connected with the utility,
Source 1. Under emergency conditions, the plant will be switched to Source 2. The effect
of the fast transfer switching on the local synchronous motor will be demonstrated.
UTIL @Bus1 UTIL @Bus3
003-SOURCE2
001-SOURCE1 CBL 3-5
005-BUS 5
CBL 1-2
CBL 2-5
002-SWITCH
XF2 2-4
004-SYN MOTOR
SynMtr @Bus4
Fig. 1-18. One-line diagram for the fast transfer switching.
Note: As you can see in Fig. 1-18, the cable labeled “CBL 2-5” has both its nodes
connected. However, in the I*SIM Study, the initial status of this cable is set to Off-
Line, which treats the cable as though it’s disconnected, thus overriding the
connection you see.
Here is how the General Study Criteria have been set:

(“Connected Load” is selected for the Load Specification under LF Setup.)

UTIL @Bus-001 Machine Model—Infinite Machine (Infinite Bus).
Exciter Model—none.
Turbine Governor Model—none.
UTIL @Bus3 Machine Model—Synchronous Machine (Round Rotor Fossil
Steam < 300MVA).
Exciter Model—IEEET1 1968 (1968 IEEE Standard Type 1).
Turbine Governor Model—Standard Steam Turbine (Standard
Steam).
SynMtr @Bus4 Motor Model—Synchronous Motor (Salient Pole Sub-Transient
Level Synchronous Motor).
Exciter Model—1979 IEEE Type 1 (1979 IEEE Standard Type 1).
002-SWITCH Bus Load Model—none.
004-SYN MOTOR Bus Load Model—none.
The Dynamic Events, shown in Fig. 1-19, include the tripping of the branch between bus 1
and bus 2 at 0.1 seconds followed by the reclosing of the branch between bus 2 and bus 5
after 6 cycles (we can reclose it because its initial status was set to Off-Line).
04/23/2004
Fig. 1-19. The Dynamic Events for sample Project 3.
You may have also noticed that this project includes a Solution Parameter Event. The
purpose of the Solution Parameter Event, as discussed in “Solution Parameter Event” on
page 1-31, is to help the project to converge. This Solution Parameter Event reduces the
Acceleration Factor from 1.0 to 0.7, as shown in Fig. 1-20:
Fig. 1-20. This Solution Parameter Event reduces the Acceleration Factor from 1.0
(the default at the start of the Simulation), to 0.7, which helps the Simulation to
converge.
Conclusions
The branch P and Q flows from bus 2 to bus 4 are shown in Fig. 1-21. Notice that both the
P and Q flows become zero after the plant is disconnected from Source 1, and they regain
power after the plant is connected to Source 2.

Branch Power
Study1 - Fast Transf Switching - XF2 2-4 - P BraStudy1 - Fast Transf Switching - XF2 2-4 - Q Bra
10 5
Q Branch Power Flow (Reactive) (MVAR)

9 4
P Branch Power Flow (Real) (MW)

8 3
7 2
6 1
5 0
4 -1
3 -2
2 -3
1 -4
0 -5
-0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Time (Seconds)
Fig. 1-21. Branch P and Q flow from bus 2 to bus 4.
The per unit mechanical power on the machine base and the per unit electrical power on
the 100 MVA system base of the synchronous motor at bus 4 are shown in Fig. 1-22. The
mechanical power of the motor is a constant; the real and reactive electrical power of the
motor become zero after the plant is disconnected from Source 1, and regain electrical
power after the plant is connected to Source 2.
SynMtr Power
Study1
Study1 - Fast Transf Switching - SynMtr @Bus4 - - Fast Transf Switching - SynMtr @Bus4 -
Study1 - Fast Transf Switching - SynMtr @Bus4 -

0.100 0.75
0.000
Q Electrical Power (Reactive) (pu)
0.075
P Electrical Power (Real) (pu)
0.50
Mechanical Power (pu)
0.050
-0.025 0.25
0.025
0.00
0.000 -0.050
-0.25
-0.025
-0.050 -0.50
-0.075
-0.075 -0.75
-0.100 -0.100 -1.00

-0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Time (Seconds)
Fig. 1-22. Per unit mechanical power and electrical power of the synchronous motor.
The per unit frequency deviation at bus 2, the per unit speed deviation of the synchronous
motor at bus 4, and the per unit voltage at bus 2 are shown in Fig. 1-23 (with a simulation
time of 2.5 seconds) and in Fig. 1-24 (with a simulation time of 25 seconds). Figure Fig.
1-23 shows the adjustment dominated by the controller action on the frequency and speed,
and Fig. 1-24 shows the adjustment dominated by the natural response of the machine and
motor themselves. The voltage at bus 2 drops while the plant is disconnected from Source
1 and recovers after the plant is connected to Source 2.
04/23/2004
Bus2 Freq, Volts, Motor Speed

Study1
Study1 - Fast Transf Switching - SynMtr @Bus4 - - Fast Transf Switching - 002-SWITCH - Bu
Study1 - Fast Transf Switching - 002-SWITCH - Bu

0.05 1.1 0.05
0.04 1.0 0.04
0.03 0.9 0.03
Bus Frequency (pu)

0.02 0.8 0.02
Bus Voltage (pu)
Speed (pu)
0.01 0.7 0.01
0.00 0.6 0.00
-0.01 0.5 -0.01
-0.02 0.4 -0.02
-0.03 0.3 -0.03
-0.04 0.2 -0.04
-0.05 -0.05
-0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Time (Seconds)
Fig. 1-23. Per unit frequency deviation at bus 2, and per unit speed deviation of
synchronous motor and per unit voltage at bus 2 (run for 2.5 seconds).
Bus2 Freq, Volts, Motor Speed

Study1
Study1 - Fast Transf Switching - SynMtr @Bus4 - - Fast Transf Switching - 002-SWITCH - Bu
Study1 - Fast Transf Switching - 002-SWITCH - Bu

0.05 1.1 0.05
0.04 1.0 0.04
0.03 0.9 0.03
Bus Frequency (pu)
0.02 0.8 0.02

Bus Voltage (pu)
Speed (pu)
0.01 0.7 0.01

0.00 0.6 0.00
-0.01 0.5 -0.01
-0.02 0.4 -0.02
-0.03 0.3 -0.03
-0.04 0.2 -0.04
-0.05 -0.05
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (Seconds)
Fig. 1-24. Per unit frequency deviation at bus 2, and per unit speed deviation of
synchronous motor and per unit voltage at bus 2 (run for 25 seconds).
1.9.4. Using Multiple Scenarios (“Isimprj4”)

Tip: This sample Project shows how you can copy and paste similar Cases that
have only slight differences in Event duration.
This Project demonstrates how you use multiple Studies to focus on different disturbances.
The Project’s One-Line Diagram is shown following:

EDISON-001
001-UTILITY CO
PI-0001
002-TX A PRI
Relay 2-3
XF2-0001
003-HV SWGR
CBL-0003 CBL-0001 CBL-0002 CBL-0004

PD @Bus3
SYN A-003 SYN B-003
006-TX3 PRI Relay 3-7
004-TX B PRI
XF3-0001
007-TX E PRI
005-TXD PRI
LOAD-0001
012-TX3 TER
XF2-0005
GEN 1-008 GEN 2-020
XF2-0002 CBL-0008
011-TX3 SEC 024-MV SWG

008-DS SWG1 020-DS SWG3
CBL-0010 CBL-0011
CBL-0005 CBL-0006 CBL-0009
LOAD-0002 IND-020 026-TX G PRI 025-BUS 25

009-TX C PRI 010-MTR 10 021-TX F PRI
XF2-0007
XF2-0006
IND-025 CBL-0019
IND-010 027-TX B PRI
022-DSB 2
CBL-0013
CBL-0012 XF2-0004
LOAD-0005
028-BUS 28
023-MTR 23
029-TX D SEC
IND-028
MTRI-0014 IND-023 SYN-023
Fig. 1-25. One-Line Diagram for Project 4.
This Project demonstrates how an engineer can analyze a number of unrelated

disturbances without having to make changes to the One-Line Diagram.
As shown in Fig. 1-26, we have grouped the various Cases together under appropriately-
named Studies.
04/23/2004
Fig. 1-26. Cases grouped together by Study.
In the Isolation Study, we wanted to compare the effect of a 6-cycle branch trip to the
effect of a 0-cycle branch trip. Aside from the difference in the number of cycles, the two
Cases were identical, so after creating the 6Cycles Case we used the handy Copy/Paste
feature to quickly duplicate it, then renamed it and changed the event time:

1 2 3
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Fig. 1-27. Four simple steps to duplicating a Case and changing the cycle duration:
1) Copy the Case; 2) Paste it (be sure the Study is highlighted); 3) Rename it (in the
sample Project we named it 9Cycles); 4) Change the time duration (in the sample
Project the branch recloses at 0.2 seconds in the 6Cycles Case, so we changed the
reclosing time to 0.25 in the 9Cycles Case).
Since I*SIM allows us to plot results from different Cases on the same graph, we can
examine the difference in bus voltage:
Compare Voltage 6 - 9 Cycle Isolation

Isolation - 6Cycles - 003-HV SWGR - Bus Voltage
Isolation - 9Cycles - 003-HV SWGR - Bus Voltage
12500
Bus Voltage (Volts)
10000
7500
5000
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Time (Seconds)
Fig. 1-28. Comparison of Bus Voltage curves from two different Cases.

1.9.5. Generator Sizing ((“Isimprj5”)

Tip: This sample Project shows how you can compare duplicate Cases which have
differences in the static portion of the system.
This project demonstrates sizing a generator so that it is large enough to support existing
loads as well as a new load. In addition this Study demonstrates how a diesel governor
operates and how to choose its parameters.
Diesel Gen
001-DIESEL
CBL-0001
002-MOTOR
LOAD-0001 MTRI-0001 MTRI-0002

Fig. 1-29. The One-Line Diagram for Isimprj5.
In this Project, we have a 450 hp motor (MTRI-0001) and a constant impedance load
(LOAD-0001) of 45 kW and 22 kVAR which are both connected to local diesel generators
under emergency conditions. In this study, the generator must be sized so that it is large
enough to support the existing loads plus start another 450 hp motor (MTRI-0002). Also,
the generator sizing criteria states that during the motor starting, the maximum voltage
drop should be less than 0.2 per unit. It is known that the generator has an X”=0.18 per
unit and an inertia of H=2. Both motors have a starting current of 6.5 per unit, a starting
torque of 1.5 per unit and a maximum torque of 2.3 per unit.
In order to determine a generator size, we will create three Cases, one with the generator
sized at 2000 kVA, another with it sized at 3000 kVA, and a third with it sized at 4000
kVA. In all three Cases we will start the motor MTRI-0002 at 0.1 seconds. But this
Project presents an interesting challenge: how do we compare different Cases when the
Cases themselves don’t change at all? Remember, we are comparing different generator
sizes, and generator sizes are changed in the static portion of the system (this is, outside of
I*SIM), not the dynamic portion (that is, within I*SIM).
It turns out that comparing Cases with different electrical topologies is simple—you just
have to remember to run the Cases one at a time, flipping back and forth between the
Component Editor and I*SIM to change the generator size for each Case:
Begin by making the Case, then copying and pasting it twice. Next, flip to the Component
Editor and change the generator size for the first Case, as shown:
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Now flip back to I*SIM and run the

Simulation for the Case. Be sure that only
one Case is selected: We want each Case
to have its channel data generated based on
a different network topology.
Now flip back to the Component Editor and

change the generator size to 3000, then flip
back to I*SIM and run the Simulation for
the next Case:
Now flip back to the Component Editor and

change the generator size to 2000, then flip
back to I*SIM and run the Simulation one
last time:
Each of our three Cases now has channel data based on a different generator size, and we
can plot the channels to compare them.

Voltage Comparison
Generator Sizing - Size=3000kVA - 002-MOTOR Generator Sizing - Size=2000kVA - 002-MOTOR
Generator Sizing - Size=4000kVA - 002-MOTOR
1.1
Bus Voltage (pu)

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
-0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Time (Seconds)
Fig. 1-30. Per unit voltage deviations at bus 2 with generator sizes of 2000 kVA, 3000
kVA, and 4000 kVA.
The plot in Fig. 1-30 demonstrates that larger generators show less voltage drop and less
frequency deviation during the starting of motor 2. The 3000 kVA generator has a
maximum voltage drop of 0.2 per unit, meeting the sizing criterion.
Freauence Comparison
Generator Sizing - Size=3000kVA - 002-MOTOR Generator Sizing - Size=4000kVA - 002-MOTOR
Generator Sizing - Size=2000kVA - 002-MOTOR

0.000
-0.025
-0.050
Bus Frequency (pu)
-0.075
-0.100
-0.125
-0.150
-0.175
-0.200
-0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Time (Seconds)
Fig. 1-31. Per unit frequency deviations at bus 2 with generator sizes of 2000 kVA,
3000 kVA, and 4000 kVA.
Since the diesel governor is functioning as an open loop control, the frequency will not
return to the original steady state value after a disturbance is applied without the operator’s
interference, as shown in Fig. 1-31.
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1.10. Works Cited

Anderson, P.M. and A.A. Fouad, Power System Control and Stability, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State
University Press, 1977, vol. 1.
Baker, D.H. et. al., “Current Usage and Suggested Practices in Power System Stability Simulations
for Synchronous Machines,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, volume EC-1, no.
1, pp 77-93, March 1986.
“Computer Representation of Excitation Systems: IEEE Committee Report,” IEEE Transactions

on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-87, no. 6, pp. 1460-1464, June 1968.
Concordia, C. “Performance of Interconnected Systems Following Disturbance,” IEEE Spectrum,

pp.68-80, June, 1965.
de Mello, F.P. et. al., “Application of Induction Generators in Power Systems,” Electric Power
Research Institute, Inc. EL-2043, Research Project 1945-1, October 1981.
“Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System Studies: IEEE Committee
Report “ IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-92, pp. 1904-
1915, 1973.
Ewart D.N and R.P. Schulz, “Face Multi-machine Power System Simulator Program,” IEEE PICA
Conference Record, pp.133-153, 1969.
“Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies: IEEE Committee Report,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and System, vol. PAS-100, no. 2, pp. 494-509,
February 1981.
“Procedures for the Exchange of Power Plant and Load for Synchronous Stability Studies: IEEE
Committee Report,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. vol. PAS-
100, no. 7, pp. 3229-3245, July 1981.
“Recommendations Regarding the Exchange of Power Plant and Load Data for Stability Studies:
IEEE Working Group Report,” PES Winter Power Meeting, Atlanta, 1981, paper no. 81-
WM-065-2.
Undrill, J.M., “Equipment and Load Modelling in Power System Dynamic Simulation,” U.S.
Energy Research & Development Agency Publication Conference 750867, pp. 394-418.
Undrill J.M., “Structure in the Computation of Power System Nonlinear Dynamical Response,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-88, pp. 1-6, January 1969.

Undrill, J.M. and T.F Laskowski, “Model Selection and Data Assembly for Power System
Simulations,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-101, no. 9,
pp. 3333-3348, September 1982.
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2 Using I*SIM’s Library
PTW allows you to edit existing component models in, and add new component models
to, the I*SIM Library.
2.1. General Library Usage........................................................................................2-2

IN THIS CHAPTER
2.2. General Information for Machines (Utilities, Generators, and Motors)..............2-5

2.3. Source Machine Models ...................................................................................2-10
2.4. Synchronous Motor Models..............................................................................2-22
2.5. Induction Motor Models ...................................................................................2-26
2.6. Exciter Models..................................................................................................2-35
2.7. Turbine Governor Models.................................................................................2-96
2.8. Relay Models ..................................................................................................2-105
2.9. Bus Load Models ............................................................................................2-109
2.1. General Library Usage

Important: Before making any changes to the PTW Library you should make a backup
copy of it; that way, if you change your mind about any changes you made to
manufacturer data you can recover the original data. In addition, you should always
make a backup copy of the PTW Library you have customized. If the customized
Library is lost or accidentally deleted, a current backup will allow you to recover the lost
data. To make a backup copy of the PTW Library, use the Windows Explorer to copy the
ptw.lib file, which is the I*SIM Library, from the ptw32\lib folder to a backup folder.
Next, rename it to ptw backup library.lib or something similar. (If you want, you can
move the backup copy back to the ptw32\lib folder, because, unlike projects, multiple
Libraries may all be stored within a single folder.)
To make changes to a model category, you need to open that category. The Select a
Device dialog box provides a way to peer into the Library to select model characteristics.
However, it does not constitute an open Library.
To open an I*SIM Library

• Click the Library button on the Toolbar .
• Choose Library from the Document menu.
2. In the Select Document Type dialog box, select PTW Library and choose the OK
button.
3. Select ptw.lib and choose the Open button.
This opens the I*SIM Library. While it looks and functions like the Select a Model dialog
box, it is actually the open version of the Library. You can tell the difference by looking
at the title bar. The open Library displays the Library’s path:
The uneditable Select Model dialog box. The open and editable I*SIM Library.
Once the Library is open, you may open the category type which you want to modify.
To edit an existing model you select it as you would with the Select a Model dialog box.
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Click the symbol to and the various categories highlight a category such
expand the I*SIM appear. To show the as Machine Model. . .
Library. . . models within a
category. . .
and its models will appear to the right. To edit a model, simply double-click on it and
its data will appear.
Tip: To narrow your search for motor or load models, you may run a query while the
Library is open. To do so, select the Query command from the Run menu.
2.1.1. Editing an Existing Model

When you see the list of models, you may select a model for editing.
To edit an existing model

• Select the model by clicking on it, then choose Edit from the Device menu.
• Double-click on the model name.
Once you have selected a model for editing, a tab page containing the model’s data will
appear. All Library models use the same spreadsheet format, as shown in this sample:

Typical Library model (spreadsheet expanded for clarity)
Note: When entering fractions in the CAPTOR Library, if you want to enter a
fraction with a leading integer (for example, 1 1/3) you can enter it directly.
However, if there is no leading integer (for example, 2/3), be sure to precede the
fraction by a zero and a space (as in 0 2/3).
2.1.2. Adding a New Model

You may also add a new model to the category.
To add a new model

1. Choose New from the Device menu. A new model with a generic name appears at the
bottom of the model list.
Follow the directions listed in Section 2.1.1, “Editing an Existing Model.”
2.1.3. Copying an Existing Model

You may also copy an existing model and then rename it or edit it.
To copy an existing model

1. Select an existing model’s name (do not double-click on it, or the model’s data tab
pages will open).
2. Choose Copy from the Device menu.
3. Choose Paste from the Device menu. The copied model will appear at the bottom of
the model list.
Follow the directions listed in Section 2.1.1, “Editing an Existing Model.”
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Tip: If you want to copy a model from one I*SIM Library to another, you may do so
using the Copy and Paste commands. Just copy the model from the source
Library, switch to the destination Library, and choose Paste. (Be sure both
Libraries are open.)
2.1.4. Metric Units

