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Chapter 5
Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Rational Expressions
Rational Expressions
Definition:
Simplifying:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
SECTION 5.1 Simplifying Rational Expressions
Example:
Solution:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Additional Example 1:
Solution:
Additional Example 2:
Solution:
SECTION 5.1 Simplifying Rational Expressions
Additional Example 3:
Solution:
Additional Example 4:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Solution:
Exercise Set 5.1: Simplifying Rational Expressions
7. - x2 + 5x + 6
10 x5 ( x + y )
3
23.
x 2 + x - 12
8c 6 ( c - d )
2
x 2 + 7 x + 12
8. 24.
12c ( c - d )
3
x 2 - 7 x - 30
x- y x 2 - 8 x + 12
9. 25.
y-x x 2 - 13x + 42
c-d x 2 - 7 x + 10
10. 26.
d -c x 2 + 7 x + 10
2 ( a - b) ( c - d ) x 2 - 36
27.
11. 2
x + 12 x + 36
6( b - a)
x 2 - 8 x + 16
12 ( x - y ) ( w - z ) 28.
12. - x 2 - 16
6 ( z - w) ( x - y )
9 x + 36
4x + 8 29.
13. x2 + 4x
x+2
7 x 2 - 14 x
x-3 30.
14. x-2
5 x - 15
10 x 2 - 30 x
x+5 31.
15. 2 5 x 2 + 10 x
x - 25
Exercise Set 5.1: Simplifying Rational Expressions
6 x2 - 8x x+5
32. 48. 3
9 x 3 - 12 x 2 x + 125
x2 + 7 x + 6 x 3 + 27
33. 49.
8x2 + 8x x 2 - 3x + 9
4 x 2 - 20 x x3 - 1
34. 50.
x2 - 4x - 5 x2 + x + 1
6 x 2 + 24 x + 18
35.
4 x 2 - 8 x - 60
5 x 2 + 10 x - 40
36.
10 x 2 - 30 x + 20
4 x 2 + 17 x + 15
37.
5 x 2 + 13x - 6
4 x 2 - 8 x - 21
38.
8 x 2 - 24 x - 14
6x2 - 5x - 4
39.
10 x 2 + 9 x + 2
15 x 2 + 4 x - 4
40.
5 x 2 - 22 x + 8
8 x 2 + 30 x + 7
41.
16 x 2 - 1
9 x 2 - 25
42.
6 x 2 - 13 x + 5
m3 + m 2 + m + 1
43.
m3 + m + m 2 n + n
ax - ay + bx - by
44.
ax - ay + 2 x - 2 y
xy - 3x + 2 y - 6
45.
yz - 3z - 5 y + 15
ab - 5a + 2b - 10
46.
a 2b + 4b - 5a 2 - 20
x3 - 8
47.
x-2
SECTION 5.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
To multiply two fractions, place the product of the numerators over the product
of the denominators.
Example:
Solution:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Example:
Solution:
Additional Example 1:
Solution:
Additional Example 2:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Solution:
Additional Example 3:
Solution:
Exercise Set 5.2: Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
x 2 - 25 x 2 + 12 x + 36 x+3 x-5
32. � 47. �
x+6 x+5 x -1 x -1
2 x 2 + 9 x + 10 x 2 + 7 x + 12 x + 4 x -3
33. � 48. �
x2 + 5x + 6 2 x2 + 3x - 5 x-2 x-2
x 2 + 2 x - 8 3 x 2 - 14 x - 5 7 x + 7 x2 -1
34. � 49. �
3x 2 + 16 x + 5 x 2 - x - 20 21x 3x
ax - bx + ay - by ax + 7 x + 2a + 14 7 x+4
35. � 50. �
ax + 7 x - 3a - 21 ax - bx + 2a - 2b x -9 x +3
2
ac - 2ad - bc + 2bd c2 - d 2 x2 - 1 x -1
36. � 51. �
ac + ad - bc - bd 3ac - 3ad + bc - bd x + 6 3 x + 18
x 5x
52. �
Divide the following rational expressions and simplify. x +4 x+2
2
x 2 + 4 x + 4 x 2 - 8 x - 20
� 4� 58. �
42. �- ��( -40 ) x 2 - 6 x - 16 x 2 - 9 x + 8
� 5�
6 x 2 + x - 1 3x 2 + 2 x - 1
x x4 z3 59. �
43. 2 7 � 5 6 x 2 + 5 x + 1 3x 2 + 4 x + 1
y z y
10 x 2 - 17 x + 6 6 x 2 + 5 x - 4
a 3c 7 b5 c 9 60. �
44. � 2 5 x 2 + 4 x - 12 3 x 2 - 2 x - 8
b4 a
am - an + bm - bn am - an - 3bm + 3bn
a5b6 61. �
45. 2 5 �a 5 d 2 am + an - bm - bn am + an - 3bm - 3bn
c d
cx - 2dx + cy - 2dy cx + cy + 5dx + 5dy
x3 y 2 62. �
4 5
46. x z � 6 x 2 + x - 3xy - 3 y cx + 5dx + c + 5d
w z
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Example:
Perform the following operations. All results should be in simplified form.