I*SIM supports Metric units for modeling of motor input data. To use Metric units,
merely change the Project Options to Metric.
To switch the Project options to Metric

1. From the Project menu, click Options.
2. Choose the Application subview.
3. Set the Engineering Standard to IEC and the Length/Distance Units to Metric.
2.2. General Information for Machines

(Utilities, Generators, and Motors)
Although the individual models differ in their exact data requirements and internal
representations, there are certain common features.
2.2.1. Norton Equivalent

All rotating machines appear to the electrical network as current sources. The
instantaneous magnitude and phase of the current source can be determined from the
internal rotor flux linkages, shaft speed, and angle. The effect of any particular current
source on the network can be determined by injecting that current source into the network
at any given instant of time. The machine impedances are treated as part of the network
admittance matrix and their effects are fully accounted for, as shown in Fig. 2-1. The
equivalent circuit that represents a rotating machine as a current source and a machine
impedance is called the Machine Norton Equivalent.
1: G t a p
is Z t ran
vn
Ne t w o r k
in
il
ys
Fig. 2-1. Machine Norton Equivalent.
The following equations define the Machine Norton Equivalent terms shown in Fig. 2-1.

r
1
d
− jω L′′d − Lq′′
y1 = 22
i
rs + ω 2 L′′d Lq′′
r
y1 =
1
d
rs − jω L′′d + Lq′′
2
i
rs2 + ω 2 L′′d Lq′′
r r r r
is = ys E ′′n − y1e j2δ E$ ′′n
r r j2δ
i1 = y1e v$ n
Data Description
r Machine terminal voltage
vn
v$ n Conjugate for the vector vn

r
in Machine terminal current
r
is The portion of the machine source current injection as a function of
induced voltage behind machine dynamic impedances
r
i1 The portion of the machine source current injection due to sub-transient
saliency effect
r
E ′′n Induced voltage behind machine dynamic impedances referred to the
network reference frame
E$ ′′n Conjugate for the vector E”n
δ Machine angle
r 1
ys = r
FG IJ Machine armature reactance as an average of L”d and L”q
zs H K
r Machine armature reactance due to sub-transient saliency effect as a
y1
function of the difference between L”d and L”q
ω Local machine rotating frequency
rs Machine armature resistance
L′′d D-axis machine dynamic impedance
Lq′′ Q-axis machine dynamic impedance
r
Z tran Machine step-up transformer impedance
G tap Machine step-up transformer off-nominal taps ratio
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2.2.2. Sub-Transient Saliency Effect

In Fig. 2-1, it is assumed that L”d = L”q = L”; the term y1 drops out consequently
affecting i1 and causing the latter portion of is to become zero. Fig. 2-1 reduces to the
more familiar form shown in Fig. 2-2. This assumption is called ignoring the sub-transient
saliency effect. Studies have shown that the sub-transient saliency effect is important only
in extreme pole-slipping conditions and cases in which negative sequence networks need
to be accounted for. By ignoring the sub-transient saliency effect, you can save up to 40%
of the total computation effort. All I*SIM machine models ignore the sub-transient
saliency effect and require that the average value of L”d and L”q as L” be entered when
required.
1: Gt ap
is Z t r an
vn
Net work
ys
Fig. 2-2. Machine Norton equivalent; ignoring the sub-transient saliency effect.
where
r rs − jωL
ys =
rs2 + ω 2 L′′ 2
and
r r r
is = ys E ′′n
2.2.3. Generalized Machine Block Diagram

As shown in Fig. 2-1, a machine appears to the network as a current source. The
instantaneous value of the current source is determined by the three internal machine
quantities including vector E”n, δ, and ω, as well as by the terminal voltage. The values
of the machine quantities are a function of internal machine flux transients in response to
armature reaction, excitation changes, and governor action. The voluminous detail of the
internal machine flux transients is beyond the scope of this documentation. However, it is
sufficient to note the input and output quantities in the generalized machine block diagram
in Fig. 2-3.

Efd 1 +
S
Lf d 0 -
in im + 1 Yr
T -1 R
T Lm S L w0 -1
r r
S Lm Lr
+
Yr
Y "m Y "m
+ T ac c E "m E"n
Ym Te - 1 pw 1 w PQ
L" S ´ S ´ T
- + 2H S
Tm
T
(Y m )
w
w w pd 1
QP ¸ S w0
+ - S d
Pm e c h
1 .0
Fig. 2-3. Generalized Machine Block Diagram.
2.2.4. Damping and Torque Equation

Note: With synchronous machines, the data requirements for the armature are the
same for all models. They differ in their rotor representations and the way in which
saturation effects are accounted for. All models except the classical model represent
the excitation circuit. All models except the classical and the transient level machine
models represent at least some degree of the damper winding circuit.
All I*SIM machine models calculate the rotor acceleration by the swing equation based on
torque, and not based on power as in some older programs, given by
δ n Pmech − D e n
2H = − Telec
δt 1+ n
where
Pmech = Pmech n= 0
− D tn
and
Telec generator rotor electrical torque;
n per unit speed deviation of the generator;

δPe
De = represents the variation of electrical load with frequency, as seen from
δn
the machine;
δPt
Dt = represents the variation of turbine power with shaft speed.
δn
De is specified as part of the machine data, whereas Dt is entered as part of the turbine
governor data. Be aware that both De and Dt reflect percentage change in power with a
unit change in frequency, not torque. For example, De for a constant torque pump drive
should be 1.0 and not 0.0.
De can be used to approximate the damping effect of system load in response to varying
either the system frequency or the speed if no detailed system load data are available. De
04/23/2004
must not be used to represent the effect of damping torques developed within the machine;
these damping torques are explicitly modeled by all of the recommended machine models
in the standard I*SIM model library and are included in the Telec term in the last equation.
If load damping is considered to be essential, it is recommended that load frequency

variation effects be modeled on the basis of local bus frequency by using any of the
frequency sensitive load models in the standard I*SIM model library. The value of De
ranges from near zero, for predominantly resistive loads, to about two, for systems with a
majority of pumping, fan and other industrial loads.
2.2.5. Inertia
The inertia constant can be calculated as
H=
b g
0.231 × 10 −06 × Wk 2 × rpm
2
kVA
where
H inertia constant;
Wk2 moment of inertia of machine and load (lb-ft2);

rpm synchronous speed in revolutions per minute;
kVA base kVA.
kVA × 7040
Tm = (foot-lbs)
rpm
where
Tm machine base torque.
Ta = Tm − Tl (foot-lbs)
where
Ta accelerating torque;
Tm motor torque;
Tl load torque.
T
hp = rpm ×
5252
where
hp output power in horsepower;
rpm speed in revolutions per minute;
T torque in foot-lbs.

T
kW = rpm ×
7040
where
kW output power in kilowatts;
rpm speed in revolutions per minute.
2.2.6. Machine Saturation

All machine models, except the classical model, represent saturation effects using the
machine’s open circuit saturation curve. Specify two data point pairs for each machine to
be represented, as shown in Fig. 2-4. I*SIM utilizes a second order curve fitting technique
to determine the proper value of machine excitation voltage Efd at all loadings. The
correct value for the initial Efd is particularly important in producing a correct
maneuvering range to raise field flux linkages following a fault. Since this field forcing
effort plays a key role in determining stability limits of the system, a correct initial value
of Efd is just as important as the correct specification of an excitation ceiling and other
generator parameters.
B A
et =E ' q =Y " (open circuit)
1. 2
1. 0
A 1. 2 - B 1. 2
S 1. 2 =
B 1. 2
per unit
A 1. 0 - B 1. 0
S 1. 0 =
B 1. 0
B 1. 0 A 1. 0
B 1. 2
Fig. 2-4. Definition of Machine Saturation Factors.
2.3. Source Machine Models

These Sections describe the various Source Machine models.
Note: All machine reactances should be entered in unsaturated per unit values; all
machine resistances should be entered in per unit values; all saturation voltage points
should be entered as per unit values; all time constants should be entered in seconds;
and all other constants are dimensionless. All per unit values are on the machine’s
base (Mbase).
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2.3.1. Round Rotor Fossil Steam < 300 MVA

The round rotor model is the standard recommended model for the representation of round
rotor synchronous machines. The armature of the machine is represented using a D-Q axis
model. The rotor is represented as two circuits, each on both the D and the Q axis. On the
D-axis, there is the field winding circuit as well as one damper winding circuit. There are
two damper winding circuits on the Q-axis of the rotor. Saturation is represented as a
function of the sub-transient air-gap flux linkage.
Fig. 2-5 shows the machine block diagram for the round rotor sub-transient level
synchronous machine model. Fig. 2-6 shows the approximate equivalent circuit for the
round rotor model.
L "d - L l
L ' d - Ll
+ E 'q - + +
+ 1
Efd
S 1 S L'd - L"d S Y "d
sT ' d 0 - sT ' d L ' d - Ll
- 0
L'd - L"d
2 L'd - Ll d - axis
(L ' d - L l )
+ +
Lad i f d + +
S Ld - L'd S id
+
Y "d
|Y "|
D( L a d i f d )
Y"
Y " q (L q - L l )
| Y " | (Ld - Ll )
+
S + Lq - L'q S iq
+
L'q - L'q
2 L'q - Ll
(L ' q - L l )
q - axis
+
1 1 L'q - L"q
S S - Y "q
sT ' q 0 + sT " q 0 +
L ' q - Ll +
L" q - Ll
L'q - Ll
Fig. 2-5. Block Diagram for the Round Rotor Sub-Transient Level Synchronous
Machine Model.

Ra Ld
ifd
Rf d
Rkd
d - axis id ikd
Ll Lf d
Lk d
ef d
Ra Lq
i kq2
Rkq2
Rkq 1
iq ikq 1
q- axis
Ll
Lk q 1 Lk q 2
Fig. 2-6. Approximate Equivalent Circuit for the Round Rotor Model.
This table shows the data requirements for the round rotor sub-transient level synchronous
machine model which you will see in the Library:
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Data Description
Ra This, armature resistance, is an ac resistance at the operating region. The typical range
is 0.0 < Ra < 0.01. It is in per unit.
Xd This is the D-axis armature reactance. It is in per unit. The typical range is 0.0 < Xd <
2.5. The three inter-dependency range checks for Xd are
1. 0.15*Xd < Xd’
2. Xd > Xd’
3. Xd > Xq
Xq This is the Q-axis armature reactance. It is in per unit. The typical range is 0.0 < Xq <
2.5. The three inter-dependency range checks for Xq are
1. Xq < Xd
2. Xq > Xd’
3. Xq > Xq’
Xd’ This is the D-axis transient reactance. It is in per unit. The typical range is 0.0 < Xd’ <
1.0. The five inter-dependency range checks for Xd’ are
1. Xd’ > 0.15*Xd
2. Xd’ < Xq
3. Xd’ < Xq’
4. Xd’ < Xd
5. Xd’ > X”
Xq’ This is the Q-axis transient reactance. It is in per unit. The typical range is 0.0 < Xq’ <
1.0. The three inter-dependency range checks for Xq’ are
1. Xq’ < Xq
2. Xq’ > Xd’
3. Xq’ > X”
X” This is the machine sub-transient reactance. It is calculated as X”=(Xd”+Xq”)/2 where

Xd” is the d-axis transient level reactance and Xq” is the q-axis transient level reactance.
The typical range is 0.0 < X” < 1.0
The three inter-dependency range checks for X” are
1. X” < Xd’
2. X” < Xq’
3. X” > Xl ( where Xl is the leakage reactance in machine base. )
Xl Xl is the leakage reactance. It is in per unit. The typical range is 0 < Xl < 1.0
The only inter-dependency range check for Xl is Xl < X”
H H is the summation of the inertial time constant of the shaft and turbine. Enter value in
seconds. The typical range is 1.0 < H < 10.
D D is the load damping coefficient. It is dimensionless. The typical range is 0.0 < D <
4.0. For generators, if the load models include the frequency effects, set D=0. If the
load models haven’t include the frequency effects, set D=1.0. For motors, set D=1 for
constant torque load set D=2 for constant power load, set D=3 for pump load, and set
D=4 for fan load. Enter in percent.
Td0’ Td0’ is the d-axis open circuit transient time constant. The typical range is 1.0 < Td0’ <
10.0. The two inter-dependency range checks for Td0’ are
1. Td0’ > Td0”
2. Td0’ > Tq0’

Td0” Td0” is the d-axis open circuit sub-transient time constant. The typical range is 4*(
Integration time step) < Td0” < 0.2. The default number for the integration time step is
0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50Hz.
Therefore:
0.03332 < Td0” < 0.2 ( for 60 Hz )
0.4 < Td0” < 0.2 ( for 50 Hz )
If a smaller Td0” is used, a smaller integration time step should be chosen so that:
Integration time step < Td0”/4
The two inter-dependency range checks for Td0” are
1. Td0” < Td0’
2. Td0” < Tq0’
Tq0’ Tq0’ is the q-axis open circuit transient time constant. The typical range is 0.2 < Tq0’ <
1.5.
The two inter-dependency range checks for Tq0 are
1. Tq0’ > Tq0”
2. Tq0’ > Td0”
Tq0” Tq0” is the q-axis open circuit sub-transient time constant. The typical range is 4*(
Integration time step) < Tq0” < 0.2
The default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as
0.00833 seconds for 60Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50Hz. Therefore:
0.03332 < Tq0” < 0.2 ( for 60 Hz )
0.4 < Tq0” < 0.2 ( for 50 Hz )
If a smaller Tq0” is used, a smaller integration time step should be chosen as:
Integration time step < Tq0”/4
The two inter-dependency range checks for Tq0” are
1. Tq0” < Tq0’
2. Tq0” < Td0’
S10 S10 is the Saturation Factor at voltage = 1.0 PU. S10 is required in order to generate a
second order curve fitting. This curve fitting allows ISIM to determine the proper value
of machine excitation voltage Efd as a function of the loads. S10 is dimensionless. The
typical range is 0.0 < S10 < 1.0. The only inter-dependency range check for S10 is S10
< S12.
of machine excitation voltage Efd as a function of loads. S12 is dimensionless. The
typical range is 0.0 < S12 < 1.0. There is one inter-dependency range check for S12:
S12 < S10.
2.3.2. Round Rotor Fossil Steam > 300 MVA

See Round Rotor Fossil Steam <300 MVA
2.3.3. Round Rotor Nuclear Unit

2.3.4. Round Rotor Gas Turbine Unit

2.3.5. Round Rotor General

See Round Rotor Fossil Steam <300 MVA.
04/23/2004
2.3.6. Salient Pole Hydro Unit

The salient pole model is the standard recommended model for the representation of
salient pole synchronous machines. The armature of the machine is represented using a D-
Q axis model. On the D-axis of the machine rotor, there is the field winding circuit as
well as one damper winding circuit. There is only one damper winding circuit on the Q-
axis of the rotor. Saturation is represented as a function of the sub-transient D-axis air-gap
flux linkage.
The data boxes are similar to the Round Rotor Fossil Steam <300 MVA except for these
differences:
No Xq’ or Tq0’.
Xq has only two inter-dependency range checks:

1. Xq < Xd
2. Xq > Xd’
Xd’ has only inter-dependency range checks:

1. Xd’ > 0.15*Xd
2. Xd’ < Xq
3. Xd’ < Xd
4. Xd’ > X”
X” has only inter-dependency range checks:

1. X” < Xd’
2. X” > Xl (where Xl is the leakage reactance in machine base)
Td0’ has only one inter-dependency range check: Td0’ > Td0”
Td0” has only one inter-dependency range check: Td0” < Td0’
Tq0” has only one inter-dependency range check: Tq0” < Td0’
L " d - Ll
L' d - L l
+ - +
1 E'q + 1 +
L' d - L " d
Ef d sT " d 0 sT " d 0 L ' d - Ll Y "d
- -
L ' d - L" d
L ' d - Ll d - ax i s
2
(L ' d - L l )
+ +
+ +
Ld - L ' d id
- - Y "q
1
sT " q 0
+
q - axi s
Lq - L ' q iq
Fig. 2-7. Block Diagram for the Sub-Transient Level Salient Pole Synchronous
Machine Model.

Ra Ld
ifd
Rf d
Rk d
d - ax i s id i kd
Ll Lf d
Lk d
ef d
Ra Lq
Rk q 2
iq
i kq
q - ax i s
Ll
Lk q
Fig. 2-8. Approximate Equivalent Circuit for the Salient Pole Synchronous Machine
Model.
2.3.7. Salient Pole Condensers < 200 MVA

See Salient Pole Hydro Unit.
2.3.8. Salient Pole Condensers > 200 MVA

2.3.9. Salient Pole Synchronous

2.3.10. Salient Pole General

2.3.11. Single Cage Induction Generator

In this model, the induction motor is treated as a rotating machine, and the internal
electromagnetic flux transient characteristic is fully represented. The flux level induction
04/23/2004
generator model is the standard recommended model for detailed induction generator
studies.1
Ekr
w0 T " 0 p d
´
X " - Xl
X' - Xl
+ +
- +
E'i + + 1 X'-X " ei
1
sT ' 0 Eki X' - Xl +
sT ' 0
- -
X'- X "
2 X"
(X ' - X l )
X' - Xl
+
-
- +
X - X'
+ ir
-
E 'r
´
Y "r
Y"
w0 T " 0 p d Y"
E'i Y "i
´ Y"
+
-
+ + ii
X - X'
- -
X' - Xl
X' - X "
X"
2
(X ' - X l )
+ -
1 + + 1 Ekr X'-X"
sT ' 0 E'r sT ' 0 X' - Xl + er
- -
+
X " - Xl
X' - Xl
´
w0 T " 0 p d
Eki
Fig. 2-9. Block Diagram for the Induction Generator Machine Model.
1
P.M. Anderson and A.A. Fouad, p. I-11.

Data Description
Ra This, armature resistance, is an ac resistance at the operating region. The typical
range is 0.0 < Ra < 0.01. Enter in per unit.
T’ T’ is the transient time constant. Enter value in seconds. The typical range is 0.2
< T’ < 10.0.
H H is the summation of the inertial time constant of the shaft and load. Enter
value in seconds. The typical range is 0.5 < H < 10.0.
X X is the steady-state armature reactance. It is per unit on the motor base. The
typical range is 0.0 < X < 2.5. The only inter-dependency range check for X is
0.5*X > X’.
X’ X’ is the transient motor reactance. It is per unit on the motor base. The typical
range is 0.0 < X’ < 2.5. The two inter-dependency range checks for X’ are
1. 0.5*X > X’
2. Xl < X’ ( short circuit level )
Xl Xl is the leakage reactance. It is per unit on the motor base. The typical range is
0.0 < Xl < 2.5. The only inter-dependency range check for Xl is Xl < X’ ( short
circuit level )
E1 E1 is the first terminal voltage point. E1 is required in order to generate a second

order curve fitting. This curve fitting allows ISIM to determine the proper value
of the motor saturation factor Se at all loads. Enter in per unit. The typical range
is E1 >0.0. The only inter-dependency range check for E1 is E1 < E2.
Se (E1) Se(E1) is the motor saturation factor at the point where the motor terminal
voltage is equal to E1. The typical range is 0.0 < Se(E1)< 1.0. The only inter-
dependency range check for Se(E1) is Se(E1) < Se(E2).
E2 E2 is the second terminal voltage point. E2 is required in order to generate a

second order curve fitting. This curve fitting allows ISIM to determine the
proper value of the motor saturation factor Se at all loads. E2 is in per unit.. The
typical range is E2 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency range check for E2 is E2 >
E1.
Se(E2) Se(E2) is the motor saturation factor at the point where the motor terminal
voltage is equal to E2. The typical range is Se(E2) > 0.0.
The only inter-dependency range check for Se(E2) is Se(E2) > Se(E1)
2.3.12. Double Cage Induction Generator

Same as Single Cage Induction Generator, with addition of these two:
04/23/2004
Data Description
T” T” is the sub-transient time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration time
step) < T” < 0.2. The default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles,
which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60Hz, and 0.01 seconds for 50Hz.
Therefore: 0.03332 < T” < 0.2 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.4 < T” < 0.2 ( for 50 Hz ). If a
smaller T” is used, a smaller integration time step should be chosen so that
Integration time step < T”/4. The two inter-dependency range checks for T” are:
1. T” < T’
2. If X” = 0.0, then set T” = 0.0
X” X” is the sub-transient motor reactance. Enter in per unit. The typical range is 0.0
< X” < 2.5. The three inter-dependency range checks for X” are
1. X” < X’
2. X” ( dc level ) > Xl
3. If T” = 0.0, then set X” = 0.0
2.3.13. Diesel Generator

The diesel generator model is a sub-transient level synchronous machine model.
L" d - Ll
L'd - Ll
+ - +
1 E 'q + 1 +
L' d - L"d
Efd sT " d sT " d L'd - Ll Y "d
- 0
- 0
L'd - L"d
L'd - Ll d - axis
2
(L ' d - L l )
+ +
+ +
Ld - L'd id
- - Y "q
1
sT " q
+ 0
q- axis
Lq - L'q iq
Fig. 2-10. Block Diagram for the Diesel Generator Model.

Data Description
1. 0.15*Xd < Xd’
2. Xd > Xd’
3. Xd > Xq
1. Xq < Xd
2. Xq > Xd’
3. Xq > Xq’
1. Xd’ > 0.15*Xd
2. Xd’ < Xq
3. Xd’ < Xq’
4. Xd’ < Xd
5. Xd’ > X”

1. X” < Xd’
2. X” < Xq’
1. Td0’ > Td0”
2. Td0’ > Tq0’
Therefore:
0.03332 < Td0” < 0.2 ( for 60 Hz )
0.4 < Td0” < 0.2 ( for 50 Hz )
1. Td0” < Td0’
2. Td0” < Tq0’
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0.03332 < Tq0” < 0.2 ( for 60 Hz )
0.4 < Tq0” < 0.2 ( for 50 Hz )
1. Tq0” < Tq0’
2. Tq0” < Td0’
< S12.
S12 < S10.
2.3.14. Classical
The classical synchronous machine model has been included in the standard I*SIM model
library only to be compatible with older programs. Its use is strongly discouraged. This
model assumes a constant flux behind the sub-transient machine reactance, which is
neither accurate nor realistic. Since I*SIM has its infinite bus model, it is much better to
select the sub-transient level model using typical data. Do not select an exciter or a
governor model with the classical synchronous machine model.
Data Description
Ra This, armature resistance, is an ac resistance at the operating region. The typical range is
0.0 < Ra < 0.01. Enter in per unit.
Xa Xa is the armature reactance. The typical range is 0.0 < Xa < 2.5. Enter in per unit
D D is the load damping coefficient. It is dimensionless. The typical range is 0.0 < D < 4.0.
For generators, if the load models include the frequency effects, set D=0. If the load
models haven’t include the frequency effects, set D=1.0. For motors, set D=1 for
2.3.15. Infinite Bus

The infinite bus model has been included in the I*SIM model library so that it may be
used to represent the utility. You can also use a sub-transient level synchronous machine
model, with turbine governor model and exciter model to represent the utility. The
electrical distance can be adjusted by modifying the armature resistance Ra and the
armature reactance Xa. A better approach in representing the utility is to select a sub-
transient level machine model with a steam turbine governor and an IEEE Type 1 exciter
on that machine, using typical data.

Data Description
is 0.0 < Ra < 0.01. Enter in per unit.
Xa Xa is the armature reactance. The typical range is 0.0 < Xa < 2.5. Enter in per unit.
2.4. Synchronous Motor Models

These Sections describe the various Synchronous Motor models.
base (Mbase).
2.4.1. Round Rotor Sub-Transient Level Synchronous Motor

The block diagram for the Round Rotor Sub-Transient Level Synchronous Motor is shown
in Fig. 2-11.
04/23/2004
L "d - L l
L ' d - Ll
+ E 'q - + +
+ 1
d S 1 S L' d - L"d S Y "d
sT ' d 0 - sT ' d 0 L ' d - Ll
-
L' d - L" d
2 L' d - Ll d - axi s
(L ' d - Ll )
+ +
L ad i f d + +
S Ld - L' d S id
+
Y "d
|Y "|
D( L ad i f d )
Y"
Y " q (Lq - Ll )
| Y " | (Ld - L l )
+
S + Lq - L' q S iq
+
L' q - L' q
2 L ' q - Ll
(L ' q - Ll )
q - axi s
+
1 1 L' q - L"q
S S - Y "q
sT ' q 0 + sT " q 0 +
L ' q - Ll +
L " q - Ll
L' q - Ll
Fig. 2-11. Block Diagram for the Round Rotor Sub-Transient Synchronous Motor
Model.

Data Description
1. 0.15*Xd < Xd’
2. Xd > Xd’
3. Xd > Xq
1. Xq < Xd
2. Xq > Xd’
3. Xq > Xq’
1. Xd’ > 0.15*Xd
2. Xd’ < Xq
3. Xd’ < Xq’
4. Xd’ < Xd
5. Xd’ > X”
Xq’ This is the Q-axis transient reactance. It is in per unit. The typical range is 0.0 < Xq’ <
1.0. The three inter-dependency range checks for Xq’ are
1. Xq’ < Xq
2. Xq’ > Xd’
3. Xq’ > X”

1. X” < Xd’
2. X” < Xq’
1. Td0’ > Td0”
2. Td0’ > Tq0’
04/23/2004
Therefore:
0.03332 < Td0” < 0.2 ( for 60 Hz )
0.4 < Td0” < 0.2 ( for 50 Hz )
1. Td0” < Td0’
2. Td0” < Tq0’
Tq0’ Tq0’ is the q-axis open circuit transient time constant. The typical range is 0.2 < Tq0’ <
1.5.
The two inter-dependency range checks for Tq0 are
1. Tq0’ > Tq0”
2. Tq0’ > Td0”
0.03332 < Tq0” < 0.2 ( for 60 Hz )
0.4 < Tq0” < 0.2 ( for 50 Hz )
1. Tq0” < Tq0’
2. Tq0” < Td0’
< S12.
S12 < S10.
2.4.2. Salient Pole Sub-Transient Level Synchronous Motor

The block diagram for the Salient Pole Sub-Transient Level Synchronous Motor Model is
shown in Fig. 2-12.

L" d - Ll
L' d - L l
+ - +
1 E 'q + 1 +
L' d - L " d
Efd sT " d 0 sT " d 0 L ' d - Ll Y "d
- -
L ' d - L" d
L' d - Ll d - ax i s
2
(L ' d - L l )
+ +
+ +
Ld - L' d id
- - Y "q
1
sT " q 0
+
q - axi s
Lq - L' q iq
Fig. 2-12. Block Diagram for the Salient Pole Sub-Transient Synchronous Motor
Model.
The data boxes are similar to the Round Rotor Sub-Transient Level Synchronous Motor
except for these differences:
No Xq’ or Tq0’.
Xq has only two inter-dependency range checks:

1. Xq < Xd
2. Xq > Xd’
Xd’ has only these inter-dependency range checks:

1. Xd’ > 0.15*Xd
2. Xd’ < Xq
3. Xd’ < Xd
4. Xd’ > X”
X” has only these inter-dependency range checks:

1. X” < Xd’
2. X” > Xl (where Xl is the leakage reactance in machine base)
Td0’ has only one inter-dependency range check: Td0’ > Td0”
Td0” has only one inter-dependency range check: Td0” < Td0’
Tq0” has only one inter-dependency range check: Tq0” < Td0’
2.5. Induction Motor Models

These Sections describe the various Induction Motor models.
04/23/2004
base (Mbase).
2.5.1. Single Cage Flux Level Induction Motor

This most accurate representation of the induction motor treats each induction motor as a
rotating machine, as they are in the “real world.” The internal electro-magnetic flux
transient is fully represented, to the same level as its synchronous counterparts2. Again,
the data requirements of this model require a much smaller integration time step since they
are applied to only a relatively small number of buses in the system studies. If the
individual motor characteristics are being studied, as in the cases of motor starting,
switching, etc., this is the model which should be used.
The flux level induction motor model has been proven to produce simulation results which
are much more realistic than those possible with the steady-state based algebraic level
induction motor models. It is now the standard recommended model for performing
detailed studies involving induction motors. The format for the required data are similar
to that of the synchronous machine models; however, that format is different from the
traditional equivalent circuit format used by the steady-state algebraic models.
2
P.M. Anderson and A.A. Fouad, p.I-11.

Ekr
w0 T " 0 p d
´
X " - Xl
X' - Xl
+ +
- +
E'i + + 1 X'-X" ei
1
sT ' 0 Ek i X' - Xl +
sT ' 0
- -
X' - X "
2 X"
(X ' - X l )
X' - Xl
+
-
- +
X - X'
+ ir
-
E'r
´
Y "r
Y"
w0 T " 0 p d Y"
E' i Y "i
´ Y"
+
-
+ + ii
X - X'
- -
X' - Xl
X' - X "
X"
2
(X ' - X l )
+ -
1 + + 1 Ekr X'-X"
sT ' 0 E'r sT ' 0 X ' - Xl + er
- -
+
X " - Xl
X' - Xl
´
w0 T " 0 p d
Eki
Fig. 2-13. Block Diagram for the Flux Level Induction Motor Model.
04/23/2004
Data Description
Ra This, armature resistance, is an ac resistance at the operating region. The typical
range is 0.0 < Ra < 0.01. Enter in per unit.
T’ T’ is the transient time constant. Enter value in seconds. The typical range is 0.2
< T’ < 10.0.
H H is the summation of the inertial time constant of the shaft and load. Enter
value in seconds. The typical range is 0.5 < H < 10.0.
D D is the load damping coefficient. It is dimensionless. The typical range is 0.0 <
D < 4.0. For generators, if the load models include the frequency effects, set
D=0. If the load models haven’t include the frequency effects, set D=1.0. For
motors, set D=1 for constant torque load set D=2 for constant power load, set
D=3 for pump load, and set D=4 for fan load. Enter in percent.
X X is the steady-state armature reactance. It is per unit on the motor base. The
typical range is 0.0 < X < 2.5. The only inter-dependency range check for X is
0.5*X > X’.
X’ X’ is the transient motor reactance. It is per unit on the motor base. The typical
range is 0.0 < X’ < 2.5. The two inter-dependency range checks for X’ are
1. 0.5*X > X’
2. Xl < X’ ( short circuit level )
Xl Xl is the leakage reactance. It is per unit on the motor base. The typical range is
0.0 < Xl < 2.5. The only inter-dependency range check for Xl is Xl < X’ ( short
circuit level )
E1 E1 is the first terminal voltage point. E1 is required in order to generate a second

order curve fitting. This curve fitting allows ISIM to determine the proper value
of the motor saturation factor Se at all loads. E1 is in per unit.. The typical range
is E1 >0.0. The only inter-dependency range check for E1 is E1 < E2.
Se Se(E1) is the motor saturation factor at the point where the motor terminal
(E1) voltage is equal to E1. The typical range is 0.0 < Se(E1)< 1.0. The only inter-

proper value of the motor saturation factor Se at all loads. E2 is in per unit.. The
typical range is E2 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency range check for E2 is E2 >
E1.
Se(E2) Se(E2) is the motor saturation factor at the point where the motor terminal
voltage is equal to E2. The typical range is Se(E2) > 0.0.
The only inter-dependency range check for Se(E2) is Se(E2) > Se(E1)
Tnom Nominal Torque
Integration Time Step

The accuracy gained by the flux-level induction motor model does not come without
sacrifice. In order to use this model, the integration time step must be reduced by a large
margin. A tenfold reduction is not uncommon, with a fivefold reduction being typical. In
other words, rather than using the default value of a 1/2 cycle time step, the 1/8th to 1/16th
cycle time step or smaller may need to be used.
VAR Estimate and Mismatch

Since induction machines have no field windings, the reactive power which will be
consumed by the machine cannot be controlled. The actual amount of var consumed is a

function of real power, terminal voltage, and machine internal characteristics. Since the
steady state load flow does not know the machine's internal characteristics (because it
doesn't use the Dynamic Model), it makes assumptions that closely, but not precisely,
estimate the var consumed by the motor. When the Dynamic Simulation runs it does
know the machine's internal characteristics because it uses the Dynamic Model, so it can
more precisely determine the var consumed. As a result, you will usually find in the Log
Report a slight mismatch between the actual var consumed and the estimated var
consumed. The model then creates a shunt at its terminal in order to compensate for this
mismatch. In compensating for the mismatch, I*SIM does not need to carry induction
machine internal resistances and reactance into the load flow calculations. Unfortunately,
if the Dynamic Model has inaccurate data, a very large internally held shunt capacitor
could be created; if this shunt is large enough, a self-excitation phenomena could occur.
Such occurrences are rare, but not impossible. If self-excited voltage or voltage “running
away” at the induction machine terminal becomes apparent and the machine is not
representing a capacitive network in the real world, then check the Dynamic Model for
inaccurate data.
Damping Factor for the Motor

In the flux-level induction motor model, the load damping factor, D, simulates the effect
of load on the motor in accordance with this equation:
Tload = Tnominal (1+n)D-1

where
n per unit motor shaft speed deviation from nominal;
Tnominal nominal load torque.
A constant torque pump, for example, can be represented with D = 2. Other pumps would
have D = 3, whereas a fan would have D = 4. Do not start a motor driving a constant
torque pump with the pump on-line; that is, do not start a motor with a D = 1. If that is
attempted, the motor will simply stall immediately and will never come up to full speed.
Induction Motor Saturation

I*SIM represents the saturation effect for induction motors by a method similar to that
discussed in “Machine Saturation” on page 2-10, except that the saturation factors are
smaller.
04/23/2004
Conversion Between the Single Cage Flux and the Single Cage Algebraic Motor
Models
La Ra
L1
Lm
R1
s
Fig. 2-14. Circuit for the Single Cage Algebraic Motor Model.
The circuit for the single cage algebraic motor model is shown in Fig. 2-14. Its terms are
Ra Armature resistance
La Armature leakage inductance
Lm Magnetizing inductance
L1 First cage rotor leakage inductance
R1 First cage rotor resistance

synchronous speed - rotor speed
( )
s (Slip) synchronous speed
The conversion equations between the single cage flux-level induction motor model and
the single cage Algebraic motor model are
L = L a + Lm
1
L′ = La +
1 1
+
L m L1
Ll = L a
L m + L1
T′ =
ω 0r1
L > L′
where
T’ Transient time constant;
H Inertial constant;

D Load damping factor;

L Steady-state motor inductance;
L’ Transient motor inductance;
Ll Leakage inductance.
2.5.2. Double Cage Flux Level Induction Motor

Same as Single Cage Induction Motor, with the addition of these two:
Data Description
T” T” is the sub-transient time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration time
step) < T” < 0.2. The default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles,
which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60Hz, and 0.01 seconds for 50Hz.
Therefore: 0.03332 < T” < 0.2 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.4 < T” < 0.2 ( for 50 Hz ). If a
smaller T” is used, a smaller integration time step should be chosen so that
Integration time step < T”/4. The two inter-dependency range checks for T” are:
1. T” < T’
2. If X” = 0.0, then set T” = 0.0
X” X” is the sub-transient motor reactance. Enter in per unit. The typical range is
0.0 < X” < 2.5. The three inter-dependency range checks for X” are
1. X” < X’
2. X” ( dc level ) > Xl
3. If T” = 0.0, then set X” = 0.0
Conversion Between the Double Cage Flux and the Double Cage Type I Algebraic
Motor Models
La Ra
L1 L2
Lm
R1 R2
s s
Fig. 2-15. Circuit for the Type I Algebraic Motor Model.
The circuit for the Type I algebraic motor model is shown in Fig. 2-15. Its terms are
04/23/2004
L2 Second cage rotor leakage inductance
R2 Second cage rotor resistance

( )
The conversion equations between the double cage flux-level induction motor model and
the Type I Algebraic Motor Models include
L = La + L m
1
L′ = L a +
1 1
+
L m L1
1
L′′ = La +
1 1 1
+ +
L m L1 L2
Ll = La
L m + L1
T′ =
ω 0 r1
L1 L m
L2 +
L1 + L m
T′′ =
ω 0 r2
T′ > T′′
L > L′ > L′′
where
T” Sub-transient time constant;
L” Sub-transient motor inductance;

Conversion Between the Double Cage Flux and the Double Cage Type II Algebraic
Motor Models
La Ra L1
L2
Lm R1 R2
s s
Fig. 2-16. Circuit for the Type II Algebraic Motor Model.
The circuit for the Type II algebraic motor model is shown in Fig. 2-16. Its terms are
L2 Second cage rotor leakage inductance
R2 Second cage rotor resistance

( )
The conversion equations between the flux-level induction motor model and the Algebraic
Type II motor models include
L = La + L m
1
L′ = L a +
1 1
+
L m L1 + L2
1
L′′ = La +
1 1
+
L m L1
04/23/2004
Ll = L a
L m + L1 + L2
T′ =
ω 0 r2
1
1 1
+
L m + L1 L2
T′′ =
ω 0 r1
T ' > T"
L > L′ > L′′
where
T” Sub-transient time constant;
L” Sub-transient motor inductance;
2.6. Exciter Models

The exciter models used in I*SIM are based on the excitation systems described in the
IEEE Committee Reports “Computer Representation of Excitation Systems” and
“Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies,” as well as reports for the
respective manufacturers. 3
If the behavior of synchronous machines is to be accurately represented, the excitation

systems must be modeled in sufficient detail. Although I*SIM provides numerous default
models, you should modify the default data to fit the specifications of the machine being
used.
Since simplified exciter models require minimum data, you may choose the simplified
exciter model or the simplified SCR static exciter model for a simplified representation of
the excitation systems for the units in the system.
3
see “Computer Representation of Excitation Systems” and “Excitation System Models for
Power System Stability Studies, ” respectively.