Solution:
Example:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Solution:
Additional Example 1:
Perform the following operations. All results should be in simplified form.
Solution:
Additional Example 2:
Perform the addition. Give the result in simplified form.
Solution:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Additional Example 3:
Perform the subtraction. Give the result in simplified form.
Solution:
Additional Example 4:
Perform the subtraction. Give the result in simplified form.
Solution:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Additional Example 5:
Perform the following operations. Give all results in simplified form.
Solution:
Exercise Set 5.3: Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
x +1 x - 2
32. +
x - 3 x -1
x+5 x-2
33. -
x+4 x-3
x-4 x-2
34. -
x +1 x -1
7 5
35. +
8 x + 12 6 x - 6
5 2
36. -
12 x - 6 10 x + 40
3 8 6
37. - +
x x -1 x + 2
2 4 3
38. - +
x+3 x-2 x
4x2 + 3
39. 5 - 2
x - 2x - 8
3x 2 + 5 x
40. -2
x 2 - 3x - 4
x 2 5
41. - +
x2 + 2 x - 8 x2 - 2 x x2 + 4 x
x 1 1
42. + -
x 2 + 3 x - 18 x 2 + 6 x x 2 - 3x
x 4 2
43. + -
x 2 + 10 x + 24 x2 + 12 x + 32 x 2 + 14 x + 48
x 2 3
44. 2
- 2 + 2
x - 7 x + 12 x - 4 x + 3 x - 5 x + 4
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Simplifying:
Example:
Solution:
Method 1:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Method 2:
Additional Example 1:
Solution:
Additional Example 2:
Solution:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Additional Example 3:
Solution:
Additional Example 4:
Solution:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Additional Example 5:
Solution:
4 x3 yz a+b
7. 8x2 b
17.
y5 b-a
ab3
5b3c
8. 2d x2 y
10bd 18. x+ y
xy
2 3
-
3 4 x 2 + 7 x + 12
9.
1 2
+ 8x
2 5 19.
x 2 - x - 20
6x4
Exercise Set 5.4: Complex Fractions
9 x5 6x
2
2
x - 6 x - 16 30. x + x-2
20. 4 1
18 x3 -
x 2 - 11x + 24 x + 2 x -1
1 3
x x +
+ x+3 x-4
3 2 31.
21. 3 2
x x -
- x + 3 x +1
3 2
2 5
a a -
- x +1 x - 2
4 5 32.
22. 3 2
a a +
+ x-2 x
3 4
15
x2 - 1 x+2-
x
x 33.
23. 12
1 1 x-7+
+ x
2 2x
14
5 1 x+9+
- x
3x 3 34.
24. 7
25 - x 2 x+6-
x
x
2 3
+
a b For each of the following expressions,
25.
5 4 (a) Rewrite the expression so that it contains
-
a b positive exponents rather than negative
exponents.
7 2 (b) Simplify the expression.
-
x y
26.
3 4
+ x -1
x y 35.
x -1 + 1
6
x- 3 - x -1
x -1 36.
27. x -1
9
x-
x
x -1 + y -1
37.
4 x -1 - y -1
x-
x
28.