2.6.1. 1981 IEEE Recommended Type DC2

regulator
Vr ef Vs Vr ma x x Vt
E c omp - + + 1 Ef d
1 V 1 +sTc Ka Vr +
S er r S S
+ 1 +sTb sTe
(PU) 1 +sTr - 1+sTa - (PU)
Vr mi n x Vt
Vf b
S e +K e
sK f
1+sTf
damping
Fig. 2-17. Block Diagram for the IEEE Recommended Type DC2 Exciter.
The 1981 IEEE Recommended DC2 Exciter model contains two blocks within the model,
the lead-lag block and the rate-feedback block, which require special consideration. If the
transient-gain reduction action is performed by modern electronic controllers, the lead-lag
block should be used. If the transient-gain reduction action is performed by electro-
mechanical controllers, the rate-feedback block should be used. You must choose only
one of the two blocks. To choose the lead-lag block, Kf must be set to zero and Tf must
be set to 9999. To choose the rate-feedback block, Tc /Tb and Tb must be set to zero.
04/23/2004
Data Description
Response ratio This is the exciter response ratio.
Tr Tr is the time constant representing regulator filtering. For most

systems, Tr is very small and may be considered to be zero. The typical
range is 0.0 < Tr < 0.5
Ka Ka is the steady state gain of the voltage regulator. It is dimensionless.

The typical range is 10.0 < Ka < 500.0.
Ta Ta is the time constant of the voltage regulator. The typical range is 4*(
Integration time step ) < Ta < 1.0. The default number for the
integration time step is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833
seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Ta
< 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller time
constant is used, then a smaller integration time step should be chosen
so that Integration time step < Ta/4.
Tc/Tb Tc/Tb is the lead-lag ratio of the lead-lag controller. The typical range
is 0.05 < Tc/Tb > 0.3. The only inter-dependency range check is If
Tb=0, then set Tc/Tb=0.
Tb Tb is the lead-lag controller time constant. The typical range is 0.0 <
Tb < 20.0. The only inter-dependency range check is If Tf=Kf=0, then
Tb <>0. Otherwise, Tb<>0.
Vr max Vr max is the maximum direct voltage that the regulator is able to
supply from its terminals under defined conditions. It is the maximum
limit that is imposed on the regulator so that large input error signals
cannot produce a regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Vr
max is in per unit on the Efd base. In order to calculate the per unit
value, the excitation voltage Efd is used as the base voltage. The typical
range is 0.5 < Vr max < 1.5.
Vr min Vr min is the minimum direct voltage that the regulator is able to supply
from its terminals under defined conditions. It is the minimum limit that
is imposed on the regulator so that large input error signals cannot
produce a regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Vr min is in
per unit on the Efd base.. In order to calculate the per unit value, the
excitation voltage Efd is used as the base voltage. The typical range is -
1.5 < Vr min < -0.5.
Ke Ke is the exciter constant. When a self-excited shunt field is used, Ke

represents the setting of the shunt field rheostat and provides a positive
feedback of exciter output. Ke is negative in this case. The typical
range for Ke with self excitation is -1.0 < Ke < 0.0. If the value for Ke
is unknown, then you should set the value to zero so that ISIM can
automatically determine the proper value for Ke. For those systems with
a separately-excited exciter, regulator output is required to supply the
exciter field and establish the initial condition for Efd. Ke is positive in
this case. The typical range for Ke with separate excitation is 0.0 < Ke
< 1.0.
Te Te is the exciter time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration

time step ) < Te < 1.0. The default number for the integration time step
is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01
seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Te < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04
< Te < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller exciter time constant is used, then a
smaller integration time step should be chosen so that Integration time
step < Te/4.

Kf Kf is the feedback controller constant. It is dimensionless. The typical

range is 0.0 < Kf < 0.3. The only inter-dependency range check for Kf
is 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0.
Tf Tf is the rate-feedback controller time constant. The units are in

seconds. The typical range is 4*( Integration time step ) < Tf < 1.5. The
default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles, which is
calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz.
Therefore 0.03332 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 50
Hz ). If a smaller rate-feedback controller time constant is used, then a
step < Tf/4. The two inter-dependency range checks for Tf are:
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0
2. If Tb=Tc/Tb=0, then Tf<>0 and Kf<>0. Otherwise, set Tf=Kf=0.
E1 E1 is the first excitation voltage point. E1 is required in order to

generate a second order curve fitting. This curve fitting allows ISIM to
determine the proper value of the exciter saturation factor Se at all
loads. E1 is in per unit.. The typical range is E1 > 0.0. The only inter-
dependency range check for E1 is E1 < E2.
Se(E1) Se(E1) is the exciter saturation factor which is used to represent the
increase in exciter excitation requirements due to saturation. Se(E1) is
defined as Se(E1)=(A-B)/B where A is the exciter field current required
to generate an exciter voltage of 1.0 PU on the constant-resistance-load
saturation curve. B is the exciter field current required to generate an
exciter voltage of 1.0 PU on the air gap line (without saturation). The
typical range is 0.0 < Se(E1) < 1.0. The only inter-dependency range
check for Se(E1) is Se(E1) < Se(E2).
E2= Efd max E2 is the second excitation voltage point. E2 is required in order to
determine the proper value of exciter saturation factor Se at all loads.
E2 is in per unit.. The typical range is E2 > 0.0. The only inter-
dependency range check for E2 is E2 > E1.
typical range is Se(E2) > 0.0
The only inter-dependency range check for Se(E2) is Se(E2) > Se(E1).
04/23/2004
2.6.2. 1981 IEEE Recommended Type AC1

V r ef Vs Vrmax
+ +
E com p 1 - + 1+ sT c Ka
S S Vr
1 + sT r Vc - 1 + sT b 1 + sT a
sK f Vr mi n
1 + sT f Vf
+ Ve Efd
1
S ´
- sT e
Fex
Vf e
0 F e x = f (I n )
In
K c Ifd
K e + Se In =
Ve
+
S
+ Ifd
Kd
I f I n £ 0.51, Fe x = 1 - 0. 5 8 I n
In Fex
2
I f 0. 51 < I n < 0.715, F e x = - 0.8 6 5( I n + 0.0 0 8 2 6 ) + 0.9 3 2 3 3
I f I n ³ 0.715, F e x = 1.6 8 - 1.714 I n
Fig. 2-18. Block Diagram for the 1981 IEEE Recommended Type AC1 Exciter.
The 1981 IEEE Recommended Type AC1 Exciter model uses exactly the same method for
selecting the lead-lag block and the rate-feedback block as that described for the 1981 type
DC2.
The difference between the 1981 model and the earlier models is that in the 1981 model,
the demagnetizing effect of the load current on the dynamics of the exciter alternator
output voltage is accounted for in the feedback path as represented by the constant Kd.
The exciter output voltage drop due to the rectifier regulation is simulated by the inclusion
of the constant Kc, which is a function of the commutating reactance, and by the
approximation of the rectifier regulation curve.
Such a model can be used to represent the exciter alternator synchronous machine in large
power system stability studies. The Westinghouse Brushless Exciters are examples of
these systems.

Data Description

systems, Tr is very small and may be considered to be zero. The
typical range is 0.0 < Tr < 0.5
Tc/Tb Tc/Tb is the lead-lag ratio of the lead-lag controller. The typical
range is 0.05 < Tc/Tb > 0.3. The only inter-dependency range check
is If Tb=0, then set Tc/Tb=0.
Tb < 20.0. The only inter-dependency range check is If Tf=Kf=0,
then Tb <>0. Otherwise, Tb<>0.
Ka Ka is the steady state gain of the voltage regulator. It is

dimensionless. The typical range is 10.0 < Ka < 500.0.
Ta Ta is the time constant of the voltage regulator. The typical range is

4*( Integration time step ) < Ta < 1.0. The default number for the
seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 <
Ta < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller
time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step should be
chosen so that Integration time step < Ta/4.
supply from its terminals under defined conditions. It is the
maximum limit that is imposed on the regulator so that large input
error signals cannot produce a regulator output which exceeds
practical limits. Vr max is in per unit on the Efd base. In order to
calculate the per unit value, the excitation voltage Efd is used as the
base voltage. The typical range is 0.5 < Vr max < 1.5.
Vr min Vr min is the minimum direct voltage that the regulator is able to
supply from its terminals under defined conditions. It is the
minimum limit that is imposed on the regulator so that large input
error signals cannot produce a regulator output which exceeds
practical limits. Vr min is in per unit on the Efd base. In order to
calculate the per unit value, the excitation voltage Efd is used as the
base voltage. The typical range is -1.5 < Vr min < -0.5.

represents the setting of the shunt field rheostat and provides a
positive feedback of exciter output. Ke is negative in this case. The
typical range for Ke with self excitation is -1.0 < Ke < 0.0. If the
value for Ke is unknown, then you should set the value to zero so that
ISIM can automatically determine the proper value for Ke. For those
systems with a separately-excited exciter, regulator output is required
to supply the exciter field and establish the initial condition for Efd.
Ke is positive in this case. The typical range for Ke with separate
excitation is 0.0 < Ke < 1.0.

time step ) < Te < 1.0. The default number for the integration time
step is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz
and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Te < 1.0 ( for 60
Hz ) and 0.04 < Te < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller exciter time
so that Integration time step < Te/4.
04/23/2004
Kf Kf is the feedback controller constant. It is dimensionless. The

typical range is 0.0 < Kf < 0.3. The only inter-dependency range
check for Kf is 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0.

seconds. The typical range is 4*( Integration time step ) < Tf < 1.5.
The default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles, which
is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50
Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 (
for 50 Hz ). If a smaller rate-feedback controller time constant is
used, then a smaller integration time step should be chosen so that
Integration time step < Tf/4. The two inter-dependency range checks
for Tf are:
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0
Kc Kc is a constant which is used to simulate the exciter output voltage drop

due to the rectifier regulation. It is a function of the commutating
reactance. The typical range is 0.0 < Kc > 1.0.
Kd Kd is a constant which is used to account for the demagnetizing effect of

the load current on the dynamics of the exciter alternator output voltage.
It is a function of the exciter alternator synchronous and transient
reactances. The typical range is Kd > 0.

generate a second order curve fitting. This curve fitting allows ISIM
to determine the proper value of the exciter saturation factor Se at all
loads. E1 is in per unit.. The typical range is E1 > 0.0. The only
inter-dependency range check for E1 is E1 < E2.
increase in exciter excitation requirements due to saturation. Se(E1)
is defined as Se(E1)=(A-B)/B where A is the exciter field current
required to generate an exciter voltage of 1.0 PU on the constant-
resistance-load saturation curve. B is the exciter field current
required to generate an exciter voltage of 1.0 PU on the air gap line
(without saturation). The typical range is 0.0 < Se(E1) < 1.0. The
only inter-dependency range check for Se(E1) is Se(E1) < Se(E2).
generate a second order curve fitting. This curve fitting allows ISIM
to determine the proper value of exciter saturation factor Se at all
loads. E2 is in per unit.. The typical range is E2 > 0.0. The only
inter-dependency range check for E2 is E2 > E1.
increase in exciter excitation requirements due to saturation. Se(E2)
is defined as Se(E2)=(A-B)/B where A is the exciter field current
resistance-load saturation curve. B is the exciter field current
required to generate an exciter voltage of 1.2 PU on the air gap line
(without saturation). The typical range is Se(E2) > 0.0
The only inter-dependency range check for Se(E2) is Se(E2) >

Se(E1).

2.6.3. 1981 Modified IEEE Recommended Type AC1

V r ef Vs V r ma x
E c om p + + +
1 - 1 + sT c Ka Vr
S S
1 +sT r Vc - 1 + sT b 1 + sT a
Vr m i n
sK f Vf
1 + sT f
+ Ve Ef d
1
S ´
- sTe Fe x
Vf e
0 Fe x = f (I n )
In
Kc Ifd
K e + Se In =
Ve
+
S
+
Ifd
Kd
If I n £ 0.51, Fe x =1 - 0.58 I n Fe x
In 2
If 0.51< I n < 0.715,F e x =- 0.865(I n + 0.00826) + 0.93233
If I n ³ 0.715, F e x =1.68 - 1.714 I n
Fig. 2-19. Block Diagram for the 1981 Modified IEEE Recommended Type AC1
Exciter.
The 1981 modified IEEE Recommended AC1 Exciter model uses exactly the same
method for selecting the lead-lag block and the rate-feedback block as that described for
the 1981 Type DC2.
04/23/2004
Data Description
Tr Tr is the time constant representing regulator filtering. For most systems,

Tr is very small and may be considered to be zero. The typical range is
0.0 < Tr < 0.5
Tc/Tb Tc/Tb is the lead-lag ratio of the lead-lag controller. The typical range is
0.05 < Tc/Tb > 0.3. The only inter-dependency range check is If Tb=0,
then set Tc/Tb=0.
Tb Tb is the lead-lag controller time constant. The typical range is 0.0 < Tb
< 20.0. The only inter-dependency range check is If Tf=Kf=0, then Tb
<>0. Otherwise, Tb<>0.

Integration time step ) < Ta < 1.0. The default number for the integration
time step is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz
and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz )
and 0.04 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller time constant is used, then
a smaller integration time step should be chosen so that Integration time
step < Ta/4.
Vr max Vr max is the maximum direct voltage that the regulator is able to supply
from its terminals under defined conditions. It is the maximum limit that
produce a regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Vr max is in
per unit on the Efd base. In order to calculate the per unit value, the
excitation voltage Efd is used as the base voltage. The typical range is
0.5 < Vr max < 1.5.
1.5 < Vr min < -0.5.

feedback of exciter output. Ke is negative in this case. The typical range
for Ke with self excitation is -1.0 < Ke < 0.0. If the value for Ke is
unknown, then you should set the value to zero so that ISIM can
this case. The typical range for Ke with separate excitation is 0.0 < Ke <
1.0.

time step ) < Te < 1.0. The default number for the integration time step is
0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01
step < Te/4.


range is 0.0 < Kf < 0.3. The only inter-dependency range check for Kf is
5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0.
Tf Tf is the rate-feedback controller time constant. The units are in seconds.

The typical range is 4*( Integration time step ) < Tf < 1.5. The default
number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as
0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore
0.03332 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a
smaller rate-feedback controller time constant is used, then a smaller
integration time step should be chosen so that Integration time step <
Tf/4. The two inter-dependency range checks for Tf are:
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0


E1 E1 is the first excitation voltage point. E1 is required in order to generate

a second order curve fitting. This curve fitting allows ISIM to determine
the proper value of the exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E1 is in
per unit.. The typical range is E1 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency
range check for E1 is E1 < E2.
determine the proper value of exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E2
is in per unit.. The typical range is E2 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency
range check for E2 is E2 > E1.
04/23/2004

Vr ef Va max
Vs
+ + Va
E c om p 1 + 1 + sT c Ka
S S
1 +sT r Ver r 1 + sT b 1 + sT a
Vc
Vf
V a mi n
Vr ma x
+ Ve
S LV + 1 Efd
KB S sTe
´
GATE
Vr -
Fe x
Vr m in
Vh Vl
sK f 0 F e x = f (I n )
1 + sT f
In
-
Kl
S
Kc Ifd
+ K e + Se In =
Ve
Vf e +
Vlr S
Kh Ifd
Kd
If I n £ 0.51, Fe x = 1 - 0.58 I n
In 2 Fe x
If 0.51 < I n < 0.715,F e x = - 0.865( I n + 0.008 26) + 0.93 233
If I n ³ 0.715, F e x = 1.68 - 1.714 I n
Fig. 2-20. Block Diagram for the 1981 IEEE Recommended AC2 Exciter.
The 1981 IEEE Recommended Type AC2 Exciter model represents a high initial response
field controlled alternator rectifier excitation system. The method of selecting the lead-lag
block and the rate-feedback block is exactly the same as that described for the 1981 Type
DC2.
The 1981 Type AC2 model is similar to the 1981 Type AC1 regarding the inclusion of the
two additional exciter field current feedback loops. They differ in that the 1981 Type AC2
model adds two other compensation loops to the system to increase the bandwidth of the
small signal response and to obtain a high initial response from the excitation system.

Data Description
Tr Tr is the time constant representing regulator filtering. For most systems,

Tr is very small and may be considered to be zero. The typical range is
0.0 < Tr < 0.5
then set Tc/Tb=0.
Tb Tb is the lead-lag controller time constant. The typical range is 0.0 < Tb
< 20.0. The only inter-dependency range check is If Tf=Kf=0, then Tb
<>0. Otherwise, Tb<>0.

and 0.04 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller time constant is used, then
step < Ta/4.
Va max Vr max is a very high forcing voltage that is applied to the exciter field in
order to obtain a high initial response from this system. Vr max is in per
unit on the Efd base. In order to calculate the per unit number, the
excitation voltage is used as the base voltage. The typical range is Vr
max > 0.0.
Va min Vr min is a very high forcing voltage that is applied to the exciter field in
order to obtain a high initial response from this system. Vr min is in per
unit on the Efd base. In order to calculate the per unit number, the
excitation voltage is used as the base voltage. The typical range is Vr
min < 0.0.
Kb Kb is the forward gain of the exciter time constant compensation loop.

The typical range is Kb > 0.0.
produce a regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Vr max is in
0.5 < Vr max < 1.5.
1.5 < Vr min < -0.5.
04/23/2004

this case. The typical range for Ke with separate excitation is 0.0 < Ke <
1.0.

time step ) < Te < 1.0. The default number for the integration time step is
step < Te/4.
Kl Kl is the feedback gain of the limiter. This limiter senses exciter field
current and allows high forcing voltage, but limits the current. The
typical range is Kl > 0.0.
Kh Kh is the feedback gain of the exciter time constant compensation loop.

The typical range is Kh > 0.0.

5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0.

integration time step should be chosen so that Integration time step <
Tf/4. The two inter-dependency range checks for Tf are:
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0


Vlr Vlr is an exciter output voltage limit.

the proper value of the exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E1 is in
per unit.. The typical range is E1 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency
range check for E1 is E1 < E2.

2.6.5. 1981 IEEE Recommended Type DC3

Vr ef
V r ma x
Kv
filt er Ver r
+ Vr - Vr mi n Vr h
E c om p 1 ma x
S s K vT r h
(PU) 1+sTr
- Kv Vr mi n
ex cit er
If V e r r ³ K v , V r =V r ma x
Vr 1 Ef d
If | V e r r | < K v , V r =V r h S
+ sTe (PU )
If V e r r £ - K v , V r = V r mi n
S Ke
+
+
Se
Ef d
Fig. 2-21. Block Diagram for the 1981 IEEE Recommended Type DC3 Exciter.
The 1981 IEEE Recommended Type DC3 exciter model is used to represent older
systems, particularly those dc commutator exciters with non-continuously acting
regulators. Examples of these systems include the General Electric GFA4 regulator and
the Westinghouse BJ30 regulator.
04/23/2004
Data Description

range is 0.0 < Tr < 0.5
Trh Trh is the electro-mechanical voltage regulator time constant. It is the

travel time representing continuous motion of the rheostat drive motor.
The typical range is 2.0 < Trh < 100.0.
Kv Kv is the dead band of the parallel quick-action controller. It is

dimensionless. The typical range is 0.02 < Kv < 0.1.
range is 2.0 < Vr max < 10.0..
0.0 < Vr min < 2.0.

step < Te/4.

< 1.0.



K lv S
+
HV
V r ef Vj GATE Vr ma x
Vl v
+ +
E c omp 1 + 1 + sTc Ka Va
S S
1+sTr Ver r 1 + sTb 1+ sTa
Vc
Vf Vr m i n
s Vr + 1 Ve Ef d
´ S ´
1+ sTf sTe
Fe x
Vf e
0 Fe x = f ( I n )
Vn Kr
In
Kn K e + Se
Vn Kc I f d
1
In =
Kf Ve
+
Ef d n Ef d S
+ Ifd
Kd
In If I n £ 0.51, Fe x =1 - 0.58 I n
Fe x
2
If 0.51< I n < 0.715,Fe x =- 0.865(I n + 0.00826) +0.93233
If I n ³ 0.715, Fe x =1.68 - 1.714 I n
The 1981 IEEE Recommended Type AC3 Exciter model uses exactly the same method as
that described for the 1981 Type DC2 in selecting the lead-lag block and the rate-feedback
block.
The difference between the 1981 Type AC3 and the 1981 Type AC1 is that the Type AC3
has additional non-linearity which is introduced by employing self-excitation. This model
is applicable to systems employing static voltage regulators, such as the General Electric
ALTERREX excitation system.
04/23/2004
Data Description

systems, Tr is very small and may be considered to be zero. The
typical range is 0.0 < Tr < 0.5

Ta Ta is the time constant of the voltage regulator. The typical range is

4*( Integration time step ) < Ta < 1.0. The default number for the
Ta < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller
time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step should be
chosen so that Integration time step < Ta/4.
Va max Va max is the maximum direct voltage that the regulator is able to
cannot produce a regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Va
max is in per unit.. In order to calculate the per unit value, the
Va max > 0.0.
Va min Va min is the minimum direct voltage that the regulator is able to
supply from its terminals under defined conditions. It is the minimum
cannot produce a regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Va
min is in per unit.. In order to calculate the per unit value, the
Va min < 0.0.

automatically determine the proper value for Ke. For those systems
with a separately-excited exciter, regulator output is required to supply
the exciter field and establish the initial condition for Efd. Ke is
positive in this case. The typical range for Ke with separate excitation
is 0.0 < Ke < 1.0.

is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and
0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Te < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz )
and 0.04 < Te < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller exciter time constant is
used, then a smaller integration time step should be chosen so that
Integration time step < Te/4.

Klv Klv is the feedback gain of the limiter. This limiter senses exciter field
current and allows high forcing voltage, but limits the current. The
typical range is Klv > 0.0.
Kr Kr is a constant which is used to simulate the non-linearity introduced

by self-excitation. The typical range is Kr > 0.0.

is 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0.

seconds. The typical range is 4*( Integration time step ) < Tf < 1.5.
The default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles, which is
calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz.
Therefore 0.03332 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 50
Hz ). If a smaller rate-feedback controller time constant is used, then a
step < Tf/4. The two inter-dependency range checks for Tf are:
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0
Kn Kn is a constant which is used to simulate the non-linearity introduced

by the excitation system stabilizer. When the exciter output voltage is
less than Efdn, the rate-feedback controller constant Kf is used to
represent the gain. When the exciter output voltage exceeds Efdn, the
value of this gain becomes Kn. The typical range is 0.0 < Kn < 0.3.
The only inter-dependency range check for Kn is Kn < Kf.
Efdn Efdn is the excitation voltage at which the non-linearity introduced by

the the excitation system stabilizer starts to be considered. The typical
range is Efdn > 0.0. The only inter-dependency range check for Efdn is
Efd min < Efdn < Efd max.
Kc Kc is a constant which is used to simulate the exciter output voltage

drop due to the rectifier regulation. It is a function of the commutating
Kd Kd is a constant which is used to account for the demagnetizing effect

of the load current on the dynamics of the exciter alternator output
voltage. It is a function of the exciter alternator synchronous and
transient reactances. The typical range is Kd > 0.
Vlv Vlv is a voltage limit. By limiting the exciter field current, exciter
output voltage Ve is limited to the value Vlv. The typical range is Vlv
> 0.0.

defined as Se(E1)=(A-B)/B where A is the exciter field current
resistance-load saturation curve. B is the exciter field current required
to generate an exciter voltage of 1.0 PU on the air gap line (without
saturation). The typical range is 0.0 < Se(E1) < 1.0. The only inter-
04/23/2004
defined as Se(E2)=(A-B)/B where A is the exciter field current
resistance-load saturation curve. B is the exciter field current required
to generate an exciter voltage of 1.2 PU on the air gap line (without
saturation). The typical range is Se(E2) > 0.0

V r ef Vs
V r ma x - K c l f d
V i ma x
+ +
E c omp 1 V 1+ sTc Ka Ef d
S er r S
1+sTr + 1+ sTb 1+ sTa
V i mi n V r mi n - K c l f d
The 1981 IEEE Recommended Type AC4 Exciter model is a high initial response
excitation system which uses a full thyristor bridge in the exciter output circuit. The
transient loading effects can be accounted for by using the exciter loading current Ifd and a
constant Kc, which is a function of the commutating reactance, to modify the excitation
limit. The lead-lag block, instead of the rate-feedback block, is used to modify the control
function of stabilizing the excitation system.
This model is quite different from other types of ac models. It can be used to represent the
General Electric ALTHYREX and rotating thyristor excitation systems.

Data Description
Tr Tr is the time constant representing regulator filtering. For most systems, Tr is

very small and may be considered to be zero. The typical range is 0.0 < Tr <
0.5
Vi max Vi max is the maximum voltage limit that is imposed on the lead-lag
controller input. It is the default data and is in per unit.. The typical range is
0.0 < Vi max < 1.0.
Vi min Vi min is the minimum voltage limit that is imposed on the lead-lag controller
input. It is the default data and is in per unit.. The typical range is -1.0 < Vi
max < 0.0.
Tc/Tb Tc/Tb is the lead-lag ratio of the lead-lag controller. The typical range is 0.05
< Tc/Tb > 0.3. The only inter-dependency range check is If Tb=0, then set
Tc/Tb=0.
Tb Tb is the lead-lag controller time constant. The typical range is 0.0 < Tb <
20.0. The only inter-dependency range check is If Tf=Kf=0, then Tb <>0.
Otherwise, Tb<>0.
Ka Ka is the steady state gain of the voltage regulator. It is dimensionless. The

typical range is 10.0 < Ka < 500.0.
Integration time step ) < Ta < 1.0. The default number for the integration time
step is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01
seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Ta
< 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller time constant is used, then a smaller
integration time step should be chosen so that Integration time step < Ta/4.
Va max Va max is the maximum direct voltage that the regulator is able to supply
from its terminals under defined conditions. It is the maximum limit that is
imposed on the regulator so that large input error signals cannot produce a
regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Va max is in per unit.. In
order to calculate the per unit value, the excitation voltage Efd is used as the
base voltage. The typical range is Va max > 0.0.
Va min Va min is the minimum direct voltage that the regulator is able to supply from
its terminals under defined conditions. It is the minimum limit that is imposed
on the regulator so that large input error signals cannot produce a regulator
output which exceeds practical limits. Va min is in per unit.. In order to
calculate the per unit value, the excitation voltage Efd is used as the base
voltage. The typical range is Va min < 0.0.
Kc Kc is a constant which is used to simulate the exciter output voltage drop due
to the rectifier regulation. It is a function of the commutating reactance. The
typical range is 0.0 < Kc > 1.0.
04/23/2004
2.6.8. 1981 IEEE Recommended Type ST1

V r ef Vs
Vt Vr - Kc lfd
+ Vi max
+ max
E com p Ver r 1 + sT c Ka Efd
1 S S
1 +sT r + 1 + sT b 1 + sT a
Vi mi n
Vt Vr mi n - Kc lfd
sK f
1 + sT f
Fig. 2-24. Block Diagram for the 1981 IEEE Recommended Type ST1 Exciter.
The 1981 IEEE Recommended Type ST1 Exciter represents a potential source controlled-
rectifier excitation system, in which excitation power is supplied through a transformer
from the generator terminals or from the unit’s auxiliary bus, and is regulated by a
controlled rectifier. The maximum exciter voltage available from such systems is directly
related to the generator terminal voltage.
The method of selecting the lead-lag block and the rate-feedback block is exactly the same
as that described for the 1981 Type DC2.
Examples of type ST1 excitation systems include the Canadian General Electric
Silcomatic exciters, the Westinghouse Canada solid state thyristor exciter and the
Westinghouse type PS static excitation systems with WTA or WHS regulators.

Data Description

0.5
Vi max Vi max is the maximum voltage limit that is imposed on the lead-lag controller
input. It is the default data and is in per unit.. The typical range is 0.0 < Vi
max < 1.0.
max < 0.0.
Tc/Tb=0.
Otherwise, Tb<>0.

seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Ta <
1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller time constant is used, then a smaller integration
time step should be chosen so that Integration time step < Ta/4.
Vr max Vr max is the maximum direct voltage that the regulator is able to supply from
its terminals under defined conditions. It is the maximum limit that is imposed
output which exceeds practical limits. Vr max is in per unit on the Efd base. In
Vr min Vr min is the minimum direct voltage that the regulator is able to supply from
output which exceeds practical limits. Vr min is in per unit on the Efd base. In
Kc Kc is a constant which is used to simulate the exciter output voltage drop due to
the rectifier regulation. It is a function of the commutating reactance. The
Kf Kf is the feedback controller constant. It is dimensionless. The typical range is

0.0 < Kf < 0.3. The only inter-dependency range check for Kf is 5.0 < Tf/Kf <
15.0.
Tf Tf is the rate-feedback controller time constant. The units are in seconds. The
typical range is 4*( Integration time step ) < Tf < 1.5. The default number for
the integration time step is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds
for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 60
Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller rate-feedback controller time
constant is used, then a smaller integration time step should be chosen so that
Integration time step < Tf/4. The two inter-dependency range checks for Tf are:
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0
04/23/2004

Vs Vr Efd ma x
Vref ma x
+ +
E c om p
1 Ver r
Ka
Vr + + Ef d
Σ Σ Σ Σ 1
1 +sTr
+
1 + sTa + sTe
Vb
Vf Vr m in
0
Ke
sK f
1 + sTf
Vt Ve
V e = |K pV t + j K i I t | ×
It
Fe x
K c Ifd In
In = F e x = f (I n )
Ifd Ve
If I n ≤ 0.51, Fe x = 1 − 0.58 I n
In Fex
If 0.51 < I n < 0.715,F e x = −0.865(I n + 0.008 26) + 0.93233
2
If I n ≥ 0.715, F e x = 1.68 − 1.714 I n
The 1981 IEEE Recommended Type ST2 Exciter model differs from the 1981 Type ST1
in that the ST2 system forms the exciter power source by a phasor combination of both the
generator terminal current and voltage. The rectifier loading and commutation effects are
accounted for, and the exciter output voltage is controlled by adjusting the saturation of
the power transformer.
One example of such a system is the General Electric static excitation system, which is
referred to as the SCT-PPT or SCPT system.

Data Description

0.5

its terminals under defined conditions. It is the maximum limit that is
regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Vr max is in per unit on the
Efd base. In order to calculate the per unit value, the excitation voltage Efd is
used as the base voltage. The typical range is 0.5 < Vr max < 1.5.
output which exceeds practical limits. Vr min is in per unit on the Efd base.
In order to calculate the per unit value, the excitation voltage Efd is used as the

feedback of exciter output. Ke is negative in this case. The typical range for
Ke with self excitation is -1.0 < Ke < 0.0. If the value for Ke is unknown,
then you should set the value to zero so that ISIM can automatically determine
the proper value for Ke. For those systems with a separately-excited exciter,
regulator output is required to supply the exciter field and establish the initial
condition for Efd. Ke is positive in this case. The typical range for Ke with
separate excitation is 0.0 < Ke < 1.0.
Te Te is the exciter time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration time step
) < Te < 1.0. The default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles,
which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz.
Therefore 0.03332 < Te < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Te < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ).
If a smaller exciter time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step
should be chosen so that Integration time step < Te/4.
Kf Kf is the feedback controller constant. It is dimensionless. The typical range

is 0.0 < Kf < 0.3. The only inter-dependency range check for Kf is 5.0 <
Tf/Kf < 15.0.
Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller rate-feedback controller
time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step should be chosen so
that Integration time step < Tf/4. The two inter-dependency range checks for
Tf are:
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0
04/23/2004
Kp Kp is the potential transformer constant. The typical value is Kp=1.19.
Ki Ki is the current transformer constant. It is dimensionless. The typical range

is 0.9 < Ki < 1.1.
to the rectifier regulation. It is a function of the commutating reactance. For
most transformer fed systems, Kc is very small, permitting the term to be
neglected for many studies.
Efd max Efd max is the exciter ceiling voltage. It is the maximum direct voltage that
the excitation system is able to supply from its terminals under defined
conditions.

V g ma x
Kg
Vr ef Vs Vr ma x
Vi max E f d ma x
E c om p 1 +V + Va Ka Vr
er r 1 + sTc
S S K S ´
1 +sTr + j
1 + sTb + 1 + sTa Efd
Vi mi n
Vr m in
Ve Vb
Vt
´
V e = | K p V t + j ( K j +K p X l ) I t |
It
Fe x
Kc Ifd In
In = Fe x = f (I n )
Ifd Ve K p =K pe
j Qp
In If I n £ 0.51, Fe x = 1 - 0.58 I n Fe x
2
If 0.51 < I n < 0.715,F e x = - 0.865( I n + 0.00826) + 0.93233
If I n ³ 0.715, F e x = 1.68 - 1.714 I n
The 1981 IEEE Recommended Type ST3 Exciter model differs from the 1981 Type ST2
in that the type ST3 uses the lead-lag block instead of the rate-feedback block. Also, an
inner loop is added to the voltage regulator which obtains a negative feedback from the
regulator output.
Examples of these systems include the General Electric GENEREX and General Electric
SHUNT THYRISTOR.

Data Description

0.5
Vi max Vi max is the maximum voltage limit that is imposed on the lead-lag
controller input. It is the default data and is in per unit.. The typical range is
0.0 < Vi max < 1.0.
max < 0.0.
Kj Kj is the steady state lead-lag controller gain. The typical range is 0 < Kj <
1000.
Tc/Tb=0.
Otherwise, Tb<>0.

Kg This is the inner loop feedback constant. The typical range is 0.0 < Kj <1.1.

is 0.9 < Ki < 1.1.
conditions.
04/23/2004
Xl Xl is the generator leakage reactance. It is the default data and is in per unit..
The typical range is 0.0 < Xl < 0.5.
Vg max This is the inner loop maximum voltage feedback. The typical range is 0.0 <
Vg max < 20.
Potential circuit The typical range is -90 < Potential circuit phase angle < 90.
phase angle
(degrees)
2.6.11. 1979 IEEE Standard Type 1

Se
Efd
r e gula t or
Vr ef Vs +
+
S Ke
Vr max
f il t er +
E com p + Efd
1 + 1 + sT c Ka + 1
S S S (PU)
(PU) 1 +sTr Verr 1 + sT b 1 + sT a Vr sT e
+
Vf b Vr e x cit er
min sK f
Vs 1 + sT f
(PSS) da mp in g
Fig. 2-27. Block Diagram for the 1979 IEEE Standard Type 1 Exciter.
The 1979 IEEE Standard Type 1 Exciter model is quite similar to the 1968 IEEE Standard
Type 1 Exciter model on page 2-72. The parameters Ke, Vr max, and Vr min should be
treated exactly the same way as in the 1968 model.
The difference between the 1979 and 1968 models is that the 1979 model has an additional
lead-lag block for representing transient-gain reduction action performed by modern
electronic controllers rather than relying solely on the rate-feedback block for representing
the damping action as in the 1968 model.
The method of selecting the lead-lag block and the rate-feedback block is exactly the same
as that described for the 1981 Type DC2.

Data Description

0.5

seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Ta <
1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller time constant is used, then a smaller integration
time step should be chosen so that Integration time step < Ta/4.
Tc/Tb=0.
Otherwise, Tb<>0.
its terminals under defined conditions. It is the maximum limit that is imposed
output which exceeds practical limits. Vr max is in per unit on the Efd base. In
output which exceeds practical limits. Vr min is in per unit on the Efd base. In
base voltage. The typical range is -10.0 < Vr min < 0.0.

Ke with self excitation is -1.0 < Ke < 0.0. If the value for Ke is unknown, then
you should set the value to zero so that ISIM can automatically determine the
proper value for Ke. For those systems with a separately-excited exciter,
Therefore 0.03332 < Te < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Te < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If
a smaller exciter time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step
Kf Kf is the feedback controller constant. It is dimensionless. The typical range is

0.0 < Kf < 0.3. The only inter-dependency range check for Kf is 5.0 < Tf/Kf <
15.0.
04/23/2004
Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller rate-feedback controller time
constant is used, then a smaller integration time step should be chosen so that
Integration time step < Tf/4. The two inter-dependency range checks for Tf are:
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0
E1 E1 is the first excitation voltage point. E1 is required in order to generate a

proper value of the exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E1 is in per unit..
The typical range is E1 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency range check for E1 is
E1 < E2.
Se(E1) Se(E1) is the exciter saturation factor which is used to represent the increase in
exciter excitation requirements due to saturation. Se(E1) is defined as
Se(E1)=(A-B)/B where A is the exciter field current required to generate an
exciter voltage of 1.0 PU on the constant-resistance-load saturation curve. B is
the exciter field current required to generate an exciter voltage of 1.0 PU on the
air gap line (without saturation). The typical range is 0.0 < Se(E1) < 1.0. The
only inter-dependency range check for Se(E1) is Se(E1) < Se(E2).
E2= Efd max E2 is the second excitation voltage point. E2 is required in order to generate a
proper value of exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E2 is in per unit.. The
typical range is E2 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency range check for E2 is E2
> E1.
exciter voltage of 1.2 PU on the constant-resistance-load saturation curve. B is
the exciter field current required to generate an exciter voltage of 1.2 PU on the
air gap line (without saturation). The typical range is Se(E2) > 0.0

Se
Efd
V r ef
r e gula t or
+
+
S Ke
Vr max
f ilt er
+ Efd ³ 0
E c om p 1 + 1 + sTc Ka + 1
S S S
(PU) 1 +sTr 1 + sT a (PU)
+ Ver r 1 + sTb Vr sT e
Vf b Vr mi n e x c i t er
1 sK f
Vs 1+ sT f 1+ sT f
2 1
(PSS)
damping

The 1979 IEEE Standard Type 2 Exciter model is quite similar to the 1968 IEEE Standard
Type 2 Exciter model on page 2-79. The parameters Ke, Vr max, and Vr min should be
treated exactly the same way as in the 1968 model. The additional lead-lag block allows
representation of the electronic transient gain reduction portion instead of the electro-
mechanical rate feedback. As in 1979 Standard Type 1, choose either the lead-lag or the
rate feedback, but not both. This can be achieved by setting Tb /Tc and Tc to zero, or Kf =
0, and Tf 1 = Tf 2 = 9999.
04/23/2004
Data Description

range is 0.0 < Tr < 0.5

Integration time step ) < Ta < 1.0. The default number for the
seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Ta
< 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller time
so that Integration time step < Ta/4.
range is 0.5 < Vr max < 1.5.
1.5 < Vr min < -0.5.