10 c -1 + d -1
x+ 38.
x+7 c -2 + d -2
2 3
- x -2 - y -2
x -5 x +5 39.
29.
2 x -1 + y -1
x 2 - 25
a -1 - b -1
40.
b -2 - a -2
c -1 - d -1
41.
c -3 - d -3
x -3 + y -3
42.
x -1 + y -1
a -3 + b -3
43.
a -2 + b -2
x -2 - y -2
44.
x -3 + y -3
1
45. 1 +
1 + x -1
1
46. 1 -
1 + x -2
5
47. 4 -
5 + x -1
2
48. -3
2 + x -1
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Rational Equations
Rational Equations
Definition of a Rational Equation:
Example:
Solution:
Example:
Solution:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Extraneous Solutions:
Example:
Solution:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Additional Example 1:
Solution:
Additional Example 2:
Solution:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Additional Example 3:
Solution:
Additional Example 4:
Solution:
2x x 3x - 1
1. - =2 =7
5 3 17.
x+5
3a 2a 3x
2. - =1 = -2
4 3 18.
x+7
3c 2c 7
3. - = -22 =1
2 5 19. 2
x -9
5x x 5
4. + = -14 =0
8 4 20. 2
x -4
5 x 3x x+5
5. + = -2 =1
6 10 21.
x 2 - 7 x + 12
7 x 3x 11 - x
6. - =5 =1
8 20 22.
x 2 + 3 x - 10
4x + 7 x - 3 5 9
7. = + =2
x -5 x -5 23.
7 t +3
3x + 4 x + 8 3 12
8. = + =3
x-2 x-2 24.
x -1 5
x + 5 2x + 6 7 x+8
9. = - = -1
x +1 x +1 25.
9 x +1
3x + 4 5 x - 7 a+2 1
10. = - = -1
x+6 x+6 26.
a+9 4
2 7 x-7 2
11. + = -3 27. + =3
5x 4 x x+7 3
7 5 2 t+2
12. - + =2 28. - = -2
6x 4x 3 t -3
3 w - 1 3 13
13. = -4 29. + =
x-2 w + 1 4 12
-5 x+4 1 9
14. =3 30. + =
x+7 x + 9 2 14
2 5 x+3 7
15. =0 31. + =
x -5 3 x+4 x+4
Exercise Set 5.5: Solving Rational Equations
x 3 x-3 7 4
32. - = 48. - =1
x-2 7 x-2 x x+5
4 1 -8 4 1
33. - = 49. + =1
x - 5 3 3 x - 15 x + 4 x +1
7 4 5 5 2
34. + =- 50. + =1
x + 2 3x + 6 3 x-4 x+2
3 2 1 7 8
35. - = 51. - =1
4a - 8 3a - 6 36 x+5 x+8
5 1 7 5 6
36. - = 52. - =1
3c + 15 2c + 10 12 x+7 x+9
3 1 7 x-4 2
37. + = 53. - = -1
x + 5 x - 3 x 2 + 2 x - 15 x + 5 x + 10
2 1 4 x-2 1
38. - = 54. - = -1
x - 1 x + 2 x2 + x - 2 x+7 x+3
4 2 -8 1 4 x
39. + = 55. + =-
x - 3 x + 1 x2 - 2x - 3 2 x - 5 3x 2x - 5
7 2 10 2 1 6x
40. + = 2 56. = -
x - 4 x - 5 x - 9 x + 20 3x + 1 x 3x + 1
3 4 8 4 3 3x
41. - = 2 57. + =
x+2 x-2 x -4 3x + 2 x - 1 x - 1
3 6 24 5 2 x
42. - = 2 58. - =
x - 4 x + 4 x - 16 2x - 3 x 2x - 3
1 6
43. 1 - =
x x2
12 1
44. + =1
x2 x
7 4
45. 2 + =
x x2
4 11
46. + =3
x2 x
6 1
47. + =1
x+4 x
Example:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Solution:
Solution:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
The graph of the function is shown below, labeled with the information from parts (b)-(d).
Vertical Asymptotes:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Example:
Solution:
Horizontal Asymptotes:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Additional Example 1:
Solution:
f ( x) = 0
x-3
=0
x -1
Additional Example 2:
Solution:
Additional Example 3:
Solution:
CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Find the indicated function values. If undefined, state The graph of each of the following functions has a
“Undefined.” horizontal asymptote at y = 1 . (You will learn how to
find horizontal asymptotes in a later mathematics
x course.) For each function,
1. If f ( x) = , find
x -3 (a) Find the domain of the function and express it
(a) f (0) (b) f (-1) (c) f ( 13 ) as an inequality.
(b) Write the equation of the vertical
asymptote(s) of the function.
5 (c) Find the x- and y-intercept(s) of the function,
2. If f ( x) = , find if they exist. If an intercept does not exist,
x+5
state “None.”
(a) f (0) (b) f (-5) (c) f ( 15 ) (d) Find f (1) and f ( -1) .
(e) Based on the features from (a)-(d), match the
3x - 2 function with its corresponding graph, using
3. If f ( x) = , find the choices (Graphs I-IV) below.
x-7
(a) f (0) (b) f (-3) (c) f ( 54 )
Graph I: Graph II:
y y
2x + 7
4. If f ( x) = , find
x-6
-
-
2
5. If f ( x) = 2
, find -
x - x-6 -
x x
-x - - -
7. If f ( x) = 2
, find
x - 121 - -
1
8. If , find
2
x - 5 x - 14 x-4
11. f ( x) =
(a) f (0) (b) f (-1) (c) f (7) x -3
x -3 x+6
9. If f ( x) = , find 12. f ( x) =
2
x + 11x + 28 x+2
(a) f (3) (b) f (-4) (c) f (0)
x+6
13. f ( x) =
x+5 x -3
10. If f ( x ) = , find
x 2 - x - 12
(a) f (0) (b) f (-2) (c) f (-5) x-4
14. f ( x) =
x+2
Exercise Set 5.6: Rational Functions
The graph of each of the following functions has a For each of the following functions,
horizontal asymptote at y = 0 . (You will learn how to (a) Find the domain of the function and express it
find horizontal asymptotes in a later mathematics as an inequality. Then write the domain of the
course.) For each function, function in interval notation.
(a) Find the domain of the function and express it (b) Write the equation of the vertical
as an inequality. asymptote(s) of the function.
(b) Write the equation of the vertical (c) Find the x- and y- intercept(s) of the function.
asymptote(s) of the function. If an intercept does not exist, state “None."
(c) Find the x- and y-intercept(s) of the function,
if they exist. If an intercept does not exist, 10
19. If f ( x) =
state “None.” x+5
(d) Find f (1) and f ( -1) .
(e) Based on the features from (a)-(d), match the 12
function with its corresponding graph, using 20. f ( x) = -
x -3
the choices (Graphs I-IV) below.
x-6
21. f ( x) =
Graph I: Graph II: x+2
y y
x
22. f ( x) =
8- x
x x
- - - - x+3
23. f ( x) =
- - x
- -
4- x
24. f ( x) =
x +1
Graph III: Graph IV:
y y 9- x
25. f ( x) =
x2 - 9
x
x
- x -8
-
26. f ( x) =
-
- x 2 - 16
-
- 24
27. f ( x) = - 2
x - 8 x + 12
4 2x
15. f ( x) = - 28. f ( x) =
x-2 2
x + x - 20
8 x+5
16. f ( x) = - 29. f ( x) =
x 2
x - 2x +1
4 x+8
17. f ( x) = 30. f ( x) =
x 2
x + 5x + 4
8 4
18. f ( x) = 31. f ( x) = -
x-2 2
x + 8x
x-4
32. f ( x) =
x2 - 6 x
x 2 + 10 x + 25
33. f ( x ) =
5- x
x 2 - 7 x - 18
34. f ( x) =
5x
2x
35. f ( x) =
x 2 - 25
x +1
36. f ( x) = 2
x - 16
x 2 + 5 x - 14
37. f ( x) =
5x + 7
9x2 - 1
38. f ( x) =
3x - 2
25 x 2 - 36
39. f ( x) =
x2 - 5x + 4
x2 + 7 x + 6
40. f ( x) =
x 2 - 5 x - 24