< 1.0.

step < Te/4.


is 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0.
Tf1 Tf1 is the first rate-feedback controller time constant. It approximates

the exciter time delay and is considered to be the “major damping.” The
data shown is typical data and is shown in seconds. The typical range is
4*( Integration time step ) < Tf1 < 1.5. The default number for the
Tf1 < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf1 < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller
rate-feedback controller time constant is used, then a smaller integration
time step should be chosen so that Integration time step < Tf1/4. The
three inter-dependency range checks for Tf1 are
1. Let v1 = abs(1-Tf1/Te)
Let v2 = abs(1-Tf2/Te)
If v2 < v1, then 5.0 < Tf1/Kf < 15.0
If v1 < v2, then 5.0 < Tf2/Kf < 15.0
2. minimum (v1,v2) < 0.2
3. If Tb=Tc/Tb=0, then Tf1<>0 and Tf2<>0 and Kf<>0.
Otherwise, set Tf1=Tf2=Kf=0.
Tf2 Tf2 is the second rate-feedback controller time constant. It represents

the high frequency effects and is considered to be the “minor damping.”
The data shown is typical data and is shown in seconds. The typical
range is 4*( Integration time step ) < Tf2 < 1.5. The default number for
the integration time step is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833
Tf2 < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf2 < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller
rate-feedback controller time constant is used, then a smaller integration
time step should be chosen so that:
Integration time step < Tf2/4
The three inter-dependency range checks for Tf2 are :
If v2 < v1, then 5.0 < Tf1/Kf < 15.0
If v1 < v2, then 5.0 < Tf2/Kf < 15.0
2. minimum (v1,v2) < 0.2

04/23/2004
2.6.13. 1979 Modified IEEE Standard Type 2

V ref
Vr max
r e gula t or
f ilt e r + e x c it er
E com p 1 + 1 + sT c + Efd ³ 0
S S Ka 1
S
(PU) 1 +sT r + Verr 1 + sT b 1 + sT a Vr sT e (PU )
Vfb
Vr min
sK f
V o thsg 1 + sT f
(P S S ) S K e
d a m p in g +
Se
Efd
Fig. 2-29. Block Diagram for the 1979 Modified IEEE Standard Type 2 Exciter.
1979 Modified IEEE Standard Type 2 Exciter is a modified form of the 1979 IEEE
Standard Type 2 Exciter model. The exciter manufacturer of the systems represented by
the IEEE Standard Type 2 model reported that this model is slightly more accurate than
the non-modified Type 2 in representing their product. Review the manufacture’s
documentation to determine if this model is more appropriate for the equipment being
used.

Data Description
Tr Tr is the time constant representing regulator filtering. For most systems, Tr

is very small and may be considered to be zero. The typical range is 0.0 <
Tr < 0.5

and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and
0.04 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller time constant is used, then a
smaller integration time step should be chosen so that Integration time step
< Ta/4.
then set Tc/Tb=0.
Otherwise, Tb<>0.
Efd base. In order to calculate the per unit value, the excitation voltage Efd
is used as the base voltage. The typical range is 0.5 < Vr max < 1.5.
from its terminals under defined conditions. It is the minimum limit that is
regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Vr min is in per unit on the
is used as the base voltage. The typical range is -1.5 < Vr min < -0.5.

automatically determine the proper value for Ke. For those systems with a
separately-excited exciter, regulator output is required to supply the exciter
field and establish the initial condition for Efd. Ke is positive in this case.
The typical range for Ke with separate excitation is 0.0 < Ke < 1.0.
Te Te is the exciter time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration time
step ) < Te < 1.0. The default number for the integration time step is 0.5
cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds
for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Te < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Te < 1.0 (
for 50 Hz ). If a smaller exciter time constant is used, then a smaller
integration time step should be chosen so that Integration time step < Te/4.

5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0.
04/23/2004

0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332
< Tf < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller rate-
feedback controller time constant is used, then a smaller integration time
step should be chosen so that Integration time step < Tf/4. The two inter-
dependency range checks for Tf are:
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0

proper value of the exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E1 is in per
unit.. The typical range is E1 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency range
check for E1 is E1 < E2.
Se(E1) Se(E1) is the exciter saturation factor which is used to represent the increase
in exciter excitation requirements due to saturation. Se(E1) is defined as
exciter voltage of 1.0 PU on the constant-resistance-load saturation curve.
B is the exciter field current required to generate an exciter voltage of 1.0
PU on the air gap line (without saturation). The typical range is 0.0 <
Se(E1) < 1.0. The only inter-dependency range check for Se(E1) is Se(E1)
< Se(E2).
determine the proper value of exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E2 is
in per unit.. The typical range is E2 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency
PU on the air gap line (without saturation). The typical range is Se(E2) >
0.0

V r ef Vs r e gula t or
V r max e x c i t er
f il t er
E c om p + + 1 Efd
1 + Ka + S
(PU)
S S K e + sT e
1 +sTr 1+ sT a + (PU )
Verr
V r min sK f
1 + sT f
da mp in g Vb max
Vth
Vt
2 2
V t h e v = | K pV t + j K t I t | V t h - ( 0. 7 8 L a d I f d ) 0
It
Lad I f d
The 1979 IEEE Standard Type 3 Exciter model is almost identical to the 1968 IEEE
Standard Type 3 Exciter described in Section 13.20. They differ only in the placement of

the limit Vb max. Again, the value of Ki is important to the performance of this system. If
Ki is unknown, enter Ki as zero and I*SIM will determine the value of Ki automatically.
04/23/2004
Data Description

0.5



Tf/Kf < 15.0.
Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller rate-feedback controller
time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step should be chosen so
that Integration time step < Tf/4. The two inter-dependency range checks for
Tf are:
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0


is 0.9 < Ki < 1.1.
Vbmax Vb max is the current compounded maximum voltage regulator output signal.
The typical range is 1.0 < Vb max < 4.0.

Se
Y
V ref r e gu la t o r
´
Vr max
f il t e r
E com p +
1 + Ka + S 1 Efd
S S
( PU ) 1 +sTr + 1 + sT a K e + sT e ( PU )
Vr min e x cit er
sK f
Vs 1 + sT f
(PSS) d a mp in g
The 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Exciter is a widely used model for representing shunt DC
exciters as well as alternator exciters with uncontrolled shaft-mounted rectifier bridges.
When representing DC exciter systems, the value of Ke should be set to zero so that I*SIM
can determine its value automatically. For alternator-rectifier systems, set Ke to 1.0.
The values for VR max and VR min must be carefully tuned. You can set VR max = VR
min = Ke = 0 and let I*SIM determine these parameters automatically, in lack of
information.
The transient-gain reduction action is represented by using a rate-feedback block. This is

appropriate for electro-mechanical controllers. Use the 1979 Standard Type 1 if the
exciter has lead-lag controllers.
Note that provision is made for first-order smoothing or filtering of the compensated
terminal voltage with a filter time constant of Tr. Tr is usually very small and if it is less
than twice of the integration time step, then Tr is ignored by this model.
It is difficult to provide typical data for this model since so many different systems can be
represented by the 1968 Standard Type 1 Exciter. The data provided below should be
used only as a general reference.
04/23/2004
Data Description

Tr < 0.5

time step is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and
0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04
< Ta < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller time constant is used, then a smaller

then you should set the value to zero so that ISIM can automatically
determine the proper value for Ke. For those systems with a separately-
excited exciter, regulator output is required to supply the exciter field and
establish the initial condition for Efd. Ke is positive in this case. The typical
range for Ke with separate excitation is 0.0 < Ke < 1.0.

Tf/Kf < 15.0.

0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 <
Tf < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller rate-
feedback controller time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step
should be chosen so that Integration time step < Tf/4. The two inter-
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0


The typical range is E1 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency range check for E1
is E1 < E2.
exciter voltage of 1.0 PU on the constant-resistance-load saturation curve. B
is the exciter field current required to generate an exciter voltage of 1.0 PU
on the air gap line (without saturation). The typical range is 0.0 < Se(E1) <
1.0. The only inter-dependency range check for Se(E1) is Se(E1) < Se(E2).
E2= Efd max E2 is the second excitation voltage point. E2 is required in order to generate
a second order curve fitting. This curve fitting allows ISIM to determine the
proper value of exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E2 is in per unit..
is E2 > E1.
is the exciter field current required to generate an exciter voltage of 1.2 PU
on the air gap line (without saturation). The typical range is Se(E2) > 0.0
2.6.16. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Westinghouse Mag-A-Stat

See 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1.
2.6.17. 1968 IEEE Type 1 Westinghouse Rotating-Rectifier (3600

RPM)
2.6.18. 1968 IEEE Type 1 Westinghouse Rotating-Rectifier (1800

RPM)
2.6.19. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Westinghouse Rotorol

2.6.20. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Westinghouse Silverstat

04/23/2004
2.6.21. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Westinghouse TRA

2.6.22. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Amplidyne NA101

2.6.23. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Amplidyne NA108

2.6.24. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Amplidyne NA143 (< 5 kW )

2.6.25. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Amplidyne NA143 (>5 kW)


r e gu l a t o r
V r ef
Vr max Efd max
e x citer
+
E c om p + Ka + Efd
S S S 1
(PU) + 1 + sT a (PU)
K e + sT e
Efd min
Vr min
sK f
Vs 1 + sT f
(P S S ) ´
d a m p in g
Se
Y
The 1968 Modified IEEE Standard Type 1 Exciter model modifies the Type 1 Exciter
model by introducing a block which represents the maximum and minimum limits of the
excitation output voltage in the exciter output.
The exciter manufacturers of some of the systems representable by the 1968 IEEE
Standard Type 1 Exciter model reported that the 1968 Modified model is slightly more
accurate in representing their product. Review the manufacturer’s documentation to
determine if this model is more appropriate for the equipment being used.

Data Description

and 0.04 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller time constant is used, then a
< Ta/4.
is imposed on the regulator so that large input error signals cannot produce
a regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Vr max is in per unit on
the Efd base. In order to calculate the per unit value, the excitation voltage
Efd is used as the base voltage. The typical range is 0.5 < Vr max < 1.5.
regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Vr min is in per unit on
Efd is used as the base voltage. The typical range is -1.5 < Vr min < -0.5.

for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Te < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Te < 1.0
( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller exciter time constant is used, then a smaller

5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0.

integration time step should be chosen so that Integration time step < Tf/4.
The two inter-dependency range checks for Tf are:
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0
04/23/2004

the proper value of the exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E1 is in per
defined as Se(E1)=(A-B)/B where A is the exciter field current required to
generate an exciter voltage of 1.0 PU on the constant-resistance-load
Efd max Efd max is the exciter ceiling voltage. It is the maximum direct voltage
that the excitation system is able to supply from its terminals under
defined conditions.
Se(Efd max) Se(Efd max) is the exciter saturation factor which is used to represent the
increase in exciter excitation requirements due to saturation. Se(Efd max)
is defined as Se(Efd max)=(A-B)/B where A is the exciter field current
required to generate an exciter voltage of Edf max on the constant-
resistance-load saturation curve. B is the exciter field current required to
generate an exciter voltage of Efd max on the air gap line (without
saturation). The typical range is Se(Efd max) > 0.0. The only inter-
dependency range check for Se(E2) is Se(Efd max) > Se(E1).
Efd min Efd min is the minimum excitation voltage. The typical range is Efd min
= 0.
2.6.27. 1968 Modified IEEE Standard Type 1S with Bus Fed

V r ef
r e gula t o r
Vr max or K p ´ Vt
f il t er
+
E com p 1 + Efd
(PU)
å å Ka
1 +sTr 1 + sT a ( PU)
+
Vr min
Vs sK f
(P S S ) 1 + sT f
d a mp in g
Fig. 2-33. Block Diagram for the 1968 Modified IEEE Standard Type 1S With Bus Fed.
The 1968 Modified IEEE Standard Type 1S Exciter model is a special case of the
Standard Type 1 Exciter where excitation is obtained through rectification of the terminal
voltage and no exciter portion exists. A system of this type responds almost
instantaneously to system changes.
In the case of bus fed connections, the maximum regulator voltage (the ceiling voltage) is
proportional to the generator terminal voltage (Vr max = Kp x Vt). In the case of solid fed
connections, Vr max is a fixed number.

The block diagram for this model is almost identical to the 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1
Exciter model, except that it lacks the exciter portion. The small time constants created in
the closed loop of this model could cause numerical instability difficulties. If that is the
case, use the Simplified Exciter model or the simplified SCR Static Exciter models
instead.
Data Description

Tr < 0.5

< Ta/4.
Switch Position Set switch position = 0 for bus fed. Set switch position = 1 for solid fed.
Kp Kp is the potential circuit gain. It is dimensionless. The typical range is

0.5 < Kp < 10.0.

5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0.

0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332
< Tf < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller rate-
feedback controller time constant is used, then a smaller integration time
step should be chosen so that Integration time step < Tf/4. The two inter-
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0
2.6.28. 1968 Modified IEEE Standard Type 1S with Solid Fed

See 1968 Modified IEEE Standard Type 1S with Bus Fed.
04/23/2004
Only difference is Vr max instead of Kp.

Se
Vr ef
r egula t or
´
Vr ma x
filt er
+ +
E c om p 1 + Ka
S S S 1
(PU) 1+ sT r 1 + sT a Efd
+ K e + sT e
(PU)
Vr m in
ex cit er
Vs 1 sK f
(PSS) 1+ sT f 2 1+ sT f 1
damping
The 1968 IEEE Standard Type 2 Exciter represents rotating rectifier systems incorporating
damping loops that originate from the regulator output rather than from the excitation
voltage. It is intended to represent the Westinghouse Brushless excitation system. Being
brushless, the excitation voltage for this system is simply not available to be fed back.
The first damping constant Tf1 approximates the exciter time delay and is considered to be
the “major damping” time constant. The second damping constant, Tf2, represents high
frequency damping effects and is considered to be the “minor damping” time constant.

Data Description

Tr < 0.5

< Ta/4.


5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0.
04/23/2004
Tf1 Tf1 is the first rate-feedback controller time constant. It approximates the
exciter time delay and is considered to be the “major damping.” The data
shown is typical data and is shown in seconds. The typical range is 4*(
Integration time step ) < Tf1 < 1.5. The default number for the integration
and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Tf1 < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz )
and 0.04 < Tf1 < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller rate-feedback controller
time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step should be chosen
so that Integration time step < Tf1/4. The three inter-dependency range
checks for Tf1 are
If v2 < v1, then 5.0 < Tf1/Kf < 15.0
If v1 < v2, then 5.0 < Tf2/Kf < 15.0
2. minimum (v1,v2) < 0.2
Tf2 Tf2 is the second rate-feedback controller time constant. It represents the
high frequency effects and is considered to be the “minor damping.” The
data shown is typical data and is shown in seconds. The typical range is 4*(
Integration time step ) < Tf2 < 1.5. The default number for the integration
and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Tf2 < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz )
and 0.04 < Tf2 < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller rate-feedback controller time
constant is used, then a smaller integration time step should be chosen so
that:
Integration time step < Tf2/4
The three inter-dependency range checks for Tf2 are :
If v2 < v1, then 5.0 < Tf1/Kf < 15.0
If v1 < v2, then 5.0 < Tf2/Kf < 15.0
2. minimum (v1,v2) < 0.2

< Se(E2).
determine the proper value of exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E2 is
in per unit.. The typical range is E2 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency

0.0

V r ef
r e gula t o r
V r max
Vb max e x c it er
f il t e r +
E com p 1 + Ka Vr Vb 1 Efd
å å å
(PU) 1+sTr + 1+sT a K e + sT e ( PU )
0
Vc
V r min
sK f
1 + sT f
Vs
(P S S ) d a mp in g
Vt Vthev
V t h e v = | K pV t + j K It | ´
t
It
2
Lad If d 1- A 0.78 ´ L a d I f d
A= , i f A > 1, V b = 0
V t hev
The 1968 IEEE Standard Type 3 Exciter represents systems which use a combination of
terminal voltage and current information as a feedback signal to be compared against the
reference. The regulator and filter of this model are the same as the 1968 IEEE Standard
Type 1 Exciter. The signal Vb incorporates information fed forward from Ecomp with
added information concerning both It and Vt. As such, Vc represents the self-excitation
from the generator terminals. Kp and Ki are proportionality constants indicating the
portion of the Thevenin voltage, VThev, due to voltage and current information.
Note that Vc = VThev (1-A) LadIfd. The multiplying factor to VThev accounts for the
variation in self-excitation with change in the angular relation of field current, Ladifd and
self-excitation voltage VThev.
A typical application for 1968 IEEE Standard Type 3 Exciter, as well as for the 1979 IEEE
Standard Type 3 Exciter, would be the GE SCPT system. The SCPT systems obtain
excitation power from a compounding transformer. They achieve field voltage control by
using a control winding on the transformer and saturating its core, effectively using it as a
large magnetic amplifier. The rectifier bridge is uncontrolled.
Proper specification for the value of Ki is important to the performance of this system.
Normal design practice would be to proportionally adjust Kp to approximately unity and
Ki to the generator synchronous reactance. Further refinement is needed to account for
rectifier commutation drop and generator saturation effect. Such refinement can be
accomplished based on the assumption that Vr is essentially idle. It would be reasonable
to set Kp between 1.1 to 1.2, and then to tune the value of Ki. This would result in the
04/23/2004
generator naturally providing its own excitation. If you was unable to tune Ki, try to set Ki
= 0, and I*SIM will calculate the value of Ki automatically.

Data Description

Tr < 0.5

time step is 0.5 cycles, which is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and
0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Ta < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04
< Ta < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller time constant is used, then a smaller

then you should set the value to zero so that ISIM can automatically
determine the proper value for Ke. For those systems with a separately-
excited exciter, regulator output is required to supply the exciter field and
establish the initial condition for Efd. Ke is positive in this case. The typical
range for Ke with separate excitation is 0.0 < Ke < 1.0.

Tf/Kf < 15.0.

0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 <
Tf < 1.5 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 1.5 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller rate-
feedback controller time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step
should be chosen so that Integration time step < Tf/4. The two inter-
1. 5.0 < Tf/Kf < 15.0
04/23/2004

is 0.9 < Ki < 1.1.
Vbmax Vb max is the current compounded maximum voltage regulator output

signal. The typical range is 1.0 < Vb max < 4.0.

Se
Y
V r ef
regulator
V r ma x ´
| DVt | < K v
E c omp + Vr
+1 1 + 1 Ef d
S S
(PU) sTr h K e + sTe (PU)
Kr
-1
V r mi n exciter
| DVt | > K v
Vr ma x
- Kv
Kv
Vr mi n
The 1968 IEEE Standard Type 4 Exciter model represents older non-continuous acting
systems. These systems have dead zones in which the system essentially operates as an
open loop. In addition, they are generally slow due to the friction and the inertia of the
mechanical moving parts. These models usually have two speeds of operation depending
upon the magnitude of the voltage error. A large voltage error may cause several rheostat
segments to be short-circuited, whereas a small error may short-circuit only one rheostat
segment. The switchover is accomplished by a selection circuit as determined by Kv. The
large error circuit is used whenever the input signal exceeds Kv.
Examples of such systems include the General Electric-GFA4 regulator and the
Westinghouse-BJ30 regulator.

Data Description
Kr Kr is a constant which is used to simulate the non-linearity introduced by self-

excitation. The typical range is Kr > 0.0.
Trh Trh is the electro-mechanical voltage regulator time constant. It is the travel
time representing continuous motion of the rheostat drive motor. The typical
range is 2.0 < Trh < 100.0.
Kv Kv is the dead band of the parallel quick-action controller. It is dimensionless.

The typical range is 0.02 < Kv < 0.1.


is E1 < E2.
is the exciter field current required to generate an exciter voltage of 1.0 PU on
the air gap line (without saturation). The typical range is 0.0 < Se(E1) < 1.0.
The only inter-dependency range check for Se(E1) is Se(E1) < Se(E2).
E2= Efd max E2 is the second excitation voltage point. E2 is required in order to generate a
proper value of exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E2 is in per unit.. The
typical range is E2 > 0.0. The only inter-dependency range check for E2 is E2
> E1.
04/23/2004
is the exciter field current required to generate an exciter voltage of 1.2 PU on
the air gap line (without saturation). The typical range is Se(E2) > 0.0

Se
Y
V r ef
r egula t or
V r ma x ´
| DV t | < K v
+
E c om p 1 + Vr Ef d
S S 1
(PU) sT r h K e + sT e (PU)
Vr mi n
excit er
| DV t | > K v
Vr ma x
- Kv
Kv
V r mi n
The 1968 IEEE Standard Type 5 Exciter model is almost identical to the 1968 IEEE
Standard Type 4 Exciter model on page 2-85. The difference is that the Type 5 has no
dead-band in the slow reset path.

Data Description


is imposed on the regulator so that large input error signals cannot produce
a regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Vr max is in per unit on
Efd is used as the base voltage. The typical range is 0.5 < Vr max < 1.5.
regulator output which exceeds practical limits. Vr min is in per unit on
Efd is used as the base voltage. The typical range is -1.5 < Vr min < -0.5.
for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < Te < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Te < 1.0
( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller exciter time constant is used, then a smaller


the proper value of the exciter saturation factor Se at all loads. E1 is in per
04/23/2004

Se
Y
V r ef r e gula t or
Vr ´
ma x
Efd max
+ | DV t | < K v
E com p Ka Vr Efd
S S 1
(PU) 1 + sT r h + K e + sT e (PU)
Efd mi n
Vr min e x c i t er
Vt 0
| DV t | > K v
Vr max
DV t - Kv
å
Kv
Vr mi n
The 1968 Modified IEEE Standard Type 5 Exciter model is similar to the 1968 Type 5.
They differ in that the 1979 Type 5 introduces a block which represents the maximum and
minimum limits of the excitation output voltage in the exciter output.

Data Description





< Se(E2).
04/23/2004

proper value of the motor saturation factor Se at all loads. E2 is in per unit..
is E2 > E1.
0.0
conditions.
Efd min Efd min is the minimum excitation voltage. The typical range is Efd min =
0.

Vr ef r egula t or
Ve
V e ma x V r ma x
+
E comp - 1 + sT c Ka Ef d
å Kr å ´
(PU) + 1 + sT b 1+sTa (PU )
Ve mi n
V r mi n
Vs Kf
(PSS)
Vc ma x
Vt V t h ev
´
It V t h e v = | K pV t + j K t I t |
La d I f d In if I n < 0.626, F e x = 1 - 0.577 I n Fe x

In =Kc
V t h ev if 0.626 < I n < 1, F e x = 1.707(1 - I n )
Lad I f d if I n > 1.000, F e x = 0
The 1968 IEEE Standard Type 8 Exciter specifically models the GE GENEREX excitation
system. This system is quite similar in principal to the 1968 IEEE Standard Type 3
Exciter model as described on page 2-82. They differ in that the potential windings of the
transformer in the Type 8 Exciter are fed from a set of auxiliary windings in the core of
the main generator rather than from the terminal. These auxiliary bars provide potential
excitation supply proportional to the generator air-gap flux linkage. Such action results in
a somewhat stronger excitation source with faults at the generator terminal.

The parameters Kp and Ki are related to the main generator parameters in basically the
same manner as in the 1968 IEEE Standard Type 3 Exciter. They differ in that, regarding
the Type 8 Exciter, there can be no assumptions made about their values and the Type 8
Exciter does not calculate Ki as the Type 3 Exciter would. The excitation ceiling is
determined by the excitation source parameters, the rectifier commutation drop parameter
Kc, and by the limit of the controlled rectifier system, Vr max.
04/23/2004
Data Description
Ve max Ve max is the maximum voltage limit that is imposed on the lead-lag
controller input. It is in per unit. The typical range is 0.0 < Ve max < 1.0.
Ve min Ve min is the minimum voltage limit that is imposed on the lead-lag controller
input. It is in per unit. The typical range is -1.0 < Ve min < 0.0.
Kr Kr is the steady state gain. It is dimensionless. The typical range is 0.0 < Kr
< 1000.0.
Tc/Tb=0.
Otherwise, Tb<>0.


Tf/Kf < 15.0.
Kp Kp is the potential transformer constant. It is dimensionless. The typical

range is 1.0 < Kp < 10.0.
Ki Ki is the current transformer constant. It is the default data and is in per unit..
The typical range is 0.0 < Ki < 1.1.
Vcmax Vc max is a voltage limit. It is in per unit. The typical range is 1.0 < Vc max
< 20.0.
Xl Xl is the commutation reactance of the potential transformer. It is in per unit.

The typical range is 0.0 < Xl < 0.5.

2.6.35. Simplified
V ref
E max
+
E c om p 1+ sT c K Efd
(PU)
å 1+ sT b 1+ sT e (PU)
+
E min
Vs
(P S S )
Fig. 2-40. Block Diagram for the Simplified Exciter Model.
The Simplified Exciter model is a simple representation of a wide variety of excitation

systems which fall within the proper choice of parameters. It is particularly useful when
the detailed design of a particular unit is unknown and yet excitation effort needs to be
represented. The typical data given below represent an unknown but presumably well
tuned excitation system. The Tc /Tb ratio represents the transient gain reduction by the
lead-lag controller to provide satisfactory dynamic behavior while maintaining a relatively
high steady-state gain of K.
Te is the exciter time constant specific to the particular kind of exciter that is being
represented. Emax and Emin represent the exciter ceiling and have an important effect on
the overall performance of this system.
Data Description
Tc/Tb=0.
Otherwise, Tb<>0.
K K is the steady state gain of the voltage regulator. It is dimensionless. The

typical range is 20.0 < K < 500.0.
Emin Emin is the minimum excitation output voltage. The typical value is Emin =
0.0.
Emax Emax is the maximum excitation output voltage. It is in per unit. The typical
range is 3.0 < Emax < 6.0.
04/23/2004
2.6.36. Simplified SCR Static with Bus Fed

V r ef E t or 1
E max
E brid ge
E com p + Efd
1+ s T c K Nega tiv e
S ´
(PU) + 1+ s T b 1+ s T e Curr en t (PU)
L o gic
E L ad I f d
min
Vs
(P S S )
Fig. 2-41. Block Diagram for the Simplified SCR Static Exciter Model With Bus Fed.
The Simplified SCR Static Exciter model4 represents the general characteristics of
controlled rectifier excitation systems. The excitation source can be fed from an
independent source or from a transformer connected directly at the generator terminal bus.
It can also represent systems which have uni-directional current capability as well as those
that have bi-directional current capability. Bi-directional current capability is often
necessary in hydro units which feed radial transmission, because this setup subjects the
units to the possibility of self-excitation upon load rejection. Negative current capability
is represented by setting Rc /Rfd equal to zero.
For uni-directional systems, the thyristors are normally fed firing pulses in rectifier mode
to provide positive field voltage and to carry positive current. During transient response,
the firing pulses can be shifted to provide a negative field voltage while the bridge
continues to carry positive current. Such negative forcing of the field voltage can rapidly
reduce the field current, but the field current cannot become negative. Therefore, a
protective circuit in the form of a bypassing thyristor bridge is needed to reduce the stress
generated by the high positive back emf across the thyristor bridges. There is usually a
current limiting resistor, Rc, connected in series with the bypassing thyristor. The value of
Rc is often set to approximately 10 times the value of the field winding resistance Rfd in
order to provide a field winding discharge of approximately 1/10 of the natural time
constant of the field winding, T”d0. Therefore, the typical value of Rc /Rfd is 10 for uni-
directional excitation systems.
4
P.M. Anderson and A.A. Fouad, p. I-11.

Data Description
Tc/Tb=0.
Otherwise, Tb<>0.
K K is the steady state gain of the voltage regulator. It is dimensionless. The

typical range is 20.0 < K < 500.0.
Emin Emin is the minimum excitation output voltage. The typical value is Emin =
0.0.
Emax Emax is the maximum excitation output voltage. It is in per unit. The typical
range is 3.0 < Emax < 6.0.
Switch Position Set switch position = 0 for bus fed. Set switch position = 1 for solid fed.
Rc/Rfd Set rc/rfd = 10.0 for uni-directional excitation systems. Set rc/rfd = 0.0 for bi-
directional excitation systems.
2.6.37. Simplified SCR Static with Solid Fed

See Simplified SCR Static with Bus Fed.
2.7. Turbine Governor Models

These Sections describe the various Turbine Governor models.
2.7.1. Standard Steam

Vma x
Ref
+ 1 1 1+sT +
å 1+sT 1
2
å
R 1+sT 3 Pme c h
Vmi n
Dw
Dt u r b
speed
Fig. 2-42. Diagram for the Standard Steam Turbine Governor Model.
04/23/2004
The Standard Steam Turbine Governor model is a simple but sufficient model for
representing common steam turbine governors. For the Standard Steam Turbine Governor
Model, the steam bowl time constant is ignored since it is usually too small in comparison
to the re-heater time constant T3. The high pressure power fraction T1/T3 is assumed to
have been developed instantaneously upon the initiation of governor action represented by
the time constant T1. Turbine damping Dturb is defined per unit on the base equal to the
unit rating. For steam, nuclear, and gas turbines, Dturb can usually be assumed to be 0.0.
Data Description
R R is the permanent droop. It is dimensionless. The typical range is 0.0 < R <
1.0.
T1 T1 is the governor time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration time
step ) < T1 < 1.0. The default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles,
Therefore 0.03332 < T1 < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < T1 < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If
a smaller governor time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step
should be chosen so that Integration time step < T1/4.
Vmax Vmax is the maximum governor output. It is in per unit. The typical range is
0.5 < Vmax < 1.2. The only inter-dependency range check is Vmax > Vmin.
Vmin Vmin is the minimum governor output. It is in per unit. The typical range is
0.0 < Vmin < 1.0. The only inter-dependency range check is Vmin < Vmax.
T2/T3 T2/T3 is the high pressure turbine power fraction. It is dimensionless. The
typical range is 0.0 < T2/T3 < 0.5
T3 T3 is the reheating time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration time
step ) < T3 < 1.0. The default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles,
Therefore 0.03332 < T3 < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < T3 < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If
a smaller reheating time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step
should be chosen so that Integration time step < T3/4.
Dturb Dturb is the turbine damping. Dturb is in per unit form; the unit rating is used
as the base. For steam, nuclear, and gas turbines, Dturb can usually be assumed
to be zero. For other cases, the typical range is 0.0 < Dturb < 0.5.
2.7.2. Standard Hydro

The Standard Hydro Governor Model is the standard recommended model for representing
a straightforward hydro plant with simple penstock, unrestricted head race and tailrace,
and no surge tank. Older models in other stability programs usually represent the hydro
turbine using a linear water time constant Tw, making it valid only in a narrow region
around the original operating point. The Standard Hydro Governor Model represents the
hydro turbine using a non-linear representation of the turbine itself and is valid over a
much wider range of speed fluctuation. It can also be used to model the behavior of plants
with long inlet tunnels isolated from the penstocks by surge tanks, when the simulation
time is short, for example 10 seconds, compared to the surge tank period, generally several
minutes. It is critical to tune the values of r and Tr so that realistic governor action be
obtained.
The governor represented in the Standard Hydro Governor model is valid for both
dashpot-type mechanical governors and electro-hydraulic governors. Notice that there is
no derivative action term included in the following equation, since most interconnected
power systems only use alternative action in specialized situations. Vlimit should be set to
the reciprocal of the time required for the gates to move from their fully open to their fully
closed positions. The water time constant Tw is the time required for the rated water head

to accelerate the water column from rest to rated flow and is given approximately by the
following equation:
LQ r
Tw =
GA p H r
where
Tw required time for the rated water head to accelerate the water column
from rest to rated flow;
Qr rated flow;
L central line length of penstock + scroll case + draft tube;
G gravitational acceleration;
Ap penstock cross sectional area;
Hr rated water head.
The permanent droop, R, and the temporary droop, r, should be specified in per unit on the
unit rating base. Gmax and Gmin are the maximum and minimum gate limits, respectively
Qnl is the flow required to maintain rated speed with the unit off-line expressed as per unit
of rated flow. At is the turbine gain given by
1
G fl − G nl
where
Gfl full load gate (from 0 to 1);

Gnl no load gate (from 0 to 1).
N r ef + 1 E 1+sT r C 1 G
å
1+sT f srT r 1+sT g
Dw + Dw
å
speed +
Dt ur b
R
å
+ Pme c h
G Q +
1
X å å ´ At
H + sTw
Q
1.0
Q nl
Fig. 2-43. Block Diagram for the Standard Hydro Governor Model.
04/23/2004
Data Description
R R is the permanent droop. It is dimensionless. The typical range is 0.0 < R <
1.0.
r r is the temporary droop. It is dimensionless. The typical range is 0.0 < r <
2.0. The only inter-dependency range check is r > R.
Tr Tr is the governor time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration time
step ) < Tr < 30. The default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles,
Therefore 0.03332 < Tr < 30. ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tr < 30. ( for 50 Hz ).
Tf Tf is the filter time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration time step ) <
Tf < 0.1. The default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles, which is
calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore
0.03332 < Tf < 0.1 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tf < 0.1 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller
filter time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step should be
chosen so that Integration time step < Tf/4.
Tg Tg is the servo time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration time step )
< Tg < 0.1. The default number for the integration time step is 0.5 cycles, which
is calculated as 0.00833 seconds for 60 Hz and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz.
Therefore 0.03332 < Tg < 0.1 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04 < Tg < 0.1 ( for 50 Hz ). If
a smaller servo time constant is used, then a smaller integration time step
should be chosen so that Integration time step < Tg/4.
Date Velocity This is the date velocity limit. It is in per unit. The typical range is 0.0 <
(+/-) Vlimit Vlimit < 0.3.
Gmax Gmax is the maximum gate limit. It is in per unit. The typical range is 0.0 <
Gmax < 1.0. The only inter-dependency range check is Gmax < Gmin.
Gmin Gmin is the minimum gate limit. It is in per unit. The typical range is 0.0 <
Gmin < 1.0. The only inter-dependency range check is Gmin < Gmax.
Tw Tw is the water time constant at rated load. The typical range is 0.5 < Tw <
3.0.
At At is the turbine gain. It is dimensionless. The typical range is 0.8 < At < 1.5.
Dturb Dturb the turbine damping coefficient. It is dimensionless. The typical range is
0.0 < Dturb0.5.
Qnl Qnl is the no-load flow. It is in per unit. The typical range is 0.0 < Qnl < 0.15.
2.7.3. Simplified Gas

The simplified Gas Turbine Governor model is valid for simple cycle operation with an
operating range from -10 percent to 110 percent.

Dw
Dt ur b
speed
1
R
Vmax
Load ref + 1 1 +
å LV
å
GATE 1+sT1 1+sT2 Pmech
Vmi n
1
å + Kt å
+ + 1+sT3
Load
Limit
Fig. 2-44. Block Diagram for the Simplified Gas Turbine Governor Model.
04/23/2004
Data Description
R R is the permanent droop. It is dimensionless. The typical range is 0.0 <
R < 1.0.
T1 T1 is the combustion-chamber time constant. The typical range is 4*(

Integration time step ) < T1 < 1.0. The default number for the integration
and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < T1 < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz )
and 0.04 < T1 < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller combustion-chamber time
that Integration time step < T1/4.

T3 T3 is the gas turbine thermal time constant. The typical range is 4*(
Integration time step ) < T3 < 10. The default number for the integration
and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < T3 < 10. ( for 60 Hz )
and 0.04 < T3 < 10. ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller gas turbine thermal time
Lmax Lmax is the ambient temperature load limit. Lmax = 1.0 at design
temperature. Lmax = 0.9 at 25 degrees Fahrenheit and above.
Kt Kt is a constant. The data shown is typical data and is dimensionless.

The typical range is Kt > 0.0.
Vmax Vmax is the maximum fuel valve opening. The data shown is typical
data and is in per unit.. The typical range is Vmax > 0.0.
Vmin Vmin is the minimum fuel valve opening. The data shown is typical data
and is in per unit.. The typical range is Vmin > -1.0.
Dturb Dturb the turbine damping coefficient. It is dimensionless. The typical

range is 0.0 < Dturb0.5.
2.7.4. Isochronous Diesel

The Isochronous Diesel Governor Engine model is based on a Woodward Governor
consisting of an electronic speed sensor, a hydro-mechanical actuator, and the diesel
engine itself. A typical diesel engine design limits fuel input on a per-cycle basis and the
energy developed is assumed to be directly proportional to the amount of fuel on a per-
cycle basis. The power being supplied by the prime mover to the engine can be obtained
by multiplying the energy developed per cycle by the rotational speed of the engine. The
limits for the actuator are usually expressed as torque limits.
To determine the diesel engine dead time required by this model, apply this formula:
15 60
Td = +
N N×n
where
Td engine dead time in seconds;

N engine speed in rpm;

n number of cylinders firing per revolution.
Tm a x
1+Sp eed
∆ω − ( 1 + sT 3 ) K (1 + sT 4 )
− sTd
s (1+ s T5 )(1+ sT 6 ) ×
1 + sT 1 + s T 1T 2 e
2
s pe ed
P me c h
El ec t r ic c ontr ol bo x A c t ua t or Engine
T mi n
Fig. 2-45. Block Diagram for the Isochronous Diesel Governor Model.
Data Description

T3 T3 is the gas turbine thermal time constant. The typical range is 4*(
Integration time step ) < T3 < 10. The default number for the integration
and 0.01 seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < T3 < 10. ( for 60 Hz )
and 0.04 < T3 < 10. ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller gas turbine thermal time
K K is the steady state gain of the voltage regulator. It is dimensionless.

The typical range is 15.0 < K < 25.
T4 T4 is a constant of the actuator. The typical range is 0.04 < T4 < 25.
T5 T5 is a constant of the actuator. The typical range is 0.04 < T5 < 10.
T6 T6 is a constant of the actuator. The typical range is 0.04 < T6 < 0.5.
Td Td is the engine dead time. The typical range is 0.0 < Td < 0.125.
Tmax Tmax is the maximum actuator torque. The typical range is 0.5 < Tmax
< 1.5.
Tmin Tmin is the minimum actuator torque. The typical range is -0.05 < Tmin
< 0.5.
04/23/2004
2.7.5. Synchronous Diesel

The Synchronous Diesel Turbine Governor Engine model consists of an electronic speed
sensor, a mechanical actuator, the engine itself, and a feedback control for synchronicity.
The power being supplied by the prime mover to the engine can then be obtained by
multiplying the energy developed per cycle by the rotational speed of the engine. The
limits for the actuator are usually expressed as torque limits.
V ma x
Ref
+ 1 1 1+sT +
å 1+sT 1
2
å
R 1+sT 3 Pme c h
V mi n
Dw
Dt ur b
speed
Fig. 2-46. Block Diagram for the Synchronous Diesel Governor Model.

Data Description
R < 1.0.
T1 T1 is the governor time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration

time step ) < T1 < 1.0. The default number for the integration time step is
seconds for 50 Hz. Therefore 0.03332 < T1 < 1.0 ( for 60 Hz ) and 0.04
< T1 < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller governor time constant is used, then
step < T1/4.
Vmax Vmax is the maximum governor output. It is in per unit. The typical
range is 0.5 < Vmax < 1.2. The only inter-dependency range check is
Vmax > Vmin.
Vmin Vmin is the minimum governor output. It is in per unit. The typical
range is 0.0 < Vmin < 1.0. The only inter-dependency range check is
Vmin < Vmax.
T2/T3 T2/T3 is the high pressure turbine power fraction. It is dimensionless.

The typical range is 0.0 < T2/T3 < 0.5
T3 T3 is the reheating time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration

< T3 < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller reheating time constant is used, then
step < T3/4.
Dturb Dturb is the turbine damping. Dturb is in per unit form; the unit rating is
used as the base. For steam, nuclear, and gas turbines, Dturb can usually
be assumed to be zero. For other cases, the typical range is 0.0 < Dturb
< 0.5.
2.7.6. General Purpose

This models works well for the other types of governors that don't fit any of the previous
categories.
Vmax
R ef
+ 1 1 1 + sT +
å 1+ sT 1
2
å
R 1+ sT 3 Pm e c h
Vmin
Dw
Dtur b
sp eed
Fig. 2-47. Block Diagram for the General Purpose Governor Model.
04/23/2004
Data Description
R < 1.0.
T1 T1 is the governor time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration

< T1 < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller governor time constant is used, then
step < T1/4.
Vmax Vmax is the maximum governor output. It is in per unit. The typical
range is 0.5 < Vmax < 1.2. The only inter-dependency range check is
Vmax > Vmin.
Vmin Vmin is the minimum governor output. It is in per unit. The typical
range is 0.0 < Vmin < 1.0. The only inter-dependency range check is
Vmin < Vmax.
T2/T3 T2/T3 is the high pressure turbine power fraction. It is dimensionless.

The typical range is 0.0 < T2/T3 < 0.5
T3 T3 is the reheating time constant. The typical range is 4*( Integration

< T3 < 1.0 ( for 50 Hz ). If a smaller reheating time constant is used, then
step < T3/4.
Dturb Dturb is the turbine damping. Dturb is in per unit form; the unit rating is
used as the base. For steam, nuclear, and gas turbines, Dturb can usually
be assumed to be zero. For other cases, the typical range is 0.0 < Dturb
< 0.5.
2.8. Relay Models

These Sections describe the various Relay models.
2.8.1. Time Inverse Overcurrent

The time inverse overcurrent relay has an inverse time characteristic which functions when
the current exceeds a predetermined value. It is commonly used as either a primary or
backup protective device.

Pickup
1st current point
T C1
Relay operating tim e (sec) T C2 2nd current point
3rd current point

TC 3
4th current point
TC 4
T C5
I pu I I2 I3 I4 I5
min
Current (PU) Saturation
current
Fig. 2-48. Time-Inverse Overcurrent Relay Characteristics.
Data Description
Ipu Pickup current
T0 Zero current reset time
Imin Lowest operating current
TC1 1st relay closing time
I2 2nd operating current
TC2 2nd relay closing time
I3 3rd operating current
TC3 3rd relay closing time
I4 4th operating current
TC4 4th relay closing time
I5 Saturation current
TC5 5th relay closing time
TB Breaker time
Frac Fraction of load to shed
2.8.2. Under Frequency Load Shedding

The under-frequency load shedding relay functions on a predetermined value of frequency
below nominal frequency.
It is highly desirable to apply under-frequency relays whenever the load is supplied

exclusively by the local generator or by a combination of the local generator and the
utility. Whenever a fault causes a major generator to drop off line or causes the utility tie
to open, the remaining generators begin to slow down and the frequency decreases. The
04/23/2004
under-frequency relay operates in a three-step load shedding scheme so that three

predetermined load amounts are tripped off at three specific frequencies below normal
frequencies.
Data Description
Hz1 1st frequency pickup point (in Hz)
T1 1st pickup time
Frac1 1st load fraction to shed
Hz2 2nd frequency pickup point (in Hz)
T2 2nd pickup time
Frac2 2nd load fraction to shed
Hz3 3rd frequency pickup point (in Hz)
T3 3rd pickup time
Frac3 3rd load fraction to shed
TB Breaker time
Qex Nominal shunt Mvar to be excluded from load shedding
2.8.3. Under Frequency and dF / dt Load Shedding

This relay functions on both a predetermined frequency value below nominal frequency
and a predetermined value of the frequency change rate above nominal rate of change of
frequency.
It operates in a three step load shedding scheme so that three predetermined amounts of
loads are tripped off at three specific frequencies below nominal and at three specific rates
of change of frequency above nominal.
Data Description
Hz1 1st frequency pickup point (in Hz)
T1 1st pickup time
Frac1 1st load fraction to shed
Hz2 2nd frequency pickup point (in Hz)
T2 2nd pickup time
Frac2 2nd load fraction to shed
Hz3 3rd frequency pickup point (in Hz)
T3 3rd pickup time
Frac3 3rd load fraction to shed
TB Breaker time
Qex Nominal shunt MVAR to be excluded from load shedding
DF1 1st rate of frequency shedding point
DF2 2nd rate of frequency shedding point
DF3 3rd rate of frequency shedding point
2.8.4. Time Inverse Under Frequency Load Shedding

The time inverse under-frequency load shedding relay has an inverse time characteristic
which is triggered when the frequency drops below a predetermined value.

Nominal
Operating
Time
(Sec)
f1 f2 f3 f4 Zero frequency
Rated Frequency(Hz)
Frequency
Fig. 2-49. Nominal Operating Time verses Frequency Graph.
Data Description
F1 Frequency value for 1st data point pair (in Hz)
Z1 Nominal operating time for 1st data point pair
F2 Frequency value for 2nd data point pair (in Hz)
Z2 Nominal operating time for 2nd data point pair
F3 Frequency value for 3rd data point pair (in Hz)
Z3 Nominal operating time for 3rd data point pair
F4 Frequency value for 4th data point pair (in Hz)
Z4 Nominal operating time for 4th data point pair
Tb Break time
Frac Fraction of load to be shed
Qex Nominal shunt MVAR to be excluded from load shedding
Freset Reset frequency (in Hz)
Treset Reset time
2.8.5. Rate of Change of Power

The rate of change of power relay is often applied to a relay in or near the utility
connection. It functions at a predetermined value of rate of change of power above
nominal and at a predetermined value of power above nominal.
Data Description
TB Breaker time (in seconds)
Td Delay time (in seconds)
δp Derivative threshold (in MW/second)
δt
Pthresh Power threshold (in MW)
Cf Filter constant (multiple of time step)
04/23/2004
2.9. Bus Load Models

These Sections describe the various Bus Load models.
2.9.1. Frequency Sensitive Bus Load

The Frequency Sensitive Bus Load represents the most basic form of load frequency
sensitivity modeling for a specified bus. In addition to the standard load voltage
sensitivity characteristics described in the beginning of "Single Valued Load
Characteristic" on page 2-110, this model adds load frequency sensitivity to the constant
kVA and constant current portion of the load in accordance with the equations listed in the
following equations. The constant impedance portion of the load adjusts for local
frequency if the network frequency dependent model has been selected.
P=P G
F ω IJ Ap
Hω K0
0
Q=Q G
F ω IJ Aq
Hω K 0
0
F ω IJ
I=I G
Al
Hω K
0
0
Data Description
Ap Real power load exponent. The typical range is Ap > 0.0.
Aq Reactive power load exponent. The typical range is Aq > 0.0.
Al Current load exponent. The typical range is Ai > 0.0.
2.10. IEEE Bus Load

The IEEE Bus Load Model affects only the constant kVA load at a specified bus
according to the following two equations. It has no effect on the constant current and
constant admittance portion of the load. Care must be taken to coordinate load model
calls.
e jc
P = Pload a1V n1 + a 2V n 2 + a 3V n 3 1 + a 7 ∆ f h
e
Q = Q load a 4V n 4 + a 5V n 5 + a 6V n 6 1 + a 8 ∆ f jc h

Data Description
A1 A1 is the first coefficient for the kVA power/voltage sensitivity
polynomial. The typical range is A1 > 0.0.
N1 N1 is the first exponent for the kVA power/voltage sensitivity

polynomial. The typical range is N1 > 0.0.
A2 A2 is the second coefficient for the kVA power/voltage sensitivity

N2 N2 is the second exponent for the kVA power/voltage sensitivity

A3 A3 is the third coefficient for the kVA power/voltage sensitivity

N3 N3 is the third exponent for the kVA power/voltage sensitivity

A4 A4 is the first coefficient for the reactive power/voltage sensitivity

N4 N4 is the first exponent for the reactive power/voltage sensitivity

A5 A5 is the second coefficient for the reactive power/voltage

sensitivity polynomial. The typical range is A5 > 0.0.
N5 N5 is the second exponent for the reactive power/voltage

sensitivity polynomial. The typical range is N5 > 0.0.
A6 A6 is the third coefficient for the reactive power/voltage

sensitivity polynomial. The typical range is A6 > 0.0.
N6 N6 is the third exponent for the reactive power/voltage sensitivity

A7 A7 is the coefficient for the kVA power/frequency sensitivity

A8 A8 is the coefficient for the reactive power/frequency sensitivity

Single Valued Load Characteristic

The single valued load characteristic is the most commonly used method in large system
studies. It is a reasonable and necessary approach since specific load detail is generally
unknown. I*SIM recognizes constant kVA, constant current, and constant impedance load
characteristics in the load flow database. The term “constant” implies that the load does
not change as a function of voltage. In reality, this is not and cannot be the case, except
for constant admittance loads.
Therefore, I*SIM by default requires that the kVA and current load be zero at zero
voltage. To compensate for unavailable data, I*SIM represents the constant kVA load
characteristic as shown in Error! Reference source not found., and the constant current
load characteristic as shown in Fig. 2-51.
04/23/2004
Constant PQ load
Constant PQ load
PQ break Voltage PQ break Voltage
Fig. 2-50. Constant kVA Load Fig. 2-51. Constant Current Load
Characteristic. Characteristic.
The variation of load as a function of network frequencies and voltages can be specified
by using one of the provided I*SIM load models.
Three basic assumptions, that is constant PQ, constant current, and constant impedance
loads, are useful in the absence of better information; however, they do not always
provide an acceptable representation of system load characteristics as the real and reactive
power system voltages and local bus frequencies fluctuate. Assuming that the PQ, current,
and impedance are constant is an inadequate approach for cases in which load
characteristics play a major role in the system’s transient behavior. This approach is also
unusable when the dynamics of the induction motors themselves are of specific interest.
When the dynamics of the motors themselves are of specific interest, use the induction
motor model provided in the I*SIM model library.

Index
I*SIM
A F
Angle Reference Machine, 1-36 Flowchart, 1-3
Axes, 1-54 From Demand Load Study, 1-38
B G
Branch Models and Events, 1-20 Generalized Machine Block Diagram, 2-7
Branch Voltage Drop, 1-39 Generation Acceleration Factor, 1-39
Bus Load Models, 2-109 Global/Case Study Setup, 1-35
Bus Models and Events, 1-19 Go to Component Editor, 1-57
Bus Voltage Drop, 1-39 Go to I*SIM command, 1-5
Go to One-Line Diagram, 1-57
C
I
Case
adding components to, 1-9 Induction Motor Models, 2-26
copying to a different Folder, 1-8 Inertia, 2-9
deleting, 1-9 Initialization Error, 1-43
introduction, 1-7 Input Report, 1-40
moving to a different Folder, 1-8
removing components from, 1-11
renaming, 1-8
L
Case Study Setup, 1-35 LF Setup Options, 1-37
Channels, defined, 1-24 Library
Convergence Failure, 1-45 adding models to, 2-4
Curves, plotting, 1-47 Bus Load Models, 2-109
copying and pasting models, 2-4
D editing models in, 2-3
Exciter Models, 2-35
Damping and Torque Equation, 2-8 general usage, 2-2
Demand Load Report, 1-40 Induction Motor Models, 2-26
Directly Connected Loads, 1-38 opening for editing, 2-2
Dynamic Event, 1-12 Relay Models, 2-105
Dynamic Report, 1-41 source machine models, 2-10
Dynamic Simulation, 1-26 Synchronous Motor Models, 2-22
Turbine Governor Models, 2-96
using metric units, 2-5
E Library Models, applying, 1-14
Event Mode, 1-6 Load Acceleration Factor, 1-39
Events Load Flow Report, 1-41
adding to a component, 1-12 Load Specification, 1-38
Examples, 1-67 Log Report, 1-42
Exciter Models, 2-35

I*SIM ii Reference Manual
M Report
Demand Load Report, 1-40
Machine Models, 2-10 Dynamic Report, 1-41
Machine Saturation, 2-10 Input Report, 1-40
Maximum Simulation Time, 1-36 Load Flow Report, 1-41
Metric units, 2-5 Log Report, 1-42
Model Frequency Dependent Network, 1-36 Report, opening, 1-39
Motor Models and Events, 1-17
S
N
Simulation Time Step, 1-36
Norton Equivalent, 2-5 Solution Criteria, 1-38
Solution Parameter Event, 1-31
Source Machine Models, 2-10
O Source Models and Events, 1-15
Out of Service component, 1-11 Starting Simulation, 1-26
Study
creating a new, 1-9
P deleting, 1-9
Plot introduction, 1-7
annotations, 1-58 renaming, 1-9
axes, 1-54 Study Manager, 1-4
channels, 1-24 Study Setup Options, 1-35
colors, sizes, and fonts, 1-61 Sub-Transient Saliency Effect, 2-7
creating new, 1-54 Swing Bus, 1-4, 1-15
deleting, 1-54 Synchronous Motor Models, 2-22
exporting, 1-60 System Base Frequency, 1-4
opening, 1-54 System Damping, 1-14
printing, 1-65
renaming, 1-54 T
using, 1-49
zooming, 1-58 Turbine Governor Models, 2-96
Plotting Curves, 1-47
PQ Machine, 1-15 V
Preparing data before opening, 1-4
PV Machine, 1-15 Var Mismatch, 1-47
R W
Relay Models, 2-105 Works Cited, 1-91
Relay Models and Events, 1-21
4/23/2004

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Power*Tools

I*SIM Reference Manual

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

©1998 SKM Systems Analysis, Inc. All rights reserved.

Microsoft is a registered trademark and Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

From Demand Load Study............................................................................... 1-38

2 USING I*SIM’S LIBRARY 2-1

2.3. Source Machine Models......................................................................................2-10

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

2.6.20. 1968 IEEE Standard Type 1 Westinghouse Silverstat................................. 2-74

The Industrial Simulation (I*SIM) Study module is a state-of-the-art computer simulation

1.1. Introduction 1-2

Flowchart of the steps in an I*SIM Study

Enter static system data (cables, transformers, loads, motors, and

Switch I*SIM back to

Run Dynamic Simulation

Check Log Report

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

1.2. Prepare Static System Data

Note: The System Base Frequency is determined by the Engineering Standard

1.3. Open the I*SIM Study Manager

To open the I*SIM Study Manager

• On the Toolbar, click the I*SIM button.

1. To begin, use Event Mode to create the motor starting events;

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3. / Lastly, use Plot Mode to graphically plot the results of the

1.4. Create Dynamic Simulation Events

Parts of the I*SIM Study Manager while in Event mode:

1.4.1. Cases and Studies

Click the box next to Study1. . . to display the Case.

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To create a new Case

To move a Case to a different Study

To create a new Study

1.4.2. Choose Components

To add components to a Case

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In Service component Out of Service Component

To remove components from a Case

1.5. Assign Models and Events to

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To add Dynamic Events to a component

1. With a component highlighted, select Model Setup &

When Industrial no events will appear in the Event Window.

When a Study is no events will appear in the Event Window.

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Selecting Library models is also the same for all components.

To apply Library Models to a component

The categories under

1.5.1. About System Damping

1.5.2. Source Models and Events

Click the Library

Choose an Event Type,

Each Case may contain up to 10 swing buses, 50 PQ machines, and 10 PV machines:

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• PV Machines. In PTW, a PV machine is a generator component whose Schedule type

• The Loss of Excitation event simulates a complete loss of excitation voltage.

Click the Library button to apply

Choose whether the

Click the Library button to

Each Case may contain up to 50 PQ Machines. In PTW, a PQ machine is one of two

SKM Power*Tools for Windows